Feeds and feeding methods for assembly of sheep before export

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL McDonald ◽  
JB Rowe ◽  
SP Gittins
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Marking Technique ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Board Ship

Sheep are assembled in Australian feedlots before export and given time to adapt to the pelleted diet they will receive on board ship. In Western Australia, lupins are normally included in the diet at levels up to 30% as a source of digestible energy which is low in starch. It is also common to feed hay during assembly. We examine the use of pellets based on barley and containing either lupins or virginiamycin to overcome problems of acidosis, and the importance of hay during assembly. There were 9 dietary treatments each with 3 pens of 30 sheep. The study was conducted over 8 days simulating assembly feedlot conditions. Measurements were made of numbers of sheep visiting troughs (paint-marking technique) and accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen. 'Barley' pellets were formulated with 33% barley, 18% oats, 47% hay/straw and 2% minerals and vitamins. Replacing about half of the barley with lupins resulted in more sheep paint-marked on days 3-6 (P<0.05) and higher levels of feed intake on days 4-8 (P<0.001) than feeding pellets without lupins. The inclusion of lupins was also associated with a less pronounced drop in feed intake on day 4 than measured in sheep fed barley pellets alone. Adding virginiamycin at 40 g/t to the basal barley-based pellet also significantly increased the numbers of sheep paintmarked. Virginiamycin appeared to have a similar effect to the inclusion of lupins in terms of reducing the number of sheep which were not paint-marked. Sprinkling a small quantity of lucerne chaff onto the pellets had no effect on feeding behaviour. The use of hay in racks resulted in fewer sheep (3 v. 12%, P<0.05) not eating during the first 3 days but there was no significant effect thereafter. We concluded that the inclusion of either lupins or virginiamycin is effective in improving the adaptation to cereal-based pellets in export feedlots. The use of hay either in racks or sprinkled over the pellets appears to be of limited value.

Feeding behaviour of Merino wethers under conditions similar to lot-feeding before live export

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL McDonald ◽  
RT Norris ◽  
EJ Speijers ◽  
H Ridings
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Central Location ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Diet Type ◽  
Live Export ◽  
As If

Sheep from different farms (lines) in Western Australia were mixed in 3 experiments and lot-fed for 6-7 days as if for export. A marking method to identify sheep which eat from troughs was tested and used to examine the effects of feeding treatments on the proportion of sheep which eat during lot-feeding. Paint soaked sponges attached to troughs were used to monitor whether sheep ate. Positive linear relationships between liveweight change and paint marking score (R = 0.93, 0.93 and 0.94, in the 3 experiments) suggested that the technique was a reliable indicator of feed intake. Feeding treatments imposed were period of fasting before lot feeding (experiments 2 and 3); and diet type (hay pellets, hay/pellet mix) and trough location in the feedlot (experiment 3). There were large differences between lines in the percentage of sheep not marked. Values � s.e. ranged from 1 � 1 to 79 � 3% for the 8 lines used in 3 experiments. In experiment 2, fasting for 48 h before lot-feeding resulted in more sheep (P<0.05) not marked (18 � 7 3%) than did fasting for <12 h (9 � 3%) and <24 h (8 � 2%). In experiment 3, fasting for 96 h compared with 48 h resulted in fewer sheep marked daily when fed a hay-pellet mixture (75 � 2 v. 93 � 1%; P<0.001). When fed only pellets in experiment 3, the percentages of marked sheep increased with time (days). Feeding pellets only compared with a hay-pellet mixture resulted in fewer sheep marked daily (60 � 2 v. 79 � 2%; P<0.001) and more sheep not marked (11 � 3 v. 3 � 2%; P<0.05). If troughs were located in the centre of yards instead of on the fenceline, it took 2 rather than 7 days for the daily percentage of animals marked on the pellets only diet to exceed 80%. The central location also resulted in a mean of 78 � 2% of sheep marked daily compared with 67 � 2% for fenceline troughs (P<0.001) and a mean intake higher (P<0.01) by 0.13 � 0.04 kg/wether.day. It was concluded that line of sheep, fasting, diet and trough location all had significant effects on feeding behaviour during lot feeding. Of these treatments, the greatest variation in feeding behaviour was associated with the line of sheep.

Feed additives for attracting sheep to eat a pelleted diet during assembly for live export

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL McDonald ◽  
JB Rowe ◽  
SP Gittins ◽  
JAW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Eating Pattern ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Live Export

The failure of some sheep to eat pelleted feed in feedlots prior to export may result in subsequent problems in their health and welfare. We investigated ways of improving feeding behaviour by adding chaffed hay or aromatic compounds to the pelleted feed. A control ration of pellets was compared with the same diet sprayed with solutions of butyric acid, aniseed oil or molasses, or fed with chaff (lucerne or oaten). Measurements of the number of sheep eating and total feed intake were made over a 10-day period. Merino wethers from 3 properties were mixed and allocated into 2 replicate groups of 39 animals per yard (1 3 m2/sheep) for each of the 6 treatments. The patterns of feed intake over time fell into 2 distinct groups. Over 70% of sheep fed pellets with either type of chaff visited the feed trough during the first 24 hours. When no chaff was fed, this level of feeding was achieved only after 4 days. All groups fed pellets without chaff showed the same pattern of feed intake, reaching a peak intake on day 3 or 4 before reducing intake until day 6 and then an increasing intake up to day 10. Little sign of this fluctuation was seen in the animals fed pellets with chaff, suggesting that, when only pellets were fed, an unstable pattern of rumen fermentation may have caused a build-up of lactic acid in the rumen and reduced feed intake. Molasses and aniseed reduced (P<0.01) the percentage of sheep per day visiting feed troughs to 5 1 and 53% respectively (6-day mean) compared with 63 and 62% for sheep on unsprayed pellets and pellets sprayed with butyric acid. Over the 10 days, intake of total feed per sheep putting its head in the trough was 1.10 kg/day for sheep fed pellets only while aniseed caused a reduction (P<0.01) to 0.85 kg/day and lucerne chaff resulted in an increase (P< 0.05) to 1.27 kg/day. There were significant differences in the eating pattern between different sources of sheep (P< 0.001) but there were no interactions between source and dietary treatments. We conclude that adding chaffed hay to the feed troughs can maximise the proportion of sheep eating from the first day in the feedlot. In addition, mixing chaffed hay with pellets on the first few days may assist the transition from roughage to cereal based diets. The use of aromatic compounds was not successful in attracting animals to the feed or in encouraging an increased intake.

Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis RX7 and Bacillus methylotrophicus C14 as probiotics on growth performance, digestibility, blood profile and fecal microbiota in weaned pigs.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santi Devi Upadhaya ◽  
Xin Jian Lei ◽  
Subin Serpunja ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Bacillus Methylotrophicus ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A total of 60 weaned piglets (28-day old; [Landrace ×Yorkshire]×Duroc) were used to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus-based probiotic on performance, digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal microbiota in weaned pigs. The piglets were randomly allotted to three treatments with 4 pens per treatment and 5 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments consisted of: CON, basal diet; BS, basal diet + 0.1% of Bacillus subtilis RX7; BM, basal diet + 0.1% of Bacillus methylotrophicus C14. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was reduced (P=0.01) in BS and BM treatments compared with CON. The apparent total tract digestibility of energy was increased (P less than 0.05) in BS and BM compared with CON on day 14. The supplementation of probiotics led to increase (P less than 0.05) in fecal lactic acid bacteria counts on day 42. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation reduced feed intake, increased energy digestibility and lactic acid bacteria counts and numerically reduced Salmonella counts in weaned pigs.

scholarly journals 269 Effects of high phytase supplementation in lactation diets on sow and litter performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 101-102
Author(s):  
Kelsey L Batson ◽  
Hilda I Calderon Cartagena ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Commercial Trial ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 109 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a study to evaluate the effect of increasing phytase concentration in lactation diets on sow and litter performance. On d 107 of gestation, sows were blocked by body weight and parity and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments of increasing phytase concentration (0, 1,000, or 3,000 FYT/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2700; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ). The control diet contained no phytase and was formulated to contain 0.50% standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P; 0.45% available P) and 0.62% STTD calcium (0.90% total Ca). The same STTD P and Ca concentrations were formulated for the phytase diets considering a release of 0.132 STTD P and 0.094 STTD Ca in both diets. Diets were fed from d 107 of gestation until weaning (d 18 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered within treatment until 48 h post-farrowing to equalize litter size. Linear and quadratic response to phytase concentration was evaluated using the lmer function in R. There was no evidence for difference in sow body weight change, farrowing performance, wean-to-estrus interval, or litter size among dietary treatments. Sow average daily feed intake from farrowing to weaning tended to increase (linear, P=0.093) as phytase increased. Although not significant (linear, P =0.226), farrowing duration decreased as phytase increased. Litter weaning weight increased (quadratic, P=0.039) and overall litter gain increased (quadratic, P=0.047) with 1,000 FYT of phytase. In summary, sow feed intake tended to increase linearly with increasing phytase; however, feeding 1,000 FYT/kg maximized overall litter gain and weaning weight. This small-scale study suggests sow and litter performance benefits due to high inclusions of dietary phytase; however, a commercial trial with more sows is warranted to confirm these results.

Effect of an acidifier as replacement for antibiotics on the performance and gut morphology of broilers

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
BA Makanjuola ◽  
OO Obi ◽  
TO Olorungbohunmi ◽  
OA Morakinyo ◽  
BA Boladuro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of an acidifier as an alternative to antibiotics on the performance and gut morphology of broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty (180) 7-day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments of 4 replicates each. Each replicate had 15 birds. The diets fed to the birds were: Treatment 1- diet with neither antibiotic nor acidifier; Treatment 2- diet with antibiotic and Treatment 3- diet with acidifier. The antibiotic used was Enrofloxacin which was administered to the birds on Treatment 2 via their drinking water while the acidifier used was Biotronic SE (a combination of propionic and formic acids) which was added to the diet of birds on Treatment 3 at the rate of 4kg/tonne of feed. The experiment lasted 42 days. No significant differences were observed in the feed intake, final weight and weight gain of the birds on the different diets. Significant differences were however observed in the villus height in the duodenum and ileum of the birds. The crypt depth values in the different segments of the small intestines of the birds were not significantly affected by the different treatments.Key words: Organic acids, Biotronic SE, Enrofloxacin, Crypt, villus.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbal Liver Stimulants on the Performance of Hy-line Commercial Layer

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Damodar Neupane ◽  
Mukesh Karki ◽  
C. R. Upreti ◽  
Tribhuveneshor Dhaubhadel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Additional Income ◽  
Calculated Average ◽  
Observation Period

An investigation was undertaken on 180 day-old Hy-line layer chicks to assess the effect of herbal products on feed consumption, egg production and profitability. The experimental chicks were randomly divided in three groups with three replicates in each and were housed in identical management and environmental conditions. Dietary treatments were prepared by addition of herbal liver stimulants such as Livoliv 250 @500 g/ton (D2) and Superliv @500g/ton (D3) in the basal diet (D1). Feed intake, egg production and mortality were recorded throughout the observation period of 50 weeks. Feed per unit of egg production, hen day percentage, additional income of supplemented diet over the basal diet were calculated. Average daily intake (g) of the diets per bird were observed as 59.19±1.05 g, 58.31±0.337 g and 57.67±0.163 g up to 20 weeks and 108.94±0.06 g, 109.01±0.05 g and 108.26±0.41 g during the laying period fed with D3, D1 and D2 diets respectively. Similarly, higher hen day egg % (76.9%) was recorded in the birds fed with Superliv supplemented diet (D3), followed by Livoliv supplemented diet (D2) (73.4%) and Basal diet (D1) (72.1%) with feed intake per unit egg production of 179.3 g, 178.1 g and 193.0 g, respectively. Total egg production was found higher with D3 (161.49 egg), followed by D2 (154.15 egg) and basal diet (151.45 egg) with layer house cumulative mortality only in D3 (3.75%). Additional profits of Rs. 35.18 and Rs. 12.86 in terms of egg selling over feed cost per layer were calculated for the bird fed with Superliv supplemented diet (D3) and Liveloliv supplemented diet (D2) than that of the basal diet. Key words: layer; herbal products; liver stimulant; feed efficiency; profit DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3162 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 37-40

scholarly journals Effect of dietary Black pepper (Piper nigrum) on the performance of broiler

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
EK Ndelekwute ◽  
KD Afolabi ◽  
HO Uzegbu ◽  
UL Unah ◽  
KU Amaefule
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary effect of different levels of ground black pepper (Piper nigrum) on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. There were five dietary treatments each containing 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 % black pepper (BP) fed at both starter and finisher phases. One hundred and fifty (150) day old chicks of Arbor-acre strain were divided into five dietary groups having three replication with 10 in each. The five dietary treatments were randomly assigned into five groups. The birds were fed and watered ad libitum. At the starter phase 0.25 and 0.5 % BP improved live weight significantly (p<0.05). Feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) reduced at 1.00% BP. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in daily gain, feed: gain ratio and protein efficiency ratio. At the finisher phase, final live weight was improved by 0.25% (p<0.05). Final live weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed: gain ratio and protein efficiency ratio were negatively affected by 0.75 and 1.0%BP. Fecal moisture was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by 0.25% while dry matter, protein and ether extract digestibility were improved by all the levels of BP. None of the BP levels improved crude fibre digestibility (p>0.05) over the control. NFE and energy utilization were improved by 0.25 and 0.5%, but significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 1.00% BP.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44(2): 120-127

scholarly journals Association of Feed Efficiency, Feeding Rate, and Behaviour with the Milk Performance of Dairy Cows

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-694
Author(s):  
Lenka Krpálková ◽  
Niall O’Mahony ◽  
Anderson Carvalho ◽  
Sean Campbell ◽  
Gerard Corkery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Milk Performance

Identification of the associations of cow feed efficiency with feeding behaviour and milk production is important for supporting recommendations of strategies that optimise milk yield. The objective of this study was to identify associations between measures of feed efficiency, feed intake, feeding rate, rumination time, feeding time, and milk production using data collected from 26 dairy cows during a 3 month period in 2018. Cows averaged (mean ± standard deviation) 2.2 ± 1.7 lactations, 128 ± 40 days in milk, 27.5 ± 5.5 kg/day milk, 1.95 ± 0.69 kg feed/1 kg milk—the measure used to express feed conversion ratio (FCR), 575 ± 72 min/day rumination time, and 264 ± 67 min/day feeding time during the observation period. The coefficient of variation for rumination time (min/d) was 12.5%. A mixed linear model was selected for analyses. The most feed inefficient cows with the highest FCR (≥2.6 kg feed/1 kg milk) showed the lowest milk yield (24.8 kg/day), highest feed intake (78.8 kg), highest feeding rate (0.26 kg/min) and BCS (3.35 point). However, the relative milk yield (milk yield per 100 kg of body weight) was the highest (4.01 kg/day) in the most efficient group with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk). Our study showed that the most efficient cows with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk) had the highest rumination time (597 min/day; p < 0.05), feeding time (298 min/day; p < 0.05), rumination/activity ratio (4.39; p < 0.05) and rumination/feeding ratio (2.04; p < 0.05). Less active cows (activity time 164 min/day; p < 0.05) were the most efficient cows with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk). The behavioural differences observed in this study provide new insight into the association of feed behaviour and feed efficiency with milk performance. Incorporating feeding behaviour into the dry matter intake model can improve its accuracy in the future and benefit breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Feed intake, rumenal pH and lactic acid in reindeer during transition to a complete ration added buffer and fat

Rangifer ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Ulla-Britt Bøe ◽  
Nicolai Gundersen ◽  
Harald Sletten ◽  
Endre Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
General Condition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Dramatic Decrease ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Lactic Acid Content

<p>Feed intake, general condition, rumenal pH and lactic acid content was followed during feeding of starved reindeer on a coventional diet (RF-71). The result was a dramatic decrease of rumen pH (pH=5.1 in experiment no. Ill) a few hours after feeding of the coventional diet, but this could be counteracted significantly by addition of buffer (pH=6.4 in experiment no. Ill) of hydrogenated marine oil (pH=6.1 in experiment no. Ill) to the ration. The highest content of the lactic acid in the rumen was 40 mM in animals fed RF-71, whereas addition of buffer or hydrogenated marine oil completely supressed accumulation of this acid.</p><p>Foropptak, pH og melkesyre i vomma hos rein under overgangsforing med kraftfor tilsatt buffer og fett.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian&nbsp;/ Sammendrag: Forinntak, almentilstand, pH og melkesyreinnhold i vom ble registrert under foring av sultede rein med konvensjonelt kraftfor (reinfor 71 = RF-71). Det ble funnet et sterkt pH-fall i vomma (pH=5.1, fors&oslash;k III) f&aring; timer etter at dyrene startet &aring; spise RF-71. Denne effekten ble redusert ved tilsetting av buffer (pH=6.4, fors&oslash;k III) eller herdet marint fett (pH=6.1, fors&oslash;k III) til dietten. De dyr som ble foret med RF-71 hadde et melkesyreinnhold i vomma p&aring; opp til 40 mM. Tilsetting av buffer eller herdet marint fett til dietten forhindret akkumulering av melkesyre.</p><p>Poron rehunk&auml;ytt&ouml;, p&ouml;tsin pH ja maitohapposis&auml;lt&ouml; siirtym&auml;vaiheen ruokinnassa k&auml;ytett&auml;ess&auml; v&auml;kirehua, johon on lis&auml;tty puskuria ja rasvaa.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Rehunk&auml;ytto&auml;, yleistilaa, p&ouml;tsin pH:ta ja maitohapposis&auml;lt&ouml;&auml; tutkittiin ruokittaessa n&auml;lkiintyneit&auml; poroja tavanomaisella v&auml;kirehulla (poron 71 = RF-71). Joitakin tuntejaruokinnan aloittamisen j&auml;lkeen havaittiin voimakas p&ouml;tsin pH:n lasku (pH 5.1, koe III). T&auml;m&auml; vaikutus v&auml;heni kun poron nauttiman ravinnon joukkoon lis&auml;ttiin puskuria (pH 6.4, koe III) tai merikaloista valmistettua kovetettua rasvaa (pH 6.1, koe III). RF-71 rehua nauttineiden el&auml;inten p&ouml;tsin maitohapposis&auml;lt&ouml; oli 40 nM. Puskurin tai kovetetun merellisen el&auml;inper&auml;isen rasvan lis&auml;&auml;minen ravintoon ehk&auml;isi maitohapon kasaantumista.</p>

scholarly journals Energy partitioning of pregnant and lactating rabbit fed combination of concentrate and stylosanthes hamata hay

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
D. T. Tsavkar ◽  
M. Y. Latu ◽  
D. T. Tsavkar ◽  
A. K. Olutunmogun ◽  
P. P. Barje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Stylosanthes Hamata ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The study was carried out to examine energy partitioning of pregnant and lactating rabbit offered levels of concentrate and Stylosanthes hamata hay to ascertain whether it meets their high reproductive and nutritional requirement. Forty-eight nulliparous crossbred does (New Zealand White x California and California x Chinchilla breeds) of eight months old were allocated to four dietary treatments in a completely randomised design. During gestation, 150 g/doe/day concentrate and Stylosanthes hamata hay combinations (30:120g, 60:90g, 90:60g and 120:30g) was offered while 350 g/doe/day concentrate and Stylosanthes hamata hay combinations (70:280g, 140:210g, 210:140g and 280:70g) was offered during lactation. Estimations of digestible energy during pregnancy and lactation were carried out and reference data were used to calculate forDE DE DE DE BalanceDE and DE /LW0.75. req, m, fg, macc, req Results obtained showed non-significant (P>0.05) difference among 90:60 and 120:30% concentrate and Stylosanthes hamata hay combinations in terms of DM DE DE DE intake, intake, req, fg, DE BalanceDE and DE /LW0.75, but were significantly (P<0.05) higher than 30:120 and macc, req 60:90% concentrate and Stylosanthes hamata hay combinations. Rabbit in the 4th week of pregnancy had significantly (P<0.05) higher DE DE DE DE BalanceDE and intake, req, fg, macc, DE /LW0.75 than does in the 2nd week of pregnancy. During lactation, all parameters showed req non-significant (P>0.05) difference. Therefore, the diet combinations were sufficient to provide adequate digestible energy for the physiological needs of does during pregnancy and lactation.

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