192 EXPRESSION OF SELECTED ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN BOVINE OVIDUCT EPITHELIAL CELL (BOEC) IN RESPONSE TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURES IN VITRO

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
L. Rapala ◽  
R. R. Starzynski ◽  
P. Z. Trzeciak ◽  
S. Dabrowski ◽  
A. M. Duszewska
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Roche Diagnostics

Elevated temperatures have a negative impact on bovine reproduction. One of its effects is an increased concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may lead to female infertility. Oxidative stress impairs oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development, and it also influences the reproductive tract. One of the defence mechanisms against the increase of ROS is the synthesis of antioxidants. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse the expression of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase 1, SOD1; catalase, CAT; and glutathione peroxidase 1, GPX1) in bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC) cultured with or without embryos at elevated temperatures. Ovaries and oviducts were collected from a slaughterhouse. BOECs were mechanically isolated from the oviducts. The oocytes were isolated from ovaries and then maturated and fertilized in vitro. BOEC, after formation of aggregates, were cultured (variant I) in 40-µL droplets of cultured medium (TCM199 25 mM HEPES medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 µg mL–1 gentamicin, and 50 µg mL–1 streptomycin) overlaid with mineral oil. Twenty aggregates per droplet were cultured at control (38.5°C) and elevated (41°C) temperatures for 168 h in 5% CO2 in air. Analogously, in variant II, BOEC aggregates were co-cultured with 15 bovine embryos per droplet. Subsequently, the SOD1, CAT, and GPX1 mRNA levels were analysed in BOEC by real-time RT–PCR (Light Cycler, Roche Diagnostics, Warsaw, Poland) and normalized to S18/H2A gene expression. Relative quantification was determined with LightCycler software version 3.5 (Roche Diagnostics) by the second derivative maximum method. Statistical analyses were performed by Portable Statgraphics 5.0 Centurion (Statpoint Technologies Inc., Warrenton, VA). Mean values of SOD1, CAT, and GPX1 expression in BOEC in RT-qPCR analysis were compared using Tukey's HSD test (a = 0.01). Elevated temperature leads to an up-regulation of SOD1 in BOEC cultured (38°C: 0.76 ± 0.12 a.u., n = 44; 41°C: 1.07 ± 0.21 a.u., n = 48) and co-cultured with bovine embryos (38°C: 0.71 ± 0.11 a.u., n = 36; 41°C: 1.04 ± 0.2 a.u., n = 36) and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The CAT gene expression in BOEC was constant in variant I (38°C: 0.56 ± 0.22 a.u., n = 56; 41°C: 0.58 ± 0.27 a.u., n = 56) and variant II (38°C: 0.48 ± 0.27 a.u., n = 32; 41°C: 0.59 ± 0.29 a.u., n = 24). Also, GPX1 gene expression in BOEC was constant in variant I (38°C: 0.66 ± 0.23 a.u., n = 60; 41°C: 0.61 ± 0.19 a.u., n = 56) and in variant II (38°C: 0.59 ± 0.19 a.u., n = 36; 41°C: 0.64 ± 0.22 a.u., n = 36). In conclusion, elevated temperature leads to an activation of the BOEC's defence mechanisms which are based on SOD1 expression, and which may protect cells against oxidative stress. Elevated temperature doesn't affect the cat and GPX1 expression in BOEC. The presence of embryos does not affect the expression of antioxidant enzymes in BOEC. Research was supported by COST DPN/DWM/MZ/5670/08/09.

scholarly journals Effect of crotamine, a cell-penetrating peptide, on blastocyst production and gene expression of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos

Zygote ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iana S. Campelo ◽  
Alexsandra F. Pereira ◽  
Agostinho S. Alcântara-Neto ◽  
Natalia G. Canel ◽  
Joanna M.G. Souza-Fabjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Penetrating Peptide ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cell Penetrating ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Control

SummaryThe present study investigated the effects of crotamine, a cell-penetrating peptide from rattlesnake venom, at different exposure times and concentrations, on both developmental competence and gene expression (ATP1A1, AQP3, GLUT1 and GLUT3) of in vitro fertilized (IVF) bovine embryos. In Experiment 1, presumptive zygotes were exposed to 0.1 μM crotamine for 6, 12 or 24 h and control groups (vehicle and IVF) were included. In Experiment 2, presumptive zygotes were exposed to 0 (vehicle), 0.1, 1 and 10 μM crotamine for 24 h. Additionally, to visualize crotamine uptake, embryos were exposed to rhodamine B-labelled crotamine and subjected to confocal microscopy. In Experiment 1, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed among different exposure times and control groups for cleavage and blastocyst rates and total cells number per blastocyst. Within each exposure time, mRNA levels were similar (P > 0.05) in embryos cultured with or without crotamine. In Experiment 2, concentrations as high as 10 μM crotamine did not affect (P > 0.05) the blastocyst rate. Crotamine at 0.1 and 10 μM did not alter mRNA levels when compared with the control (P > 0.05). Remarkably, only 1 μM crotamine decreased both ATP1A1 and AQP3 expression levels relative to the control group (P < 0.05). Also, it was possible to visualize the intracellular localization of crotamine. These results indicate that crotamine can translocate intact IVF bovine embryos and its application in the culture medium is possible at concentrations from 0.1–10 μM for 6–24 h.

175 EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS ON GENE EXPRESSION OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS (BOS TAURUS VS. BOS INDICUS)

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
C. F. Silva ◽  
A. C. S. Castilho ◽  
R. A. Satrapa ◽  
R. Z. Puelker ◽  
E. M. Razza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Bovine Embryos

Heat stress (HS) reduces the production of bovine embryos, especially taurine embryos, which are not adapted to heat. However, little is known about the competence of embryos produced under HS in breeds adapted or not adapted to heat. The aim of this study was to compare the gene expression of PLAC8, HSF1, COX2 and CDX2, related to competence and implantation, in bovine in vitro-produced embryos (Bos taurus vs Bos indicus), submitted or not submitted to HS. Oocytes from Nelore (zebu) and Jersey (taurine) cows were aspirated by ovum pickup, in vitro-matured in TCM-199 medium with bicarbonate containing 10% FCS, 2 μg mL–1 of pyruvate, 75 μg mL–1 of gentamicin, 20 μg mL–1 of FSH and 10 IU mL–1 of LH for 22 h at 38.5°C in 5% CO2 in air. Matured oocytes were fertilized with semen from Nelore (n = 6) and Jersey (n = 6) bulls, respectively, at 38.5°C in 5% CO2 in air. The fertilization medium was TALP-IVF supplemented with 6 mg mL–1 of fatty acid-free BSA, 2 μL mL–1 of pyruvate, 75 μg mL–1 of gentamicin, 11 μg mL–1 of heparin and 44 μL mL–1 of penicillamine, hypotaurine and epinephrine. The day of fertilization was considered Day 0. Twelve hours post-insemination, presumptive zygotes were denuded and randomly divided into 2 groups, nonstressed or stressed and both were in vitro cultured at 38.5°C in 90% N2, 5% CO2 and 5% O2 in SOFaaci medium supplemented with 5% FCS, 5% BSA and 0,2% sodium pyruvate. In the stressed group, 96-h post-insemination embryos were subjected to HS of 41°C for 6 consecutive hours and then returned to 38.5°C. On Day 7, pools with 5 blastocysts [Nelore (n = 9); Nelore HS (n = 7); Jersey (n = 5); Jersey HS (n = 5)] were subjected to RNA extraction (RNeasy, Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, USA). The expression of target genes was analysed by real-time reverse transcription PCR with oligo-dT in reverse transcription and bovine specific-primers in PCR. The expression of cyclophilin A was used as an internal control. The mean mRNA levels of target genes among groups were compared by parametric ANOVA, followed by orthogonal contrast. Heat stress reduced (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of CDX2 and PLAC8 in both breeds; additionally, the expression of these genes was higher in the zebu breed when compared with the taurine breed. Messenger RNA expression of COX2 did not differ between groups, under HS or not, in both the Jersey and Nelore breeds. Moreover, HS reduced the mRNA expression of HSF1 (P < 0.05) in Nelore groups, but not in Jersey groups. The highest levels of PLAC8 and CDX2 in nonstressed Nelore embryos indicate better competence and a higher capacity of implantation of these embryos when compared with Jersey and HS embryos in both breeds. Moreover, low HSF1 levels in stressed Nelore embryos indicate the thermotolerance ability of this breed. In conclusion, the data indicate that HS alters the pattern of gene expression in Nelore and Jersey in vitro-produced bovine embryos. This research was supported by FAPESP.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Pulse Frequency on Gonadotropin Subunit and GnRH Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in Vitro*

Endocrinology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 1224-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula B. Kaiser ◽  
Andrzej Jakubowiak ◽  
Anna Steinberger ◽  
William W. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Gnrh Receptor ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Subunit Gene ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract The hypothalamic hormone, GnRH, is released and transported to the anterior pituitary in a pulsatile manner, where it binds to specific high-affinity receptors and regulates gonadotropin biosynthesis and secretion. The frequency of GnRH pulses changes under various physiological conditions, and varying GnRH pulse frequencies have been shown to regulate differentially the secretion of LH and FSH and the expression of the gonadotropin α, LHβ, and FSHβ subunit genes in vivo. We demonstrate differential effects of varying GnRH pulse frequency in vitro in superfused primary monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells. Cells were treated with 10 nm GnRH pulses for 24 h at a frequency of every 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 h. α, LHβ, and FSHβ messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were increased by GnRH at all pulse frequencies. α and LHβ mRNA levels and LH secretion were stimulated to the greatest extent at a GnRH pulse frequency of every 30 min, whereas FSHβ mRNA levels and FSH secretion were stimulated maximally at a lower GnRH pulse frequency, every 2 h. GnRH receptor (GnRHR) mRNA levels also were increased by GnRH at all pulse frequencies and were stimulated maximally at a GnRH pulse frequency of every 30 min. Similar results were obtained when the dose of each pulse of GnRH was adjusted to maintain a constant total cumulative dose of GnRH over 24 h. These data show that gonadotropin subunit gene expression is regulated differentially by varying GnRH pulse frequencies in vitro, suggesting that the differential effects of varying GnRH pulse frequencies on gonadotropin subunit gene expression occur directly at the level of the pituitary. The pattern of regulation of GnRHR mRNA levels correlated with that of α and LHβ but was different from that of FSHβ. This suggests that α and LHβ mRNA levels are maximally stimulated when GnRHR levels are relatively high, whereas FSHβ mRNA levels are maximally stimulated at lower levels of GnRHR expression, and that the mechanism for differential regulation of the gonadotropins by varying pulse frequencies of GnRH may involve levels of GnRHR. Furthermore, these data suggest that the mechanisms whereby varying GnRH pulse frequencies stimulate α, LHβ, and GnRHR gene expression are similar, whereas the stimulation of FSHβ mRNA levels may be different.

scholarly journals The Role of the FOXO1/β2-AR/p-NF-κB p65 Pathway in the Development of Endometrial Stromal Cells in Pregnant Mice under Restraint Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1478
Author(s):  
Jiayin Lu ◽  
Yaoxing Chen ◽  
Zixu Wang ◽  
Jing Cao ◽  
Yulan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Endometrial Stromal Cells ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Pregnant Mice

Restraint stress causes various maternal diseases during pregnancy. β2-Adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) and Forkhead transcription factor class O 1 (FOXO1) are critical factors not only in stress, but also in reproduction. However, the role of FOXO1 in restraint stress, causing changes in the β2-AR pathway in pregnant mice, has been unclear. The aim of this research was to investigate the β2-AR pathway of restraint stress and its impact on the oxidative stress of the maternal uterus. In the study, maternal mice were treated with restraint stress by being restrained in a transparent and ventilated device before sacrifice on Pregnancy Day 5 (P5), Pregnancy Day 10 (P10), Pregnancy Day 15 (P15), and Pregnancy Day 20 (P20) as well as on Non-Pregnancy Day 5 (NP5). Restraint stress augmented blood corticosterone (CORT), norepinephrine (NE), and blood glucose levels, while oestradiol (E2) levels decreased. Moreover, restraint stress increased the mRNA levels of the FOXO family, β2-AR, and even the protein levels of FOXO1 and β2-AR in the uterus and ovaries. Furthermore, restraint stress increased uterine oxidative stress level. In vitro, the protein levels of FOXO1 were also obviously increased when β2-AR was activated in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). In addition, phosphorylated-nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (p-NF-κB p65) and its target genes decreased significantly when FOXO1 was inhibited. Overall, it can be said that the β2-AR/FOXO1/p-NF-κB p65 pathway was activated when pregnant mice were under restraint stress. This study provides a scientific basis for the origin of psychological stress in pregnant women.

Branched chain amino Acids as in vitro and in vivo Anti-Oxidation Compounds

2021 ◽  
pp. 3899-3904
Author(s):  
Moath Alqaraleh ◽  
Violet Kasabri ◽  
Ibrahim Al-Majali ◽  
Nihad Al-Othman ◽  
Nihad Al-Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cell ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cell Line

Background and aims: Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) can be tightly connected to metabolism syndrome (MetS) which can be counted as a metabolic indicator in the case of insulin resistance (IR). The aim of this study was to assess the potential role of these acids under oxidative stress. Material and Methods: the in vitro antioxidant activity of BCAAs was assessed using free radical 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays. For further check, a qRT-PCR technique was madefor detection the extent of alterations in gene expression of antioxidative enzymes (catalase and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx)) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS(-induced macrophages RAW 264.7 cell line. Additionally, BCAAs antioxidant activity was evaluated based on plasma H2O2 levels and xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in prooxidative LPS-treated mice. Results: Different concentrations of BCAAs affected on DPPH radical scavenging activity but to lesser extent than the ascorbic acid. Besides, BCAAs obviously upregulated the gene expression levels of catalases and Gpx in LPS-modulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. In vivo BCAAs significantly minimized the level of plasma H2O2 as well as the activity of XO activity under oxidative stress. Conclusion: our current findings suggest that BCAAs supplementation may potentially serve as a therapeutic target for treatment of oxidative stress occurs with atherosclerosis, IR-diabetes, MetS and tumorigenesis.

Effects of bovine oviduct epithelial cells, fetal calf serum and bovine serum albumin on gene expression in single bovine embryos produced in the synthetic oviduct fluid culture system

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona E. Pedersen ◽  
Øzen Banu Øzdas ◽  
Wenche Farstad ◽  
Aage Tverdal ◽  
Ingrid Olsaker
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fetal Calf Serum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Glut 1 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oviduct Fluid

In this study the synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) system with bovine oviduct epithelial cell (BOEC) co-culture is compared with an SOF system with common protein supplements. One thousand six hundred bovine embryos were cultured in SOF media supplemented with BOEC, fetal calf serum (FCS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Eight different culture groups were assigned according to the different supplementation factors. Developmental competence and the expression levels of five genes, namely glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP), connexin43 (Cx43), β-actin (ACTB) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), analysed as mRNA by using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, were measured on bovine embryos cultured for 9 days. Gene expression of these in vitro-produced embryos was compared with the gene expression of in vivo-produced embryos. There was no significant difference found in embryo developmental competence between the Day 9 embryos in BOEC co-culture, FCS and BSA supplements in SOF media. However, differences in gene expression were observed. With respect to gene expression in in vivo and in vitro embryos, BOEC co-culture affected the same genes as did supplementation with FCS and BSA. HSP was the only gene that differed significantly between in vitro and in vivo embryos. When the different in vitro groups were compared, a significant difference between the BOEC co-culture and the FCS supplementation groups due to Glut-1 expression was observed.

scholarly journals Human Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (HK-2) as a Sensitive In Vitro System for Ochratoxin A Induced Oxidative Stress

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 787
Author(s):  
Enrique García-Pérez ◽  
Dojin Ryu ◽  
Hwa-Young Kim ◽  
Hae Dun Kim ◽  
Hyun Jung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
In Vitro System ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase 1 ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is potentially carcinogenic to humans. Although its mechanism remains unclear, oxidative stress has been recognized as a plausible cause for the potent renal carcinogenicity observed in experimental animals. The effect of OTA on oxidative stress parameters in two cell lines of LLC-PK1 and HK-2 derived from the kidneys of pig and human, respectively, were investigated and compared. We found that the cytotoxicity of OTA on LLC-PK1 and HK-2 cells was dose- and time-dependent in both cell lines. Furthermore, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by OTA in both cell lines were observed in a time-dependent manner. Glutathione (GSH) was depleted by OTA at >48 h in HK-2 but not in LLC-PK1 cells. While the mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) in LLC-PK1 were down-regulated by 0.67- and 0.66-fold, respectively, those of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD) in HK-2 were up-regulated by 2.20-, 2.24-, and 2.75-fold, respectively, after 72 h exposure to OTA. Based on these results, we conclude that HK-2 cells are more sensitive to OTA-mediated toxicity than LLC-PK1, and OTA can cause a significant oxidative stress in HK-2 as indicated by changes in the parameter evaluated.

scholarly journals Hexarelin exerts neuroprotective and antioxidant effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity through the modulation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt patways in Neuro-2A cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Meanti ◽  
Laura Rizzi ◽  
Elena Bresciani ◽  
Laura Molteni ◽  
Vittorio Locatelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cell ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cell Line ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
No Production ◽  
Mrna Levels

AbstractHexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide, protects cardiac and skeletal muscles by inhibiting apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, evidence suggests that hexarelin could have important neuroprotective bioactivity.Oxidative stress and the generation of free radicals has been implicated in the etiologies of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease and multiple sclerosis. In addition to direct oxidative stress, exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can penetrate biological membranes and enhance the formation of other reactive oxygen species.The aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory influence of hexarelin on H2O2-induced apoptosis in Neuro-2A cells, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. Our results indicate that H2O2 reduced the viability of Neuro-2A cells in a dose-related fashion. Furthermore, H2O2 induced significant changes in the morphology of Neuro-2A cells, reflected in the formation of apoptotic cell bodies, and an increase of nitric oxide (NO) production. Hexarelin effectively antagonized H2O2 oxidative damage to Neuro-2A cells as indicated by improved cell viability, normal morphology and reduced nitrite (NO2−) release. Hexarelin treatment of Neuro-2A cells also reduced mRNA levels of caspases−3 and −7 and those of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bax; by contrast, hexarelin treatment increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 mRNA levels. Hexarelin also reduced MAPKs phosphorylation induced by H2O2 and concurrently increased p-Akt protein expression.In conclusion, our results identify several neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of hexarelin. These properties suggest that further investigation of hexarelin as a neuroprotective agent in an investigational and therapeutic context are merited.

scholarly journals Effect of the French Oak Wood Extract Robuvit on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Healthy Volunteers: A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Horvathova ◽  
Zuzana Orszaghova ◽  
Lucia Laubertova ◽  
Magdalena Vavakova ◽  
Peter Sabaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Trolox Equivalent ◽  
Markers Of Oxidative Stress

We examinedin vitroantioxidant capacity of polyphenolic extract obtained from the wood of oakQuercus robur(QR), Robuvit, using TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) method and the effect of its intake on markers of oxidative stress, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and total antioxidant capacity in plasma of 20 healthy volunteers. Markers of oxidative damage to proteins, DNA, and lipids and activities of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in the erythrocytes. We have found anin vitroantioxidant capacity of Robuvit of 6.37 micromole Trolox equivalent/mg of Robuvit. One month intake of Robuvit in daily dose of 300 mg has significantly decreased the serum level of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and lipid peroxides (LP). Significantly increased activities of SOD and CAT as well as total antioxidant capacity of plasma after one month intake of Robuvit have been shown. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that the intake of Robuvit is associated with decrease of markers of oxidative stress and increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant capacity of plasmain vivo.

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