Density and DIstribution of Emus

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Grice ◽  
G Caughley ◽  
J Short
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Commercial Purpose

Emus are most abundant in areas used for extensive sheep grazing. Their density is lower in grain-growing areas, lower still in areas used for extensive cattle grazing, and lowest in those areas that are not used for any commercial purpose (mainly deserts). This pattern of emu density appears to be linked to climatic factors determining the availability of food during breeding, to the availability of naturally occurring and artificially stored surface water, and to the prevalence of dingos.

scholarly journals Remote sensing of environmental risk factors for malaria in different geographic contexts

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea McMahon ◽  
Abere Mihretie ◽  
Adem Agmas Ahmed ◽  
Mastewal Lake ◽  
Worku Awoke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Boosted Regression Tree

Abstract Background Despite global intervention efforts, malaria remains a major public health concern in many parts of the world. Understanding geographic variation in malaria patterns and their environmental determinants can support targeting of malaria control and development of elimination strategies. Methods We used remotely sensed environmental data to analyze the influences of environmental risk factors on malaria cases caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax from 2014 to 2017 in two geographic settings in Ethiopia. Geospatial datasets were derived from multiple sources and characterized climate, vegetation, land use, topography, and surface water. All data were summarized annually at the sub-district (kebele) level for each of the two study areas. We analyzed the associations between environmental data and malaria cases with Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models. Results We found considerable spatial variation in malaria occurrence. Spectral indices related to land cover greenness (NDVI) and moisture (NDWI) showed negative associations with malaria, as the highest malaria rates were found in landscapes with low vegetation cover and moisture during the months that follow the rainy season. Climatic factors, including precipitation and land surface temperature, had positive associations with malaria. Settlement structure also played an important role, with different effects in the two study areas. Variables related to surface water, such as irrigated agriculture, wetlands, seasonally flooded waterbodies, and height above nearest drainage did not have strong influences on malaria. Conclusion We found different relationships between malaria and environmental conditions in two geographically distinctive areas. These results emphasize that studies of malaria-environmental relationships and predictive models of malaria occurrence should be context specific to account for such differences.

Geochemistry of naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater and surface-water in the southern part of the Poopó Lake basin, Bolivian Altiplano

2016 ◽  
Vol 2-3 ◽  
pp. 104-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Ormachea Muñoz ◽  
José L. Garcia Aróstegui ◽  
Prosun Bhattacharya ◽  
Ondra Sracek ◽  
Maria E. Garcia Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Arsenic In Groundwater ◽  
Bolivian Altiplano

Pola Arus Permukaan dan Kondisi Fisika Perairan di Sekitar Pulau Selayar pada Musim Peralihan 1 dan Musim Timur

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Bayhaqi ◽  
Mochamad Riza Iskandar ◽  
Dewi Surinati
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Surface Current ◽  
Current Pattern ◽  
Flow Discharge ◽  
Oceanographic Data ◽  
Mean Current

<strong>Surface Current Pattern and Physics Condition of Waters Around Selayar Island in the First Transitional and Southeast Monsoons. </strong> Seasonal observations of the flow of surface water and physics conditions around Selayar Island adjacent to Arlindo throughflow pathways of Makassar Strait have been conducted with a focus on the first transitional season and the southeast monsoon season. The purpose of this research is to obtain the pattern of seasonal surface current and physics characteristics of water column, i.e. temperature and salinity in Selayar Island waters during those seasons. The observations conducted on 22–27 May 2015 and 7–10 August 2015 illustrated the successive periods of the first transitional season and the southeast monsoon season. The methods used for taking oceanographic data such as temperature, salinity, and current were the stationary oceanographic measurement using CTD and currentmeter at 29 stations located in surrounding waters of Selayar Island. The surface current pattern generated from the interpolation process of the overall observation stations indicated that during the first transitional season the current moved eastward with an average velocity of 0.25 m/s. During the southeast monsoon season, the same pattern was still observed with a slightly higher average velocity of 0.26 m/s. The temperatures and salinity of Selayar Island waters during the southeast monsoon season were 2°C lower and 0.5 psu higher than during the first transitional season. Differences in mean current velocity values tended to be more affected by local tidal conditions. Different salinity was thought to be influenced by upwelling phenomena and local climatic factors such as rainfall, wind, and river flow discharge.

Parasitism and production in weaner sheep grazing alternately with cattle

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (92) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Barger ◽  
WH Southcott
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cooperia Oncophora ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts

Three systems for the post-weaning management of Merino wethers were compared over two years. In all systems, the sheep were given two anthelmintic treatments with levamisole per year; at weaning in January, and in July. In the first system (SC) the same paddock was used as a weaning paddock each year in succession. In the second system (SC 6) sheep and cattle grazed the paddock alternately for 6- month periods from January and July; the third system (SC 12) comprised sheep and cattle grazing alternately for 12-month periods from July of each year. Compared with the SC treatment, weaners from the SC 6 treatment had significantly lower faecal egg counts and lower burdens of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylm axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Nematodirus spp. They had significantly higher numbers of Cooperia oncophora and similar numbers of Ostertagia circumcincta. SC 6 sheep made greater liveweight gains, produced heavier fleeces, and suffered lower mortalities than their SC counterparts. Results for the SC 12 system were usually intermediate. In a third year, the SC 12 system was modified to include a monthly treatment with levamisole. The liveweight gains, egg counts and mortalities of the monthly treatment sheep did not differ significantly from those of the SC 6 sheep. Both systems were superior to the SC treatment in controlling nematode infections in weaner sheep. There were no significant effects of any treatment on liveweight gains of cattle, although outbreaks of ostertagiosis occurred in the third year in two of the four replicates of the SC system.

The effect of naturally occurring biopolymers on polyamide membrane fouling during surface water treatment

Desalination ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 161 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Gabelich ◽  
Tae I. Yun ◽  
Kenneth P. Ishida ◽  
Menu B. Leddy ◽  
Jana Safarik
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Surface Water Treatment ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Polyamide Membrane

Influence of the surface water reservoir to the thermal regime of frozen ground

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-40
Author(s):  
Jacob B. Gorelik ◽  
Ilya V. Zemerov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Temperature Shift ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Frozen Soils ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Average Annual Temperature

Excessive flooding of the built-up territories in the areas of permafrost soils often occurs due to changes in natural factors (including climatic) or design deficiencies and can negatively affect frozen soils for a long time. Currently, there is no complete methodology for calculating this effect. The solution to this problem is closely related to clarifying the nature of the formation of temperature shift, which at the moment is not clear enough. The aim of the work is to create a methodology for predicting changes in soil temperature in the event of a shallow reservoir on its surface In the first part of the article, the simplest theoretical model of the phenomenon of temperature shift is proposed, on the basis of which fairly convenient analytical expressions are obtained for the average annual temperature at the bottom of the active layer, depending on climatic factors and soil properties. The model most clearly demonstrates the nature of the occurrence of the phenomenon and can be used for simple assessments, as well as in the educational process. In particular, it is demonstrated that the magnitude of the shift is caused not only by the difference in the thermophysical characteristics of thawed and frozen soil, but also by the asymmetry of climatic parameters. In the second part of the article, using the quasistationary methods, calculations of the predicted temperature of the soil when a reservoir of a given depth on its surface occurs. Unlike previously used methods, the predicted parameters of the soil are counted from its unperturbed state, which is determined by the authors previously proposed method, which allows us to evaluate the direction of the changes (towards cooling or warming). It is shown that the influence of a shallow (up to a meter deep) surface water body on the temperature of frozen soils substantially depends on the process of mixing water in the summer. For the first time, the direction of these processes has been established: with a high degree of mixing, the influence is always warming and grows with the depth of the reservoir; in the absence of mixing, the pond cools the base at shallow depths, and with an increase in depth above a certain value, an warming effect occurs, which, however, is much lower than in the presence of mixing. The practical applications of the results are considered.

7 years of monitoring of 40K in surface water samples from Olt River, Romania

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Mihaela Roxana Ene ◽  
◽  
Gheorghe Bulubasa ◽  
Alina Florentina Miu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Germanium Detector ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Monitoring Study ◽  
Surface Water Samples

The aim of this study was to determine naturally occurring radionuclide 40K in surface water samples from Olt River, Romania. A monitoring study during 7 years (2012-2018) was accomplished. A number of 728 surface water samples were collected and analysed. Several hundred pollution sources were identified for the Olt River basin in Romania. This study is of particular importance since it is the first effort to evaluate the activity concentrations of 40K in surface water from Romania for such a long period. For this reason, two sampling points along the Olt River were chosen, the first one upstream of the discharge point of the magistrate channel "Deversor Olt" (reference location) and respectively the second sampling point downstream of the liquid effluents discharges point (indicator location). The radioactivity concentration of 40K was determined from the 1460.8 keV photopeak. The method used was high resolution gamma ray spectrometry performed with a hyperpure germanium detector. An activity concentration for 40K, no more than 2.14 ± 0.32 Bq l -1 , is observed, but the values recorded for the background location had a slight, but not significant difference compared with the values recorded in the second sampling point.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation cover changes around surface water based on NDVI: a case study in Korama basin, Southern Zinder, Niger

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Adou Sidi Almouctar ◽  
Yiping Wu ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Fubo Zhao ◽  
Koroma John Mambu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Average Maximum

AbstractIn the modern era, vegetation dynamics is an important aspect of climate change studies. The present study examined spatiotemporal changes of (NDVI) normalized difference vegetation index in the Korama basin (Southern Zinder of Niger) from 2000 to 2018, and their correlation with climatic factors was predicted. To analyze the change of vegetation cover, geographical information system, MODIS_NDVI, remote sensing, and climate variables (e.g., temperature and precipitation) datasets were used. Further, the correlation was performed for different years of vegetation types during the growing season (June–October). Our results show an increasing trend in average maximum annual NDVI across the Korama River Basin in the years 2000 and 2018. Conversely, significantly increasing trends in most of the areas were reported. Moreover, in downstream the vegetation cover is increased in Matameye and Magaria, but with a smaller increase in the upstream rate in Mirriah. Furthermore, a decrease in the surface water was observed in the Tessaoua, Matameye, and Magaria sections of the study region in 2000 and 2018, while a rise in water surface area was observed in Matameye and Magaria in the years 2006 and 2012. During rainy and dry seasons, NDVI correlated differently with temperature and precipitation with strong seasonal variations, while the mean vegetation period of NDVI does not show any significant change. In addition, moderate increase was observed in years 2000 and 2012 (r: 0.22; P: 0.50; R2: 0.05; r: 0.31; P: 0.34, R2: 0.10, respectively), and weak decrease in 2006 and 2018 (r: 0.61; P: 0.04; R2: 0.37; r: 0.58; P: 0.06, R2:0.33, respectively). The analysis indicates that climatic parameters such as precipitation and temperature are the main limiting factors affecting the vegetation growth. Indeed, the trends calculated by the correlation analysis showed that as climate factors increased (July, August, and September), the NDVI value increased at a rate of 0.16, reflecting the best growth in vegetation and rise in water bodies, although significantly decreased during years. This study would be highly useful in choice-making for sustainable water resource management in the Korama watershed in Southern Zinder, Niger.

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