The influence of ambient temperature and humidity on the body temperature and water loss from two Australian lizards, Tiliqua rugosa (Gray) (Scincidae) and Amphibolurus barbatus cuvier (Agamidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
. Warburg.M.R
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Tiliqua Rugosa ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Varied Diet

Tiliqua rugosa and Amphibolurus barbatus are capable of living in arid habitats; they display modified behaviour and corresponding physiological adaptations. The activity pattern of T. rugosa changes during the year with activity restricted during midsummer to short periods in the early morning and late afternoon. The body temperature of T. rugosa under natural conditions indicates that 41�C is the highest temperature tolerated naturally. In the controlled temperature cabinet a lizard of this species survived for 2 hr at a body temperature of 41.7�C, whilst the lethal temperature was 45.5�C. For A. barbatus the lethal temperature was 46.0�C, and one specimen survived for 2 hr at 43.5�C. The thermoregulation temperature (T.T.) of T. rugosa as calculated from field data was 37.5�C; above this temperature the body temperature of this lizard was below that of the air. Temperature regulation in this species was also studied in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Water loss by evaporation was remarkably low in both lizards even when compared with better adapted, desert lizards. The rate of water loss is directly related to temperature and inversely related to humidity. T. rugosa loses most water during the first period of exposure (about 2 hr) to temperatures between 30-37.5�C, whilst A. barbatus loses water more slowly. At high temperatures (i.e. over 40�C) the rate of water loss decreases. Even in areas where no surface water is available T. rugosa appears to survive because its varied diet supplies adequate water. It is unlikely that food is a limiting factor in its distribution.

The mechanisms which affect the periodic cycle of Pacific Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hawking ◽  
Tinousi Jennings ◽  
F. J. Louis ◽  
E. Tuira
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Rise

ABSTRACT1. Investigations were made of the effect of various procedures in raising or lowering the microfilaria count of Pacific type Wuchereria bancrofti in the peripheral blood.2. Raising the body temperature in the early morning was followed by a moderate fall in the counts. Breathing increased oxygen, or reduced oxygen (hypoxia) or increased carbon dioxide, or the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate produced no consistent and significant changes in the count. Ingestion of glucose (in one volunteer) was followed by a small rise in the count. Muscular exercise was followed by a fall in the count, which is interpreted as probably being a response to a lower concentration of oxygen in the venous blood returning to the lung.3. It has not been possible to identify the physiological components of the circadian rhythm of the human body which entrain the cycle of these microfilariae. Attempts to obtain evidence incriminating the stimuli described above have been unsuccessful.

Monotreme Cell-Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Watson ◽  
JAM Graves
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
High And Low Temperatures

We have studied the effects of temperature on the phases of the cell cycle in cells derived from the monotreme mammals, platypus and echidna, which have the unusually low body temperature of 32�C. We report here that M phase and the cycle time conform to expectations, but in the case of cycle time this is due to different effects of high and low temperatures on GI, G2 and S phases. The finding that the G2 and S phases apparently have an inverse linear relationship with temperature up to 37�C (the upper lethal temperature) suggests that the low body temperature of the monotremes is not primitive, but rather has been the result of a lowering of the body temperature during their evolutionary history.

Temperature regulation and water balance of day-active Zophosis congesta beetles in East Africa

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivin Røskaft ◽  
Karl Erik Zachariassen ◽  
Geoffrey M. O. Maloiy ◽  
John M. Z. Kamau
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
The Sun ◽  
East African ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Heat Influx

ABSTRACTEast African tenebrionid beetles of the species Zophosis congesta are active on sun-exposed surfaces in dry habitats during the hottest part of the day, when most other animals have retreated to protected areas. They remain on the surface at ambient temperatures up to 65°C which is 15°C above their highest tolerated body temperature. The beetles appear to regulate their body temperature behaviourally. They frequently rest and cool in the shade, and after each cooling period they remain on the sun-exposed surface until the heat influx from the environment has caused the body temperature to rise close to the lethal level. They have relatively low rates of transpiratory water loss, and appear unable to depress their body temperature by means of evaporative heat loss. The rate of metabolic production of water amounts to only about 20% of the rate of transpiratory water loss. Thus, the beetles depend strongly on water intake from dietary sources. The advantage of this type of activity pattern is probably avoidance of predators.

Behavioral thermoregulation in the pika Ochotona princeps: a field study using radiotelemetry

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacArthur ◽  
Lawrence C. H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Resting State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Maximum Fluctuation

When either the level or duration of spontaneous activity is increased over an ambient temperature range of 2–28C, the body temperature of the pika shows a slight increase; the maximum fluctuation observed was 1.0C. However, none of the changes in body temperature proved to be significantly different from that of the resting state (P < 0.05).In nature, pikas avoid hyperthermia by means of precise behavioral thermoregulation in which both duration and level of activity are regulated. A negative correlation was observed between the duration of lime spent on the surface of the rocks, and the surface ambient temperature, over a range of 3–27C. Between 0930 and 1930 h, as the surface ambient temperature increased, the percentage of observations in which the pika was below the rocks increased, and vice versa. By engaging in short bursts of surface activity (usually less than a 3.5-min duration) followed by retreat to the cooler microclimate beneath the rocks, pikas are able to regulate their body temperature precisely at a level only 2–3C below the upper lethal temperature.

The Body Temperature of Woodlice

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
E. B. EDNEY
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Steady Temperature ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Temperature Depression

1. Measurements by means of thermocouples, accurate to 0.1°C., were made of the body temperature of the woodlice Armadillidium, Porcellio, Oniscus and Ligia, and of the cockroach Blatta, both alive and dead, in a stream of saturated or dry air at both 20 and 37°C. 2. No difference in temperature depression was found between living and dead woodlice, and in all the animals used there was, after equilibration, no difference greater than 0.1°C. between the air temperature and body temperature if the air were saturated with water vapour. 3. In dry air, the body temperature of all the animals except Ligia settled down after at most 25 min. to a steady temperature which was lower than that of the surrounding air. The body temperature of Ligia continued to rise slowly for at least 2 hr., though remaining well below that of the environment. 4. After 30 min. in dry air at 20 and 37°C. respectively, mean temperature depressions (of at least three readings at each temperature for each species) were, in degrees centigrade: Ligia, 2.6 and 6.8; Oniscus, 1.5 and 2.7; Parcellio, 0.4 and 1.3; Armadillidium, 0.5 and 1.8; and the cockroach Blatta, 0.7 and 2.4. The order of the species in this respect is substantially the same as their order in respect of evaporation rate, which was established previously. 5. Certain anomalies which appear when these figures are compared with previously established figures for insects are probably the result of differences in permeability of the integument and in the site of water loss. The ability to evaporate water rapidly, and thus to cool the body, may be of survival value when woodlice are exposed to high temperatures for short periods, particularly in littoral forms which may well have been intermediate in the evolution of terricolous from maricolous isopods.

Parathyroid gland before and after cisplatin treatment

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 860-861
Author(s):  
S.K. Aggarwal ◽  
J.M. Fadool
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Antitumor Agent ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dna Strands

Cisplatin (CDDP) a potent antitumor agent suffers from severe toxic side effects with nephrotoxicity being the major dose-limiting factor, The primary mechanism of its action has been proposed to be through its cross-linking DNA strands. It has also been shown to inactivate various transport enzymes and induce hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia that may be the underlying cause for some of its toxicities. The present is an effort to study its influence on the parathyroid gland for any hormonal changes that control calcium levels in the body.Male Swiss Wistar rats (Crl: (WI) BR) weighing 200-300 g and of 60 days in age were injected (ip) with cisplatin (7mg/kg in normal saline). The controls received saline injections only. The animals were injected (iv) with calcium (0.5 ml of 10% calcium gluconate/day) and were killed by decapitation on day 1 through 5. Trunk blood was collected in heparinized tubes.

Antipyretic Plants: An Updated Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Vandana Garg ◽  
Rohit Dutt
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Elevated Body Temperature

Background: Fever, is known as pyrexia, may occur due to infection, inflammation, or any tissue damage and disease states. Normally, the infected or damaged tissue initiates the enhanced formation of pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines which further increases the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) near the hypothalamic area and thereby trigger the hypothalamus to elevate the body temperature. Objective: Antipyretics are the agents which reduce the elevated body temperature. The most commonly used antipyretic agent, paracetamol, may be fatal due to its side effects. Methods: In this review paper, Chemical Abstracts, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were the sources for the published article to collect information regarding antipyretic activity. Results: This review compiles the antipyretic plants that may be useful to treat fever due to various diseases. Conclusion: These medicinal plants could be good alternatives for traditional allopathic antipyretics.

A Litreary Review of Vishama Jwara and its principle of treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Saurabh Parauha ◽  
Hullur M. A. ◽  
Prashanth A. S.
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardinal Symptoms

In Ayurveda, Jwara is not merely the concept of raised body temperature, but as is said in Charaka Samhita, 'Deha- Indriya- Manah- Santap' is the cardinal symptoms of Jwara. This can be defined as the state where the body, mind as well as sense oragans suffer due to the high temperature. Vishamajwara is a type of fever, which is described in all Ayurvedic texts. Charaka mentioned Vishamajwara and Chakrapani have commented on Vishamajwara as Bhutanubanda, Susruta affirmed that Aagantuchhanubhandohi praysho Vishamajware. Madhavakara has also recognised Vishamajwara as Bhutabhishangajanya (infected by microorganism). Vishamajwara is irregular (inconsistent) in it's Arambha (nature of onset commitment), Kriya (action production of symptoms) and Kala (time of appearance) and possesses Anushanga (persistence for long periods). The treatment of this disease depends upon Vegavastha and Avegavastha of Jwara. Various Shodhana and Shamana procedures are mentioned in classics to treat Visham Jwara.

ADAPTATION OF WHITE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) TO REPEATED COOLING

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Progressive Decrease

The effects, on the body temperature of white mice, of repeated short exposures to cold were investigated using two methods of restraint. Animals held in a flattened posture became hypothermic at room temperature, cooled more than five times as fast at −10 °C as mice that could adopt a heat-conserving posture, and continued to cool for some time after they were removed from the cold. With repeated tests, cooling at room temperature decreased, and an improvement in re warming ability was observed. In addition, with lightly restrained mice, the fall in rectal temperature during cold exposure showed a progressive decrease, a phenomenon not observed with severely restrained animals.

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