scholarly journals How immunity from and interaction with seasonal coronaviruses can shape SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (49) ◽  
pp. e2108395118
Author(s):  
Naomi R. Waterlow ◽  
Edwin van Leeuwen ◽  
Nicholas G. Davies ◽  
Stefan Flasche ◽  
Rosalind M. Eggo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

We hypothesized that cross-protection from seasonal epidemics of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) could have affected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, including generating reduced susceptibility in children. To determine what the prepandemic distribution of immunity to HCoVs was, we fitted a mathematical model to 6 y of seasonal coronavirus surveillance data from England and Wales. We estimated a duration of immunity to seasonal HCoVs of 7.8 y (95% CI 6.3 to 8.1) and show that, while cross-protection between HCoV and SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the age distribution, it is insufficient to explain the age pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the first wave of the pandemic in England and Wales. Projections from our model illustrate how different strengths of cross-protection between circulating coronaviruses could determine the frequency and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics over the coming decade, as well as the potential impact of cross-protection on future seasonal coronavirus transmission.

scholarly journals How immunity from and interaction with seasonal coronaviruses can shape SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi R Waterlow ◽  
Edwin Van Leeuwen ◽  
Nicholas G Davies ◽  
Stefan Flasche ◽  
Rosalind M Eggo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

We hypothesised that cross-protection from seasonal epidemics of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) could have affected SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including generating reduced susceptibility in children. To determine what the pre-pandemic distribution of immunity to HCoVs was, we fitted a mathematical model to 6 years of seasonal coronavirus surveillance data from England and Wales. We estimated a duration of immunity to seasonal HCoVs of 7.3 years (95%CI 6.8 - 7.9) and show that, while cross-protection between HCoV and SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the age distribution, it is insufficient to explain the age pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the first wave of the pandemic in England and Wales. Projections from our model illustrate how different strengths of cross-protection between circulating coronaviruses could determine the frequency and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics over the coming decade, as well as the potential impact of cross-protection on future seasonal coronavirus transmission.

scholarly journals Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Aydillo ◽  
Alexander Rombauts ◽  
Daniel Stadlbauer ◽  
Sadaf Aslam ◽  
Gabriela Abelenda-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

AbstractIn addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans are also susceptible to six other coronaviruses, for which consecutive exposures to antigenically related and divergent seasonal coronaviruses are frequent. Despite the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing research, the nature of the antibody response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unclear. Here we longitudinally profile the early humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and quantify levels of pre-existing immunity to OC43, HKU1 and 229E seasonal coronaviruses, and find a strong back-boosting effect to conserved but not variable regions of OC43 and HKU1 betacoronaviruses spike protein. However, such antibody memory boost to human coronaviruses negatively correlates with the induction of IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid protein. Our findings thus provide evidence of immunological imprinting by previous seasonal coronavirus infections that can potentially modulate the antibody profile to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Use of the moving epidemic method (MEM) to assess national surveillance data for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M Vos ◽  
Anne C Teirlinck ◽  
José E Lozano ◽  
Tomás Vega ◽  
Gé A Donker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background To control respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes acute respiratory infections, data and methods to assess its epidemiology are important. Aim We sought to describe RSV seasonality, affected age groups and RSV-type distribution over 12 consecutive seasons in the Netherlands, as well as to validate the moving epidemic method (MEM) for monitoring RSV epidemics. Methods We used 2005−17 laboratory surveillance data and sentinel data. For RSV seasonality evaluation, epidemic thresholds (i) at 1.2% of the cumulative number of RSV-positive patients per season and (ii) at 20 detections per week (for laboratory data) were employed. We also assessed MEM thresholds. Results In laboratory data RSV was reported 25,491 times (no denominator). In sentinel data 5.6% (767/13,577) of specimens tested RSV positive. Over 12 seasons, sentinel data showed percentage increases of RSV positive samples. The average epidemic length was 18.0 weeks (95% confidence intervals (CI):  16.3–19.7) and 16.5 weeks (95% CI: 14.0–18.0) for laboratory and sentinel data, respectively. Epidemics started on average in week 46 (95% CI: 45–48) and 47 (95% CI:  46–49), respectively. The peak was on average in the first week of January in both datasets. MEM showed similar results to the other methods. RSV incidence was highest in youngest (0–1 and >1–2 years) and oldest (>65–75 and > 75 years) age groups, with age distribution remaining stable over time. RSV-type dominance alternated every one or two seasons. Conclusions Our findings provide baseline information for immunisation advisory groups. The possibility of employing MEM to monitor RSV epidemics allows prospective, nearly real-time use of surveillance data.

scholarly journals Modelling the population-level protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranesh Padmanabhan ◽  
Rajat Desikan ◽  
Narendra M Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Dose Response Curves ◽  
Vaccine Availability

Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines work predominantly by eliciting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), how the protection they confer depends on the NAb response to vaccination is unclear. Here, we collated and analysed in vitro dose-response curves of >70 NAbs and constructed a landscape defining the spectrum of neutralization efficiencies of NAbs elicited. We mimicked responses of individuals by sampling NAb subsets of known sizes from the landscape and found that they recapitulated responses of convalescent patients. Combining individual responses with a mathematical model of within-host SARS-CoV-2 infection post-vaccination, we predicted how the population-level protection conferred would increase with the NAb response to vaccination. Our predictions captured the outcomes of vaccination trials. Our formalism may help optimize vaccination protocols, given limited vaccine availability.

scholarly journals Repurposing Nucleoside Analogs for Human Coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. e01652-20
Author(s):  
Keivan Zandi ◽  
Franck Amblard ◽  
Katie Musall ◽  
Jessica Downs-Bowen ◽  
Ruby Kleinbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Nucleoside Analogs ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

ABSTRACTCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-2). Some reports claimed certain nucleoside analogs to be active against CoV-2 and thus needed confirmation. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds and identified novel nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity against CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 while ruling out others. Of significance, sofosbuvir demonstrated no antiviral effect against CoV-2, and its triphosphate did not inhibit CoV-2 RNA polymerase.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of measles in Blantyre, Malawi: analyses of passive surveillance data from 1996 to 1998

2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. YAMAGUCHI ◽  
A. DUNGA ◽  
R. L. BROADHEAD ◽  
B. J. BRABIN
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
District Health Office ◽  
District Health ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Vaccination History

Measles surveillance data in Blantyre, Malawi were reviewed for 1996–8 to describe the epidemiology of infection and to estimate vaccine efficacy (VE) by the screening method. A total of 674 measles cases were reported to the Blantyre District Health Office during this period. Age distribution showed that 108 (16.1%) of the cases were aged less than 1 year. The median age was 5 years. Eighty percent of the cases between 1 and 19 years had been previously vaccinated. VE was 68.6% (95% CI, 52.7–79.2) for children 12–23 months of age and 67.3% (95% CI, 48.3–79.3) for infants 9–11 months of age. Reasons for this low vaccine efficacy are discussed. Previous vaccination history was negatively associated with the risk for developing cough during measles infection (odds ratio (OR), 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09–0.91), diarrhoea (OR, 0.64; CI, 0.44–0.95) and pneumonia (OR, 0.40; CI, 0.25–0.62). Logistic regression analysis showed that pneumonia in adults was negatively associated with vaccination history. The passive surveillance system for measles in Malawi was useful to describe the epidemiology of measles.

scholarly journals Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiabao Xu ◽  
Shizhe Zhao ◽  
Tieshan Teng ◽  
Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla ◽  
Wan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections

After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms.

scholarly journals EULAR provisional recommendations for the management of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert BM Landewé ◽  
Pedro M Machado ◽  
Féline Kroon ◽  
Hans WJ Bijlsma ◽  
Gerd R Burmester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Task Force ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Eular Recommendations ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Prevention Of Infections

The provisional EULAR recommendations address several aspects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus, and the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and are meant for patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD) and their caregivers. A task force of 20 members was convened by EULAR that met several times by videoconferencing in April 2020. The task force finally agreed on five overarching principles and 13 recommendations covering four generic themes: (1) General measures and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (2) The management of RMD when local measures of social distancing are in effect. (3) The management of COVID-19 in the context of RMD. (4) The prevention of infections other than SARS-CoV-2. EULAR considers this set of recommendations as a ‘living document’ and a starting point, which will be updated as soon as promising new developments with potential impact on the care of patients with RMD become available.

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