Temperature-dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot growth of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer ◽  
Daniel Jeffares
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Total Surplus ◽  
Carbon Demand ◽  
Temperature Regimes

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) vines were grown at day/night temperature regimes of 28/22 and 17/12˚C for 5 months starting from budbreak to measure the relationship between shoot growth and carbon demand and to determine the temperature-sensitivity of these processes. Leaf area, internode length, photosynthesis and respiration were measured on the same leaves at regular intervals in both growth temperatures. From daily net carbon acquisition of the shoots and carbon accumulation in biomass, daily net carbon balance per shoot was determined. High temperature-grown shoots had 100% more leaf area and 20% longer stems than low temperature-grown shoots and, although photosynthetic and respiration rates were only slightly affected by temperature, shoots at 17/12˚C acquired a net gain of 35 g carbon and 182 g at 28/22˚C, of which 94% and 54%, respectively, were used in shoot biomass growth. Net carbon balance was negative for 35–57 days after budbreak, but shoots at 17/12˚C had a total surplus of 1.4 g over 5 months whereas shoots at 28/22˚C accumulated 46 g of carbon in this time. Results suggest potential for growth of fruit from surplus carbon is likely to be highly dependent on temperatures in early summer.

Temperature-dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot and fruit growth of fruiting kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer ◽  
Chiara Cirillo ◽  
Cara L. Norling
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Carbon Demand ◽  
Leaf Area Expansion ◽  
Consequent Reduction ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Area Expansion

Fruiting kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson] vines were grown in two controlled temperatures of 28 / 22 and 17 / 12°C (day / night) for 160 and 215 d, to measure shoot and fruit growth and carbon demand, and to examine competition between fruit and the shoot. Leaf area, internode lengths, fruit diameters, photosynthesis and respiration were measured at regular intervals. The net daily carbon balance per shoot was determined from the net carbon acquisition of shoots, and carbon sequestration as shoot biomass. Vines grown at high temperature had 200% more leaf area, similar stem lengths and 100% more biomass than vines grown at low temperature. Leaf area expansion and stem extension were transiently reduced when fruit growth was maximal. Photosynthetic and respiration rates were affected by temperature, leading to net carbon acquisition of 450 g shoot–1 for 28 / 22°C-grown vines and 253 g shoot–1 for 17 / 12°C-grown vines, 54% being used for leaf, stem and fruit growth. Reallocation of carbon occurred from leaves to fruit, and the consequent reduction in leaf area strongly reduced the overall carbon balance compared with vegetative vines at similar temperatures. The data support the conclusion that at low temperatures especially, there is insufficient carbon to meet the full demands of both fruit and shoot growth.

Photon flux density dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot growth of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
C Balance

Kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson] vines were grown in four controlled photon flux densities (PFDs) from 250 to 1100 µmol m –2 s –1 for 130 d starting from pre-budbreak to measure relationships between shoot growth and carbon (C) demand and to assess the effect of PFD on these processes. Leaf area, stem length, photosynthesis and respiration rates were measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. From daily C acquisition and accumulation in biomass, the net C balance per cane was determined throughout the experiment. High-PFD-grown vines had 13% more leaf area, 250% more leaf biomass and 30% more stem biomass than low-PFD-grown vines. High-PFD-grown vines also partitioned relatively more biomass to photosynthetic tissue than to supporting stem tissue compared with low-PFD-grown vines. Rates of net photosynthesis were highest on vines grown at 800 µmol m –2 s –1 , but respiration rates were highest in high-PFD-grown vines. Vines grown at 1100 µmol m –2 s –1 had a net gain of 119 g sh –1 and 53 g sh – at 250 µmol m –2 s –1 , of which 46 and 58%, respectively, was used in shoot biomass growth. Net C balance was negative for 30 d after budbreak. Over 130 d, high-PFD-grown vines produced a total surplus of 64 g sh –1 , while low-PFD-grown vines produced 22 g sh –1 . Results demonstrate that irradiance has no effects on developmental processes but has marked effects on vegetative growth rates of kiwifruit vines. Underlining this, the C economy of these shoots is highly and quantitatively dependent on the PFD during growth.

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on tropical soda apple (Solanum viarumDunal) and its potential range in the U.S.

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Mike McGowan ◽  
J. Jeff Mullahey ◽  
Randy G. Westbrooks
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Tropical Soda Apple ◽  
The U.S

Tropical soda apple is an exotic perennial pasture weed currently reported in the U.S. only from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina. In experiments to determine its environmental requirements and potential range, tropical soda apple was grown in growth chambers in 16 day/night temperature regimes ranging from 18/8 to 36/26 C. After 100 d of growth, maximum height, leaf area, and shoot biomass occurred at day/night temperatures ranging from 24/26 to 36/26 C. The plants achieved 50% or more of maximum leaf area, biomass, and height at 18/26, 24/20, 24/26, 30/26, and 36/26 C. Plants survived in 8 C nights with day temperatures of 18 to 36 C, but biomass and leaf area were only 3 to 10% of maximum. Leaf appearance rate was linearly related to mean temperature over the range of 11.3 to 29.3 C, with a slope coefficient of 0.018 leaves/day/degree C. Flowering was delayed by photoperiods shorter than 10 h or temperatures lower than 24/20 C. In favorable temperatures, plants flowered within 60 d after emergence in photoperiods ranging from 8 to 16 h. Artificially pollinated flowers produced fruit with germinable seeds within 6 to 7 wk, at temperatures ranging from 23/17 to 32/26 C. A regression equation relating vegetative growth to day and night temperatures indicated that tropical soda apple could achieve 30% or more of its maximum growth rate during 7 mo of the year in southern Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas and during 4 to 5 mo of the year at sites in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Neither temperature nor photoperiod will limit its further spread in the southern U.S. and adjacent regions.

Photosynthetic Development in Relation to Leaf Expansion in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Vines During Growth in a Controlled Environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Greer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Young Leaves

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) vines were grown in constant conditions for 3 months starting from budbreak to measure relationships between leaf development and photosynthesis during leaf expansion. Leaf area, net photosynthesis and fluorescence were repeatedly measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. At the growth conditions, the vines produced 0.5 leaves per day, with the earliest expanding leaves taking about 40 days and later emerging leaves up to 70 days to expand fully. Maximum leaf area increased up to leaf 9 then declined with later emerging leaves. Photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency depended on nodal position but were both highest in the earliest emerging leaves. Maximum photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves generally occurred in concert with leaves reaching full expansion but high rates of photosynthesis were observed within 10 days after budbreak. The early expanding leaves (positions 4 to 9) contributed up to 50% of the total net shoot carbon acquisition over the study period. Young leaves were also resistant to imposed photoinhibitory stresses. Early emerging leaves on kiwifruit vines appear physiologically well adapted to provide carbon in spring, when the plants are in a negative carbon balance.

Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Spinach to Salinity: Implications of K+ Nutrition for Salt Tolerance

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Chow ◽  
MC Ball ◽  
JM Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Cytochrome F ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Unit Leaf

To compare the effects of K+ under high and low salinity, spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in nutrient solutions containing either 50 mM NaCl (low salinity) or 250 mM NaCl (high salinity), with a diurnal regime of 10 h light (~300 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 23°C) and 14 h dark (15°C). At each level of salinity, the nutrient KCl concentration was 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 mM. The plant and shoot biomass was greater at low salinity than high salinity and increased with the logarithmic increase in nominal K+ concentrations supplied to the roots. Plant and shoot growth were related to the K+ uptake into the leaves, with leaves having a higher K+ content under low salinity than high salinity. Variation of the K+ content in the leaves, induced by the combinations of nutrient KCl concentrations with high or low salinity, were accompanied by changes in the photosynthetic capacity at light- and CO2-saturation per unit leaf area; there was a greater decrease in photosynthetic capacity with decreasing K+ supply to the roots under high salinity than under low salinity. The photosynthetic capacity was in turn highly correlated with the contents of cytochrome f and ATP synthase per unit leaf area. Under conditions of high salinity and low K+ supply, a reduction in the quantum yield of oxygen evolution also occurred, due to malfunction of photosystem II and, apparently, an increased proportion of light absorbed by non-photosynthetic tissue. The decreases in photosynthetic capacity and quantum yield partly account for the lower plant and shoot biomass at high salinity and low nutrient KCl concentrations. Our results suggest strongly that there are higher K+ requirements for shoot growth under high than low salinity conditions, and that high concentrations of Na+ in the leaves may help to maintain turgor, but cannot substitute for adequate K+ levels in the leaves, presumably because K+ is specifically required for protein synthesis. Increasing the K+ supply at the roots can ameliorate reductions in plant and shoot biomass imposed by an increase in salinity.

Canopy development and hydraulic function in Eucalyptus tereticornis grown in drought in CO2-enriched atmospheres

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Atwell ◽  
Martin L. Henery ◽  
Gordon S. Rogers ◽  
Saman P. Seneweera ◽  
Marie Treadwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Eucalyptus Tereticornis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pipe Model

We report on the relationship between growth, partitioning of shoot biomass and hydraulic development of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. grown in glasshouses for six months. Close coordination of stem vascular capacity and shoot architecture is vital for survival of eucalypts, especially as developing trees are increasingly subjected to spasmodic droughts and rising atmospheric CO2 levels. Trees were exposed to constant soil moisture deficits in 45 L pots (30–50% below field capacity), while atmospheric CO2 was raised to 700 μL CO2 L–1 in matched glasshouses using a hierarchical, multi-factorial design. Enrichment with CO2 stimulated shoot growth rates for 12–15 weeks in well-watered trees but after six months of CO2 enrichment, shoot biomasses were not significantly heavier (30% stimulation) in ambient conditions. By contrast, constant drought arrested shoot growth after 20 weeks under ambient conditions, whereas elevated CO2 sustained growth in drought and ultimately doubled the shoot biomass relative to ambient conditions. These growth responses were achieved through an enhancement of lateral branching up to 8-fold due to CO2 enrichment. In spite of larger transpiring canopies, CO2 enrichment also improved the daytime water status of leaves of droughted trees. Stem xylem development was highly regulated, with vessels per unit area and cross sectional area of xylem vessels in stems correlated inversely across all treatments. Furthermore, vessel numbers related to the numbers of leaves on lateral branches, broadly supporting predictions arising from Pipe Model Theory that the area of conducting tissue should correlate with leaf area. Diminished water use of trees in drought coincided with a population of narrower xylem vessels, constraining hydraulic capacity of stems. Commensurate with the positive effects of elevated CO2 on growth, development and leaf water relations of droughted trees, the capacity for long-distance water transport also increased.

scholarly journals DINÂMICA E BALANÇO DO CARBONO DA VEGETAÇÃO PRIMÁRIA DA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niro Higuchi ◽  
Jeffrey Chambers ◽  
Joaquim Dos Santos ◽  
Ralfh João Ribeiro ◽  
Alberto Carlos Martins Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
La Niña ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Management Project

As três parcelas permanentes usadas neste estudo são testemunhas (não perturbadas) de um experimento de manejo florestal do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, no município de Manaus (AM). Essas parcelas têm sido monitoradas desde 1980, mas para efeito deste estudo, foram consideradas 12 medições repetidas no período 1986-2000. Durante este período, o fenômeno El Niño (seca anormal na região) ocorreu em duas ocasiões, em 1992-93 e 1997-98, sendo que o último foi seguido do La Niña (chuva anormal na região), em 1999. Devido a esses fenômenos, as taxas de recrutamento e mortalidade foram iguais, 0,7%, durante o período observado. No entanto, a acumulação (fixação na árvore) de carbono, foi de 16 toneladas métricas, dando um incremento periódico anual significativo (p = 0,039), em torno de 1,2 t/ha/ano. CARBON BALANCE AND DYNAMICS OF PRIMARY VEGETATION IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON Abstract The three permanent forest inventory plots used for this study were control plots (not disturbed) from a forest management project of the National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA) in the Brazilian State of Amazonas. These plots have been monitored since 1980, although for this study the period from 1986-2000 was considered. During this period, the El Niño phenomenon, which causes increased drought in the region, occurred on two occasions (1992-93 and 1997-98), followed by La Niña which causes increased precipitation in the region (1999-2000). Despite of this change in climate, recruitment and mortality rates were equal throughout the period at 0.7% yr-1. During the same period, carbon accumulation in forest biomass was 16 Mg, resulting in a statistically significant (p = 0.039) increase of about 1.2 Mg biomass ha-1 yr-1.

scholarly journals Whole-plant Response of Six Poinsettia Cultivars to Three Fertilizer and Two Irrigation Regimes

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Schuch ◽  
Richard A. Redak ◽  
James Bethke
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Leaf N

Six cultivars of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wind.), `Angelika White', `Celebrate 2', `Freedom Red', `Lilo Red', `Red Sails', and `Supjibi Red' were grown for 9 weeks during vegetative development under three constant-feed fertilizer treatments, 80,160, or 240 mg N/liter and two irrigation regimes, well-watered (high irrigation) or water deficient (low irrigation). Plants fertilized with 80 or 240 mg N/liter were 10% to 18% shorter, while those fertilized with 160 mg N/liter were 25 % shorter with low versus high irrigation. Leaf area and leaf dry weight increased linearly in response to increasing fertilizer concentrations. Low irrigation reduced leaf area, leaf, stem, and shoot dry weight 3670 to 41%. Cultivars responded similarly to irrigation and fertilizer treatments in all components of shoot biomass production and no interactions between the main effects and cultivars occurred. Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased with increasing fertilizer rates or sometimes with low irrigation. Highest chlorophyll contents occurred in leaves of `Lilo Red' and `Freedom Red'. Leaves of plants fertilized with 80 mg N/liter were deficient in leaf N and had 40 % to 49 % lower leaf chlorophyll content compared to plants fertilized with 160 or 240 mg N/liter. Irrigation had no effect on leaf N or chlorophyll content. At the end of the experiment leaves of `Supjibi Red' and `Angelika White' contained higher concentrations of soluble proteins than the other four cultivars.

scholarly journals Selection of sowing date and biofertilization as alternatives to improve the yield and profitability of the F68 rice variety

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Yeison Mauricio Quevedo-Amaya ◽  
José Isidro Beltrán-Medina ◽  
José Álvaro Hoyos-Cartagena ◽  
John Edinson Calderón-Carvajal ◽  
Eduardo Barragán-Quijano
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Selection Of

Multiple factors influence rice yield. Developing management practices that increase crop yield and an efficient use of resources are challenging to modern agriculture. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate biological nitrogen fixation and bacterial phosphorous solubilization (biofertilization) practices with the selection of the sowing date. Three sowing dates (May, July and August) were evaluated when interacting with two mineral nutrition treatments using a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement. Leaf carbon balance, leaf area index, interception and radiation use efficiency, harvest index, dry matter accumulation, nutritional status, and yield were quantified. Results showed that the maximum yield was obtained in the sowing date of August. Additionally, yield increased by 18.92% with the biofertilization treatment, reaching 35.18% of profitability compared to the local production practice. High yields were related to a higher carbon balance during flowering, which was 11.56% and 54.04% higher in August than in July and May, respectively, due to a lower night temperature. In addition, a high efficient use of radiation, which in August was 17.56% and 41.23% higher than in July and May, respectively, contributed to obtain higher yields and this behavior is related to the selection of the sowing date. Likewise, a rapid development of the leaf area index and an optimum foliar nitrogen concentration (>3%) were observed. This allowed for greater efficient use of radiation and is attributed to the activity of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria that also act as plant growth promoters.

scholarly journals Influence de la charge sur la production et la croissance de la vigne (c.v. Merlot)

OENO One ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
M. Nikov
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Yield Ratio ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
First Year ◽  
Parabolic Curve ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Single Shoot ◽  
The Relationship

<p style="text-align: justify;">L'étude est menée avec le cépage Merlot conduit en forme haute et à une distance de 3,40 x 1,20 m. Les vignes supportent des charges individuelles de 26, 32, 38 ... jusqu'à 62 bourgeons par cep. La relation entre le nombre d'yeux et le rendement par souche se caractérise par une courbe parabolique avec un maximum autour de 50 bourgeons par cep. L'augmentation de charge au-delà de l'optimum exerce une influence inhibitrice sur la croissance des rameaux individuels depuis la première année. Le rapport entre la surface foliaire et la production représente un facteur essentiel pour la qualité du raisin.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The study involves Merlot variety trained with an high trunk and a 3,40 x 1,20 m spacing. The vines support individual pruning levels of 26, 32, 38 ... up to 62 buds/vine. The relationship between bud number and yield per vine is characterized by a parabolic curve with a maximum around 50 buds/vine. The increase in pruning level beyond the optimum induces an inhibitory effect on single shoot growth since the first year. The leaf area : yield ratio represents a primary factor of grape quality.</p>

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