scholarly journals Steady agronomic and genetic interventions are essential for sustaining productivity in intensive rice cropping

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (45) ◽  
pp. e2110807118
Author(s):  
Jagdish K. Ladha ◽  
Ando M. Radanielson ◽  
Jessica Elaine Rutkoski ◽  
Roland J. Buresh ◽  
Achim Dobermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Yield Decline ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Genetic Interventions

Intensive systems with two or three rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops per year account for about 50% of the harvested area for irrigated rice in Asia. Any reduction in productivity or sustainability of these systems has serious implications for global food security. Rice yield trends in the world’s longest-running long-term continuous cropping experiment (LTCCE) were evaluated to investigate consequences of intensive cropping and to draw lessons for sustaining production in Asia. Annual production was sustained at a steady level over the 50-y period in the LTCCE through continuous adjustment of management practices and regular cultivar replacement. Within each of the three annual cropping seasons (dry, early wet, and late wet), yield decline was observed during the first phase, from 1968 to 1990. Agronomic improvements in 1991 to 1995 helped to reverse this yield decline, but yield increases did not continue thereafter from 1996 to 2017. Regular genetic and agronomic improvements were sufficient to maintain yields at steady levels in dry and early wet seasons despite a reduction in the yield potential due to changing climate. Yield declines resumed in the late wet season. Slower growth in genetic gain after the first 20 y was associated with slower breeding cycle advancement as indicated by pedigree depth. Our findings demonstrate that through adjustment of management practices and regular cultivar replacement, it is possible to sustain a high level of annual production in irrigated systems under a changing climate. However, the system was unable to achieve further increases in yield required to keep pace with the growing global rice demand.

Coordinated Rice Improvement Project in India: Its Significant Achievements and Future prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (Special) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
LV Subba Rao ◽  
RA Fiyaz ◽  
AK Jukanti ◽  
G Padmavathi ◽  
J Badri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Rice Improvement ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Sincere Effort

India is the second largest producer of rice in the world and it is the most important staple food grain. All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) was initiated with objective of conducting multi-location trials to identify suitable genotypes of high yield potential along with appropriate crop management practices. Since its inception AICRIP contributed significantly in meeting the growing demand both within and outside India. Significant progress has been achieved through AICRIP in terms of varietal release thereby increasing the crop productivity and also meeting the food and nutritional security. This paper makes a sincere effort in bringing out the significant achievements/milestones achieved under the AICRIP program and also gives a few directions for widening the areas under AICRIP.

scholarly journals Farmers’ knowledge and perception of finger millet blast disease and its control practices in western Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilton Mbinda ◽  
Agnes Kavoo ◽  
Fredah Maina ◽  
Margaret Odeph ◽  
Cecilia Mweu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finger Millet ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Disease Occurrence

Abstract Background Finger millet blast disease, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is a serious constrain of finger millet production which is threatening global food security especially to the resource poor smallholder farmers in arid and semi-arid regions. The disease adversely affects finger millet production and consumption due to its wide distribution and destruction in all finger millet growing areas of southern Asia and eastern Africa. Here, we present a study that investigated the occurrence, impact, risk factors and farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of finger millet blast in Kenya. Methods We surveyed blast disease occurrence and interviewed farmers in Bungoma and Kisii Counties of Kenya during March–April 2019. Data were analysed using SPSS statistical program. Descriptive analysis was done by calculating means, percentages, frequencies, and standard errors. Comparative statistics, chi-square and t-tests, were used to evaluate differences existing among the farm characteristics and socio-demographics and the knowledge and perceptions of blast disease and its management practices. Results Our results show that blast disease is prevalent in all surveyed areas and adversely affects the productivity of the crop leading to poor yields. The disease occurrence varied from 92 to 98%, and was significantly higher in the major finger millet growing areas compared to the minor ones. Blast occurrence was associated with rainfall, altitude, planting density, intercropping and other farming practices. In all the surveyed regions, farmers had little knowledge about blast disease identification, its detection and spread. Further, the farmers’ awareness of blast disease control was inconsistent with established practices. Conclusions Our results show mitigation of finger millet blast disease should aim at improving farmers’ adoption of best practices through development of acceptable blast-resistant finger millet varieties, use of sustainable disease management practices, fostering linkages and creating new partnerships in the production-supply chain and maintaining a functional seed system. Findings from this study provide essential insights for effective decision making and management of the disease. This is fundamental to sustainable and secure food and income for finger millet growing farmers in Kenya.

SUMMARY: PAPERS PRESENTED AT INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INCREASING WHEAT YIELD POTENTIAL, CIMMYT, OBREGON, MEXICO, 20–24 MARCH 2006 Challenges to international wheat improvement

2007 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. REYNOLDS ◽  
P. R. HOBBS ◽  
H. J. BRAUN
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
International Workshop ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
New Generation

Wheat is grown on 210 million ha throughout the world producing approximately 600 million tonnes of grain (10 year average; FAO 2005) and providing on average one fifth of the total calorific input of the world's population (FAO 2003). For some regions such as North Africa, Turkey and Central Asia, wheat provides half of total dietary energy intake. Of the cultivated wheat area, half is located in less developed countries where there have been steady increases in productivity since the green revolution, associated with genetic improvements in yield potential, resistance to diseases and adaptation to abiotic stresses (Reynolds & Borlaug 2006a, b) as well as better agronomic practices (Derpsch 2005). Nonetheless, challenges to wheat production are still considerable, especially in the developing world, not only because of increased demand but also because of the increased scarcity of water resources (Rosegrant 1997; WMO 1997), ever more unpredictable climates (Fischer et al. 2002), increased urbanization and loss of good quality land away from agriculture (Hobbs 2007), and decreased public sector investment in agriculture and rural affairs (Falcon & Naylor 2005). To meet demand in a sustainable way, more resources are required to breed a new generation of genetically improved cultivars as well as implement resource-conserving agronomic management practices.

scholarly journals Breeding of High Cooking and Eating Quality in Rice by Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MABc) Using KASP Markers

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Me-Sun Kim ◽  
Ju-Young Yang ◽  
Ju-Kyung Yu ◽  
Yi Lee ◽  
Yong-Jin Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

The primary goals of rice breeding programs are grain quality and yield potential improvement. With the high demand for rice varieties of premium cooking and eating quality, we developed low-amylose content breeding lines crossed with Samgwang and Milkyqueen through the marker-assisted backcross (MABc) breeding program. Trait markers of the SSIIIa gene referring to low-amylose content were identified through an SNP mapping activity, and the markers were applied to select favorable lines for a foreground selection. To rapidly recover the genetic background of Samgwang (recurrent parent genome, RPG), 386 genome-wide markers were used to select BC1F1 and BC2F1 individuals. Seven BC2F1 lines with targeted traits were selected, and the genetic background recovery range varied within 97.4–99.1% of RPG. The amylose content of the selected BC2F2 grains ranged from 12.4–16.8%. We demonstrated the MABc using a trait and genome-wide markers, allowing us to efficiently select lines of a target trait and reduce the breeding cycle effectively. In addition, the BC2F2 lines confirmed by molecular markers in this study can be utilized as parental lines for subsequent breeding programs of high-quality rice for cooking and eating.

scholarly journals Responses of Branch Number and Yield Component of Soybean Cultivars Tested in Different Planting Densities

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Cailong Xu ◽  
Ruidong Li ◽  
Wenwen Song ◽  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Shi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Pod Number

Increasing planting density is one of the key management practices to enhance soybean yield. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 including six planting densities and two soybean cultivars to determine the effects of planting density on branch number and yield, and analyze the contribution of branches to yield. The yield of ZZXA12938 was 4389 kg ha−1, which was significantly higher than that of ZH13 (+22.4%). In combination with planting year and cultivar, the soybean yield increased significantly by 16.2%, 31.4%, 41.4%, and 46.7% for every increase in density of 45,000 plants ha−1. Yield will not increase when planting density exceeds 315,000 plants ha−1. A correlation analysis showed that pod number per plant increased with the increased branch number, while pod number per unit area decreased; thus, soybean yield decreased. With the increase of branch number, the branch contribution to yield increased first, and then plateaued. ZH13 could produce a high yield under a lower planting density due to more branches, while ZZXA12938 had a higher yield potential under a higher planting density due to the smaller branch number and higher tolerance to close planting. Therefore, seed yield can be increased by selecting cultivars with a little branching capacity under moderately close planting.

A Survey of Glyphosate-Resistant Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in Missouri Soybean Fields and Prediction of Glyphosate Resistance in Future Waterhemp Populations Based on In-Field Observations and Management Practices

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin K. Rosenbaum ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis

A survey of soybean fields containing waterhemp infestations was conducted just prior to harvest in 2008 and 2009 to determine the frequency and distribution of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp in Missouri, and to determine if there are any in-field parameters that may serve as indicators of glyphosate resistance in this species in future crop production systems. Glyphosate resistance was confirmed in 99 out of 144, or 69%, of the total waterhemp populations sampled, which occurred in 41 counties of Missouri. Populations of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp were more likely to occur in fields with no other weed species present at the end of the season, continuous cropping of soybean, exclusive use of glyphosate for several consecutive seasons, and waterhemp plants showing obvious signs of surviving herbicide treatment compared to fields characterized with glyphosate-susceptible waterhemp. Therefore, it is suggested that these four site parameters, and certain combinations of these parameters, serve as predictors of glyphosate resistance in future waterhemp populations.

Soil seed bank and vegetation dynamics in Sahelian fallows; the impact of past cropping and current grazing treatments

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Hérault ◽  
Pierre Hiernaux
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
The Impact

The soil seed bank in a 5-y-old Sahelian fallow was studied through seed extraction and compared with germinations recorded either in controlled conditions, ex situ in a glasshouse, or in the field. The influence of phosphorus fertilizer and mulch application during the preceding crop period, and that of seasonal grazing regimes applied the last 2 y of fallowing, were assessed on the composition of the seed stock. Ctenium elegans, Fimbristylis hispidula, Merremia pinnata and Phyllanthus pentandrus accounted together for 75% of extracted seeds, 72% of ex situ, and 62% of in situ seedlings. Mulch treatment was correlated with the first axis of the canonical correspondence analyses performed on the seedling datasets. Mulch and phosphorus fertilizer treatments held similar responses, as they both favoured the seed bank of erect dicotyledons such as P. pentandrus and Cassia mimosoides. On the whole, the effects of grazing remained modest compared with the residual effects of past crop management practices. However, seedling densities increased as a result of dry-season grazing, while the soil seed bank decreased with wet-season grazing. Grazing also reduced the spatial heterogeneity of the seed bank rather than the overall number of species.

scholarly journals Continuous monocropping highly affect the composition and diversity of microbial communities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 12532
Author(s):  
Ali I. MALLANO ◽  
Xianli ZHAO ◽  
Yanling SUN ◽  
Guangpin JIANG ◽  
Huang CHAO
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Soil Microbial

Continuous cropping systems are the leading cause of decreased soil biological environments in terms of unstable microbial population and diversity index. Nonetheless, their responses to consecutive peanut monocropping cycles have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the structure and abundance of microbial communities were characterized using pyrosequencing-based approach in peanut monocropping cycles for three consecutive years. The results showed that continuous peanut cultivation led to a substantial decrease in soil microbial abundance and diversity from initial cropping cycle (T1) to later cropping cycle (T3). Peanut rhizosphere soil had Actinobacteria, Protobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes as the major bacterial phyla. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota were the major fungal phylum, while Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were the most dominant phyla of archaea. Several bacterial, fungal and archaeal taxa were significantly changed in abundance under continuous peanut cultivation. Bacterial orders, Actinomycetales, Rhodospirillales and Sphingomonadales showed decreasing trends from T1>T2>T3. While, pathogenic fungi Phoma was increased and beneficial fungal taxa Glomeraceae decreased under continuous monocropping. Moreover, Archaeal order Nitrososphaerales observed less abundant in first two cycles (T1&T2), however, it increased in third cycle (T3), whereas, Thermoplasmata exhibit decreased trends throughout consecutive monocropping. Taken together, we have shown the taxonomic profiles of peanut rhizosphere communities that were affected by continuous peanut monocropping. The results obtained from this study pave ways towards a better understanding of the peanut rhizosphere soil microbial communities in response to continuous cropping cycles, which could be used as bioindicator to monitor soil quality, plant health and land management practices.

scholarly journals Enhanced Expression of QTL qLL9/DEP1 Facilitates the Improvement of Leaf Morphology and Grain Yield in Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Fu ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Mengyu Zhou ◽  
Minmin Chen ◽  
Lan Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Design ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Introgressed Segment

In molecular breeding of super rice, it is essential to isolate the best quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes of leaf shape and explore yield potential using large germplasm collections and genetic populations. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was used, which was derived from a cross between the following parental lines: hybrid rice Chunyou84, that is, japonica maintainer line Chunjiang16B (CJ16); and indica restorer line Chunhui 84 (C84) with remarkable leaf morphological differences. QTLs mapping of leaf shape traits was analyzed at the heading stage under different environmental conditions in Hainan (HN) and Hangzhou (HZ). A major QTL qLL9 for leaf length was detected and its function was studied using a population derived from a single residual heterozygote (RH), which was identified in the original population. qLL9 was delimitated to a 16.17 kb region flanked by molecular markers C-1640 and C-1642, which contained three open reading frames (ORFs). We found that the candidate gene for qLL9 is allelic to DEP1 using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), sequence comparison, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated Cas9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing techniques. To identify the effect of qLL9 on yield, leaf shape and grain traits were measured in near isogenic lines (NILs) NIL-qLL9CJ16 and NIL-qLL9C84, as well as a chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) CSSL-qLL9KASA with a Kasalath introgressed segment covering qLL9 in the Wuyunjing (WYJ) 7 backgrounds. Our results showed that the flag leaf lengths of NIL-qLL9C84 and CSSL-qLL9KASA were significantly different from those of NIL-qLL9CJ16 and WYJ 7, respectively. Compared with NIL-qLL9CJ16, the spike length, grain size, and thousand-grain weight of NIL-qLL9C84 were significantly higher, resulting in a significant increase in yield of 15.08%. Exploring and pyramiding beneficial genes resembling qLL9C84 for super rice breeding could increase both the source (e.g., leaf length and leaf area) and the sink (e.g., yield traits). This study provides a foundation for future investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the source–sink balance and high-yield potential of rice, benefiting high-yield molecular design breeding for global food security.

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