scholarly journals Orchard management and preferential flow in Andosols – comparing two kiwifruit orchards in New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Karin Müller ◽  
Céline Duwig ◽  
Anne-Julie Tinet ◽  
Alfonso Gastelum Strozzi ◽  
Lorenzo Spadini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Transport Parameters ◽  
Orchard Management ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Sustainable Horticulture ◽  
Filtering Function

Sustainable horticulture depends on the integrity of soil functions, which directly depend on soil architecture affecting aggregation, root growth, as well as liquid and gas permeability. We hypothesised that changes in soil architecture resulting from feedback mechanisms between management, soil organic carbon contents (SOC), biota and vegetation can be captured with X-ray computed tomography (CT), and that these affect the soil filtering function, which thus, can be manipulated through orchard management. We compared the transport of copper, a widely used fungicide, through intact soil cores from vine rows of kiwifruit orchards under organic and integrated management. We first derived 3D-macropore characteristics from CT-images, followed by leaching a pulse of copper and a tracer through the same cores. The organic orchard soil had a significantly higher SOC content than the integrated orchard soil, and this was positively correlated with total porosity. Macropores (>92µm) were larger with a higher connectivity, but significantly fewer in the organic than the integrated orchard soil. This resulted in a lower macroporosity and a better copper filtering capacity of the organic than the integrated orchard soil. Copper distribution was reasonably predicted when combining SOC contents, pH and macropore characteristics. Significant relationships between soil parameters and indicators of the strength of preferential flow verified that CT-derived macropore characteristics can be used to predict functional solute transport parameters. The relevance of our results and relationships observed between macropore characteristics, functional indicators of preferential flow and the fate of copper needs verification with samples representing more soils and sites.

scholarly journals Field and numerical study of chlorotoluron transport in the soil profile

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kodešová ◽  
J. Kozák ◽  
O. Vacek
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Isotherm ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Transport Parameters ◽  
Four Square

The transport of chlorotoluron in the soil profile under field conditions was studied. The herbicide Syncuran was applied on a four square meter plot using an application rate of 2.5 kg/ha active ingredient. Soil samples were taken after 119 days to study the residual chlorotoluron distribution in the soil profile. HYDRUS-1D (Šimůnek et al. 1998) was used to simulate water movement and herbicide transport in the soil profile. Soil hydraulic properties and their variability were studied previously by Kutílek et al. (1989). The solute transport parameters, like the adsorption isotherm and the degradation rate, were determined in the laboratory. The Freundlich and Langmuir equations were used to fit the experimental data points of the adsorption isotherm, and the affect of each type of adsorption isotherm equation on the solute transport was studied. The chlorotoluron concentrations in soil water tended to be higher for the simulation performed with the Freundlich isotherm then that of the model using the Langmuir isotherm. In both cases, the solution did not pass a depth of8 cm. The simulated chlorotoluron concentrations in soil samples were higher then the observed concentrations when the chlorotoluron degradation was assumed to be in soil water only. Assumption of the solute degradation in both in the solid and the liquid phase significantly improved the accuracy of the solution. The different characters of the simulated and observed chlorotoluron distributions can probably be attributed to the preferential flow of water and solute in the soil profile and by variability of the transport parameters.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF COMPACTION DUE TO MACHINERY TRAFFIC ON SOIL PORE CONFIGURATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Germán Soracco ◽  
Luis Alberto Lozano ◽  
Rafael Villarreal ◽  
Telmo Cecilio Palancar ◽  
Daniel Jorajuria Collazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Pore System ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Mechanized Agriculture ◽  
Dynamic Indicators

Soil compaction has been recognized as a severe problem in mechanized agriculture and has an influence on many soil properties and processes. Yet, there are few studies on the long-term effects of soil compaction, and the development of soil compaction has been shown through a limited number of soil parameters. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the persistence of soil compaction effects (three traffic treatments: T0, without traffic; T3, three tractor passes; and T5, five tractor passes) on pore system configuration, through static and dynamic determinations; and to determine changes in soil pore orientation due to soil compaction through measurement of hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil in samples taken vertically and horizontally. Traffic led to persistent changes in all the dynamic indicators studied (saturated hydraulic conductivity, K0; effective macro- and mesoporosity, εma and εme), with significantly lower values of K0, εma, and εme in the T5 treatment. The static indicators of bulk density (BD), derived total porosity (TP), and total macroporosity (θma) did not vary significantly among the treatments. This means that machine traffic did not produce persistent changes on these variables after two years. However, the orientation of the soil pore system was modified by traffic. Even in T0, there were greater changes in K0 measured in the samples taken vertically than horizontally, which was more related to the presence of vertical biopores, and to isotropy of K0 in the treatments with machine traffic. Overall, the results showed that dynamic indicators are more sensitive to the effects of compaction and that, in the future, static indicators should not be used as compaction indicators without being complemented by dynamic indicators.

scholarly journals Highly Permeable Matrimid®/PIM-EA(H2)-TB Blend Membrane for Gas Separation

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Esposito ◽  
Irene Mazzei ◽  
Marcello Monteleone ◽  
Alessio Fuoco ◽  
Mariolino Carta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Gas Permeation ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Competitive Sorption ◽  
Transport Parameters ◽  
Mixed Gas

The effect on the gas transport properties of Matrimid®5218 of blending with the polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-EA(H2)-TB was studied by pure and mixed gas permeation measurements. Membranes of the two neat polymers and their 50/50 wt % blend were prepared by solution casting from a dilute solution in dichloromethane. The pure gas permeability and diffusion coefficients of H2, He, O2, N2, CO2 and CH4 were determined by the time lag method in a traditional fixed volume gas permeation setup. Mixed gas permeability measurements with a 35/65 vol % CO2/CH4 mixture and a 15/85 vol % CO2/N2 mixture were performed on a novel variable volume setup with on-line mass spectrometric analysis of the permeate composition, with the unique feature that it is also able to determine the mixed gas diffusion coefficients. It was found that the permeability of Matrimid increased approximately 20-fold with the addition of 50 wt % PIM-EA(H2)-TB. Mixed gas permeation measurements showed a slightly stronger pressure dependence for selectivity of separation of the CO2/CH4 mixture as compared to the CO2/N2 mixture, particularly for both the blended membrane and the pure PIM. The mixed gas selectivity was slightly higher than for pure gases, and although N2 and CH4 diffusion coefficients strongly increase in the presence of CO2, their solubility is dramatically reduced as a result of competitive sorption. A full analysis is provided of the difference between the pure and mixed gas transport parameters of PIM-EA(H2)-TB, Matrimid®5218 and their 50:50 wt % blend, including unique mixed gas diffusion coefficients.

scholarly journals Gypsum, Soil Scarification and Succession Planting as Alternatives to Mitigate Compaction of Dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Eduardo Antonio Neves dos Santos ◽  
Milton César Costa Campos ◽  
Jose Mauricio da Cunha ◽  
Fernando Gomes de Souza ◽  
Paulo Guilherme Salvador Wadt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Systems ◽  
The Impact

Understanding and quantifying the impact of soil management and use on its physical properties are essential to the development of sustainable agricultural systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of agricultural gypsum, soil scarification and succession planting on the physical attributes of dystrophic red-yellow latosol in Porto Velho, Rondônia state (RO), Brazil. The treatments used were absence and application of 2000 kg ha-1 of gypsum, absence and use of soil scarification, and three types of crop succession: SF (soybean/fallow), SMF (soybean/maize/fallow) and SMBF (soybean/maize/brachiaria/fallow). A randomized block design was used on eight blocks, for a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Soil parameters assessed were macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil density, moisture content and penetration resistance. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The highest macroporosity and total porosity values were recorded in treatments with gypsum application and soil scarification. Penetration resistance was lower in the SMBF and SMF crop successions. There was no treatment effect on the soil density.

scholarly journals Pineapple quality in a traditional cultivation system in different soil classes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. e3329
Author(s):  
Michele Ribeiro Ramos ◽  
Talita Maia Freire ◽  
Francisca Marta Barbosa Dos Santos ◽  
Alexandre Uhlmann ◽  
Danilo Marcelo Aires Dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
World Market ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Landscape Position ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
The World

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril) is considered one of the most important fruits of the tropical and subtropical regions, and the third most-produced in the world due to its high commercial expansion in the world market, in recent years. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of landscape position on pineapple quality. The work was developed at the Providência Farm, located in the municipality of Miracema do Tocantins. The following soil parameters were evaluated: hydraulic conductivity - KS, soil bulk density – DS, and total porosity – TP, as well as the following quality attributes: titratable acidity - TA, length and diameter of infructescences, total fresh mass - TM, fresh mass of infructescences – IM, and soluble solids – SS. The analyses were performed at the Agri-Environmental Laboratory of the Agricultural Sciences Complex of the Federal University of Tocantins. Less massive infructescences developed on more porous soils. The variation in the mass of infructescences is not associated with soil types, but rather with soil porosity. Soils with higher KS tend to increase the chances of producing infructescences with high acidity and high levels of soluble solids. The DS did not result in a significant association with the pineapple quality attributes. The infructescences were not affected by the landscape position. No position in the landscape influenced fruit quality. In general, the infructescences showed low acidity and low levels of soluble solids, with length and diameter of infructescences below the standard of the cultivar ‘Pérola’.

Cultural practices for enhanced growth of young peach trees

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Glenn ◽  
W. V. Welker
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Complete Fertilizer ◽  
Peach Trees

AbstractA review of orchard soil management effects on tree growth and soil parameters is presented. It shows the gap between present common practices and results achievable in other systems. An alternative soil management system for newly planted peach trees, termed “killed-sod”, is described. This system has improved soil structure and rainfall infiltration and greatly increased early tree growth and yield. A fertilization study has demonstrated that the addition of a complete fertilizer in four different soil management systems could not account for the increased growth resulting from the improved soil environment in the killed-sod system.

scholarly journals Reservoir Properties of Low-Permeable Carbonate Rocks: Experimental Features

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliya Mukhametdinova ◽  
Andrey Kazak ◽  
Tagir Karamov ◽  
Natalia Bogdanovich ◽  
Maksim Serkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Crushed Rock ◽  
Void Space ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Liquid Saturation ◽  
Imaging Results

This paper presents an integrated petrophysical characterization of a representative set of complex carbonate reservoir rock samples with a porosity of less than 3% and permeability of less than 1 mD. Laboratory methods used in this study included both bulk measurements and multiscale void space characterization. Bulk techniques included gas volumetric nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid saturation (LS), porosity, pressure-pulse decay (PDP), and pseudo-steady-state permeability (PSS). Imaging consisted of thin-section petrography, computed X-ray macro- and microtomography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) porosimetry was a proxy technique between bulk measurements and imaging. The target set of rock samples included whole cores, core plugs, mini cores, rock chips, and crushed rock. The research yielded several findings for the target rock samples. NMR was the most appropriate technique for total porosity determination. MICP porosity matched both NMR and imaging results and highlighted the different effects of solvent extraction on throat size distribution. PDP core-plug gas permeability measurements were consistent but overestimated in comparison to PSS results, with the difference reaching two orders of magnitude. SEM proved to be the only feasible method for void-scale imaging with a spatial resolution up to 5 nm. The results confirmed the presence of natural voids of two major types. The first type was organic matter (OM)-hosted pores, with dimensions of less than 500 nm. The second type was sporadic voids in the mineral matrix (biogenic clasts), rarely larger than 250 nm. Comparisons between whole-core and core-plug reservoir properties showed substantial differences in both porosity (by a factor of 2) and permeability (up to 4 orders of magnitude) caused by spatial heterogeneity and scaling.

scholarly journals Field scale variability of solute transport parameters and related soil properties

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lennartz ◽  
S. K. Kamra ◽  
S. Meyer-Windel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Type I ◽  
Transport Parameters ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

Abstract. The spatial variability of transport parameters has to be taken into account for a reliable assessment of solute behaviour in natural field soils. Two field sites were studied by collecting 24 and 36 small undisturbed soil columns at an uniform grid of 15 m spacing. Displacement experiments were conducted in these columns with bromide traced water under unsaturated steady state transport conditions. Measured breakthrough curves (BTCs) were evaluated with the simple convective-dispersive equation (CDE). The solute mobility index (MI) calculated as the ratio of measured to fitted pore water velocity and the dispersion coefficient (D) were used to classify bromide breakthrough behaviour. Experimental BTCs were classified into two groups: type I curves expressed classical solute behaviour while type II curves were characterised by the occurrence of a bromide concentration maximum before 0.35 pore volumes of effluent (MI<0.35) resulting from preferential flow conditions. Six columns from site A and 8 from site B were identified as preferential. Frequency distributions of the transport parameters (MI and D) of both sites were either extremely skewed or bimodal. Log-transformation did not lead to a normal distribution in any case. Contour maps of bromide mass flux at certain time steps indicated the clustering of preferential flow regions at both sites. Differences in the extent of preferential flow between sites seemed to be governed by soil structure. Linear cross correlations among transport parameters and independently measured soil properties revealed relations between solute mobility and volumetric soil water content at time of sampling, texture and organic carbon content. The volumetric field soil water content, a simple measure characterising the soil hydraulic behaviour at the sampling location, was found to be a highly sensitive parameter with respect to solute mobility and preferential flow situations. Almost no relation was found between solute transport parameters and independently determined soil properties when non-preferential and preferential samples were considered separately in regression analyses. Future work should concentrate to relate integrated parameters such as the infiltration rate or the soil hydraulic functions to solute mobility under different flow situations.

scholarly journals Effect of long-term irrigation and tillage practices on X-ray CT and gas transport derived pore-network characteristics

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
Karin Müller ◽  
Nicola Dal Ferro ◽  
Sheela Katuwal ◽  
Craig Tregurtha ◽  
Filippo Zanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Transport ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Pore Network ◽  
Transport Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tillage Practices

The gas transport parameters, diffusivity and air-filled porosity are crucial for soil aeration, microbial activity and greenhouse gas emission, and directly depend on soil structure. In this study, we analysed the effect of long-term tillage and irrigation practices on the surface structure of an arable soil in New Zealand. Our hypothesis was that topsoil structure would change under intensification of arable production, affecting gas exchange. Intact soil cores were collected from plots under intensive tillage (IT) and direct drill (DD), irrigated or rainfed. In total, 32 cores were scanned by X-ray computed tomography (CT) to derive the pore network &gt;30µm. The cores were then used to measure soil-gas diffusivity, air-permeability and air-filled porosity of pores close to the resolution of the X-ray CT scans, namely ≥30µm. The gas measurements allow the calculation of pore-network connectivity and tortuosity parameters, which were compared with the CT-derived structural characteristics. Long-term irrigation had little effect on any of the parameters analysed. Total porosity tended to be lower under IT than DD, whereas the CT-derived porosity was comparable. Both the CT-derived mean pore diameter (MPD) and other morphological parameters, as well as gas measurement-derived parameters, highlighted a less developed structure under IT. The differences in the functional pore-network structure were attributed to SOC depletion and the mechanical disturbance through IT. Significant correlations between CT-derived parameters and functional gas transport parameters such as tortuosity and MPD were found, which suggest that X-ray CT could be useful in the prediction of gas transport.

scholarly journals Soil Properties as Affected by Soil Conservation Practices and Soil Depths in Uwite Watershed, Hadero Tunto District, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Hadaro ◽  
Tuma Ayele ◽  
Sharma Parshotam Datt ◽  
Rahel Teshome
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Conservation Practice

Soil is a precious natural resource, forming the basis for sustained ecosystem services for the mankind. Its degradation due to the ever-increasing anthropogenic influence is, however, threatening food security and quality of the environment in many regions. The present investigation was, therefore, undertaken with an objective of assessing the effect of soil and water conservation practices of soil bund and Fanya juu terrace compared to no conservation practice on cultivated soils of Uwite watershed in Hadero Tunto District, southern Ethiopia. Soil sampling sites were selected both from the farm fields, where soil conservation structures were raised for the last 10 years, and from fields where there was no conservation practice. A total of eighteen composite soil samples (3 conservation practices × 2 depths, 0–15 and 15–30 cm, ×3 replicates) were collected and analyzed for different physical and chemical soil parameters. The results were subjected to analysis of variance using the General Linear Model of two-way ANOVA by RCBD with factorial arrangement using SAS software. Both practices, statistically similar to each other, indicated significant improvement in soil parameters compared to no conservation practice in higher content of clay, lower bulk density, higher total porosity, higher moisture content, higher pH, higher soil organic matter, higher percent base saturation, higher cation exchange capacity, and higher amounts of macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, and Cu). The surface soil layer (0–15 cm) was significantly superior to the subsurface layer (15–30 cm) in most of these soil parameters. Both practices of soil bund and Fanya juu terrace merit their continuation on the existing lands and upscaling to other degraded areas for sustained land productivity and socioeconomic-environmental stability in the region

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