Mineral and vitamin supplementation of diets for growing pigs. 2. Barley, oats, sorghum and maize-based diets

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (95) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
EB Greer ◽  
CE Lewis ◽  
GH O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Broken Bones ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin Requirements ◽  
Pig Performance

The response of growing pigs to supplementation with minerals, vitamins, or both, when fed diets bassd on barley, oats, sorghum or maize was examined in six factorial experiments involving 192 pigs. In two of these experiments meat-and-bone meal (with some fish meal up to 32 kg liveweight) was used as a protein concentrate with barley and oats. In the other four experiments, soybean meal (SBM) was used with each grain. A base supplement of vitamins A and D3 was added to all diets, The pigs were restrictively and individually fed between 18 and 73 kg. Mineral supplementation of the animal protein (AP) diets did not affect pig performance, but improved that of pigs fed the SBM diets. Lack of supplementary minerals in the SBM diets caused slow growth, broken bones, foot abnormalities and failure of many pigs to reach slaughter weight. Some results indicated there were differences in mineral availability between grains. Vitamin supplementation, over and above vitamins A and D3 did not affect performance of pigs fed AP diets. Despite a number of apparent vitamin deficiencies in the SBM diets, there was little or no response to vitamin supplementation. The lack of response suggests the vitamin requirements of growing pigs currently estimated by the Agricultural Research Council are high for restrictively fed pigs.

Mineral and vitamin supplementation of diets for growing pigs. 3. Salt, calcium and phosphorus, and trace mineral supplements in a wheat/soybean meal diet

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (95) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
EB Greer ◽  
CE Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broken Bones ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

A 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment with 72 growing pigs examined the effect of adding salt, calcium and phosphorus (Ca + P) and trace minerals (TM-manganese, zinc, iron and copper) to a wheat/soybean meal diet. Gilts and barrows were individually fed at restricted intakes from 20 kg liveweight. Pigs required both salt and Ca + P to reach slaughter at 73 kg. Without these minerals they stopped growing; lameness and broken bones were also common. All pigs fed salt plus the higher level of Ca + P (0.84 and 0.57 per cent, respectively) completed the experiment but only half those fed salt plus the lower level (0.42 and 0.29 per cent Ca + P, respectively) did so. There was a response to salt within three weeks. In the first four weeks, 0.125 per cent added salt improved growth by 26.5 per cent and feed conversion ratio by 21 per cent. The results indicated that growing pigs require less sodium than currently estimated (Agricultural Research Council). A response to both levels of supplementary Ca + P was seen after about seven weeks with salt and nine weeks without salt. In the first eight weeks of the experiment there were no differences in performance between the two levels of added Ca + P when salt was also used. Between 8 and 12 weeks, pigs fed the higher level grew 17 per cent faster. Although 0.84 + 0.57 per cent Ca + P increased rib Ca and P levels, foot and joint abnormalities showed that these levels were insufficient for normal bone development. This suggests that the Agricultural Research Council estimates of Ca and P requirements for restrictively fed growing pigs are low. TM supplementation did not affect performance when both salt and Ca + P were added to the diet.

Responses to variations in dietary energy intakes by growing pigs 2. The effects on feed conversion efficiency of changes in level of intake above maintenance

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Davies ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

SUMMARYAllowances of about 1·4M, 1·8M, 2·2M, 2·6M, 3·OM, and 3·4M (M = feed required for maintenance) were compared for pigs growing over the live-weight ranges 20·40, 40·60, 60·80, and 80·100 kg, with feed conversion efficiency (FCE) as the main response criterion.Response to increased digestible energy (DE) allowance was curvilinear; FCE improved rapidly up to 2·2M-2·6M, and changed much less with intakes above 2·6M. It is concluded that optimum FCE occurs at about 2·7M for pigs of 30 kg and at about 3·OM for pigs of 50, 70 and 90 kg.Allowances of dietary DE suggested by the Agricultural Research Council correspond to 2·56M, 2·95M, 3·04M and 3·08M for pigs of 30, 50, 70 and 90 kg live weight, respectively. It appears that these are near to the optima in promoting the best FCE.Changes of −25%, −15%, −5%, +5% and +15% in daily intake around the optimum levels caused FCE to deteriorate by averages of about 13%, 4·5%, <1%, <1% and 4·5% respectively. Daily weight gains would then change by about −34%, −18%, −5%, +4% and +10%, respectively.

Mineral and vitamin supplementation of diets for growing pigs. 1. Wheat-based diets and the effect of preventing cross-coprophagy on the response to supplementation

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (94) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
EB Greer ◽  
CE Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mineral Supplementation

Two factorial experiments examined the effects of mineral and or vitamin supplementation on the performance of 64 growing pigs. The wheat-based diets contained either meat-and-bone meal (with some fish meal up to 32 kg liveweight) or solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM). A basal supplement of vitamins A and D2 was added to all diets. The pigs were individually fed at restricted intakes between 18 and 73 kg liveweight and housed as mixed treatment groups. In a third factorial experiment, 32 growing pigs were restrictively fed a wheat/SBM diet from 20 kg liveweight to 75 kg or for 20 weeks. The pigs were individually housed to prevent cross-transfer of vitamins from supplemented to unsupplemented pigs by way of the faeces (cross-coprophagy). Mineral supplementation of the wheat/animal protein diet (experiment 1) did not affect pig performance, but improved the growth rate and feed conversion ratio of pigs fed the SBM diet (experiment 2) by 45 and 32 per cent respectively. Omitting the mineral supplement from the SBM diet caused loss of appetite, soft bones, joint and foot abnormalities and lameness in many pigs; 5 out of 16 pigs did not reach slaughter weight. Gilts fed the SBM diet were less tolerant of mineral deficiencies than barrows. They also stored less calcium in their bones when minerals were added to the diet. There was no response to vitamin supplementation even though both diets, but especially the SBM diet, were apparently deficient in a number of vitamins. The SBM diet provided 76, 83 and 53 per cent respectively of the pigs' estimated requirements for riboflavin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12. In experiment 3 the SBM diet supplied 64, 80 and 28 per cent of the pigs' riboflavin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12 requirements. As in experiment 2, there was no response to vitamin supplementation. Cross-coprophagy was thus most unlikely to have caused the lack of response to vitamin supplementation in the group-housed pigs of experiment 2. Mineral supplementation improved growth rate by 108 per cent and feed conversion ratio by 40 per cent.

Effects of omitting lysine from diets conforming to Agricultural Research Council (1981) standards for pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
A. Cadenhead ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTEight diets based on barley and soya bean meal were formulated. Two basal diets, one of which included fish meal, were formulated to conform to the recommendations of the Agricultural Research Council (1981) for all amino acids except lysine. Four further diets were made by adding L-lysine to these diets, in two increments; the highest concentrations of lysine were also supplied in two further diets by the inclusion of a higher proportion of soya bean meal. Each diet was given ad libitum to 10 growing pigs, five castrated males and five females, which were housed and fed individually.Measurements of performance were made over the weight range 22 to 55 kg. Carcasses were appraised after slaughter at a mean weight of 75 kg.Addition of lysine, but not of soya bean meal, significantly increased daily food intake and carcass fatness. Daily growth and food conversion efficiency were not significantly affected. Because of the high food intake the daily lysine intakes on the basal diets greatly exceeded the suggested daily requirement and the results indicate that in such circumstances the response to the amino acid supplementation of an apparently inadequate protein may be negligible.

Responses to variations in dietary energy intakes by growing pigs 3. Effect of level of intake of diets of differing protein and fat content on the performance of growing pigs

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Davies ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Four Levels

SUMMARYThree diets were given separately, each at four levels of digestible energy (DE) intake, to gilts, castrates and boars growing from 21 to 92 kg live weight. The energy levels were those suggested by the Agricultural Research Council, compared with a 5% increase or 10% or 20% decreases in daily allowance. One diet (ME 18) had 3·0 Meal DE/kg and 18·2% crude protein; the other two (HE 16 and HE 19) had 3·26 Meal DE/kg and 16·1% or 19·3% crude protein.They were given unchanged throughout the experiment. Responses to change in daily DE intake were not affected by sex or diet, except in shoulder fat thickness. Feed eaten per kg gain did not vary by more than 4% over the intake levels investigated, and no difference was significant. On average, each reduction in daily intake below the ARC+5% allowance led to an increase of 1·2 percentage units of carcass lean and a decrease of 1·3 percentage units of carcass fat.In comparison with HE 16, the higher protein diet HE 19 gave improved feed conversion efficiency and growth rate, particularly in gilts. It did not cause significant changes in carcass measurements. In comparison with ME 18, HE 19 gave more efficient conversion of DE to weight gain, and faster growth.Boars required less feed per kg gain and had faster growth rates and leaner carcasses than gilts, which were superior to castrates. There was a high incidence of unpleasant odour in fat from boars, but some was also detected in that from gilts and castrates.

Use of whale meal and whale solubles as dietary protein for growing pigs and their effects on the accumulation of mercury in tissues

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (74) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Mercury Concentration ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Pig Performance

The effects of supplementing the protein from wheat in diets for growing pigs with either whale meal, whale solubles, fish meal, meat and bone meal or with combinations of whale meal or whale solubles with fish meal or meat and bone meal, were studied in two experiments. The mercury concentration in the muscle and liver of pigs fed the whale products was also studied. Pigs fed diets containing whale solubles as the only protein concentrate, grew more slowly, required more food per unit of liveweight gain and tended to have less lean in their hams than pigs fed diets containing concentrate protein from whale meal and/or fish meal, whale meal and meat and bone meal, or whale solubles and fish meal. The differences in pig performance between diets containing whale meal or meat and bone meal were not significant. Whale meal and whale solubles contained 10.5 and 2.5 p.p.m. of mercury, respectively, and the concentration of mercury in the diet was correlated to the mercury concentration in the tissues of pigs fed the diet. The muscle and liver of pigs fed with protein from whale meal had higher concentrations of mercury than those of pigs fed diets with equal amounts of protein from whale solubles. All the pigs fed whale products in this experiment had a concentration of mercury in their tissues greater than the health standard for human feedstuffs.

scholarly journals 58 Feed, feeding levels, and tissue analytics of vitamins: Observations from the field

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Buddy Hinson ◽  
Ronny Moser ◽  
Matthew Ackerman ◽  
Rodger Main
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Liver Sample ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Broken Bones ◽  
Vitamin Status ◽  
Vitamin Requirements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tissue Vitamin

Abstract Targeted vitamin inclusion rates within swine diets are typically at levels 2–7 times that of the known published requirements. These increased rates are mainly looked at as an “insurance policy” since very little vitamin research has been conducted in the last two decades and swine growth rates and reproductive traits have increased substantially during this same time. When production issues such as broken bones, downer animals, or sudden deaths occur, vitamin analysis is commonly done on feed, serum, or tissue samples. This discussion will shed light on observations around vitamin analytics that include variation due concentration within product, lab-to-lab variation, and within lab variation. In addition to discrepancies found in feed, serum and liver sample vitamin analytics do not seem to present a clear picture. Across multiple phases of production, these analysis consistently fall well below what would be considered to be reference values that are reported by diagnostic labs. This occurs not only in sick animals but also in animals that appear to be in perfect health and are consuming adequate levels of feed. In order to determine the impact of vitamin supplementation on performance and serum/tissue vitamin status, five trials across sows, nursery, and grow-finish swine were conducted. The goal of these trials is not to determine the various vitamin requirements, but to begin the conversation in order to help establish new reference values that are applicable to today’s genetics, vitamin supplementation levels, and rearing environments. Hopefully this presentation will lead to further questions and discussions within the industry regarding level of vitamin supplementation and the subsequent impacts on performance and serum/tissue vitamin status.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMANS TERNAK BABI FASE STARTER

ZOOTEC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Alfred Tamawiwy ◽  
M. Najoan ◽  
J S Mandey ◽  
F. N Sompie
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

ABSTRACT   EFFECT OF UTILIZATION OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) IN THE DIET ON PIG PERFORMANCE. Utilization of fats and oils in pig diets is of great importance due to their high energy value. VCO is obtained by cold press processing of the kernel from the coconut fruit. Utilization of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in the diets on pig performance.  The present study was designed to elaborate the effect of utilization of VCO in the diets on energy and protein digestibility of growing pigs. The experiment was conducted using 20 castrated male pigs aged 1.5 - 2.0 months weighing 12,0±2,0 kg. The data were analyzed according to the linear model procedure for ANOVA appropriate for Randomized Block Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments were formulated as follow: R0 = 100% control diet + 0% VCO; R1 = 99.5% control diet + 1.0% VCO; R2 = 98.0% control diet + 2.0% VCO; R3 = 97.0% control diet + 3.0% VCO; and R4 = 96.0% control diet + 4.0% VCO. Parameters measured were: daily feed intake, daily gain, daily water consumption. The results showed that the utilization of VCO up to 4% in the diets had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on daily feed intake, daily gain, daily water consumption of pigs. It can be concluded that the addition of VCO up to 4.0% in the diets has no significant meaning on pig performance.   Key words: Virgin coconut oil (VCO), Performance, Growing pigs  

An equation, suitable for computer use, based on the ARC feeding system to determine the energy requirements of growing and fattening cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Zulberti ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Computer Use ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Forward Calculation

SUMMARYBased on the Agricultural Research Council's feeding system, equations were developed that allow the calculation of the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and weight gain by cattle, separately or combined. A general equation was developed for the straight-forward calculation of the total metabolizable energy requirements of growing and fattening cattle for any combination of body weight, rate of weight gain, age, level of muscular work, and metabolizable energy concentration of the diet. The estimates of energy requirement made by the use of this equation are in excellent agreement with those made by the Agricultural Research Council using an iterative method.In addition to avoiding the awkward iterative process, the equations proposed are readily adaptable to computer use.

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