Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682), a little known opponent of Comenius’ Theory of Language and Language Learning

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Werner Hüllen
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Situational Learning ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

Summary Concerning the methods of language teaching, Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682), one of the encyclopedic philosophers of the 17th century, stood in opposition to Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670), the pedagogue of Europewide influence. He published Methodus didactica (1668) and Novum organon (1672), the latter being a universal nomenclator as they were popular in the 17th century. This nomenclator is organised according to Aristotelian categories which Becher saw expressed in word-classes. It assembles groups of synonyms in Latin and German under headwords which were taken as the simple notions, i.e., the building-blocks, of the human mind. Becher demanded didactic principles to be developed out of these linguistic assumptions. Whereas Comenius shaped his teaching methods according to the situational learning abilities of the individual, Becher regarded them as being dominated by the structures of language seen as structures of the mind, thus foreshadowing Cartesian thinking.

Individual differences in second language acquisition

AILA Review ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 42-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Dörnyei
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Learner Characteristics ◽  
The Individual

Ever since the early days of its existence, the field of psychology has been trying to achieve two different and somewhat contradictory objectives: to understand the general principles of the human mind and to explore the uniqueness of the individual mind. The latter direction has formed an independent subdiscipline within the field, usually referred to as individual difference (ID) research. IDs are a prominent feature of SLA because a great deal of the variation in language learning outcomes is attributable, either directly or indirectly, to various learner characteristics. This paper first provides an overview of the five most important ID variables (personality, aptitude, motivation, learning styles and learning strategies) and then concludes by describing certain common themes in contemporary ID research.

In Defense of General Nativism

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O’Grady
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
General Point ◽  
Binding Theory ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Transformational Grammar ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Indefinite Pronoun ◽  
The Mind

In a recent reply to my review of The Language Lottery, David Lightfoot (1985) attempts to rebut the claims which I made about the viability of language learning without task-specific innate principles. The basic thrust of Lightfoot’s book is that there are innate linguistic principles which constrain the form of grammars and play a crucial role in language acquisition. I referred to this view as “special nativism” and contrasted it with “general nativism”, the thesis that genetic structuring of the mind is of a more general sort and does not include principles or notions specific to language. I suggested that special nativism is linked to a particular syntactic theory (transformational grammar) and that a theory of language learning more compatible with general nativism could well emerge from a different type of syntactic analysis. As an illustration of this, I briefly outlined two counterproposals, one pertaining to the interpretation of the indefinite pronoun one and the other to binding theory. In his reply to my review, Lightfoot misinterprets my suggestions, pointing to supposed inadequacies which would undermine the more general point I advanced.

scholarly journals Secularity and the Limits of Reason in Swinburne's “Hymn to Proserpine” and “Hymn of Man”

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-324
Author(s):  
Ayşe Çelikkol
Keyword(s):  
Charles Taylor ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Self ◽  
Algernon Charles Swinburne ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Sufficient Power ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

As the philosopher Charles Taylor argues, some experiences of the secular have surprisingly little to do with the “self-sufficient power of reason” that Kant celebrates in “What Is Enlightenment?” This essay argues that Algernon Charles Swinburne offers such a novel strand of secularity in his “Hymn to Proserpine” and “Hymn of Man.” In these poems, time is a power external to the self that is not transcendent yet which the mind cannot fully grasp. Exploring the age of the Earth and the process of evolution, Victorian scientists had been suggesting that the depths of time lie beyond what the human mind may observe or understand, and this notion of time surfaces in Swinburne's poetry. “Hymn to Proserpine” attends to the limits of reason as it evokes deep time. “Hymn to Man,” in which humans channel the power of time, presents logos as both external and internal to the individual subject. By representing and formally registering deep time, Swinburne's poems restore awe and wonder to a world in which God remains absent. Swinburne presents an enchanted vision of the secular and contributes to the pluralization of nontheistic perspectives.

Li (禮), or Ritual Propriety: A Preface to a Confucian Philosophy of Human Action

Diogenes ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Hee Nam
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Game ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Social Medium ◽  
Ritual Propriety ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Confucian Philosophy ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The Analects ◽  
The Mind

In this paper, I propose an interpretation of the Confucian concept of li or Ritual Propriety, and suggest a new philosophy of action and mind on the basis of the concept. To achieve this aim, I focus upon and analyze passages in The Analects, and try to establish major Confucian theses on human action. By comparing Confucian views on human action with Western ones, I shed light on the originality of the concept of li. Major theses on li in The Analects are as follows: (1) As an essential characteristic of human behavior, li is ordinary and ubiquitous. (2) Li is a socialized form of our mind, is the outside of an inside, and as such presupposes the unity of the mind and body. (3) Li is a social medium through which we interact with others in order to achieve common values and to turn our society into a harmonious and aesthetic space. To argue for the above theses, I focus on the centrality of language in our life, and utilize Russian psychologist Vygotsky’s theory of language learning as well as Wittgenstein’s concept of language game, together with the Confucian theory of correct names.

scholarly journals Jung and the Individuation

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Nildo Viana
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Psychic Phenomenon ◽  
Jungian Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Psyche ◽  
Great Merit ◽  
Carl Gustav Jung ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

This article presents an analysis of the Jungian conception about the development of personality and a brief consideration about this process and the social formation of the individual as understood by other authors. Thus, after a synthesis of the conception of Carl Gustav Jung, which refers to the problem of individuation, we compare it with the conception coming from sociology and other approaches that deal with the phenomenon of socialization. This results in a critical perspective of the Jungian analysis, without discarding the set of its contributions. The major problem of Jung's analysis is, at the same time, his great merit: the analysis of the mind as a psychic totality. This conception has as its problem the autonomization of the human psyche, which disconnects it from the social, which is the determinant of the human mind. The merit was to have focused the psychic universe of the human being, provided we understand not how he did it, as autonomization, but as focus. In this way, understanding as focus and not autonomy, we can use the Jungian conception to understand the psychic phenomenon. Jung e a Individualização O presente artigo apresenta uma análise da concepção junguiana sobre o desenvolvimento da personalidade e uma breve consideração sobre esse processo e a formação social do indivíduo tal como é entendido por outros autores. Assim, após uma síntese da concepção de Carl Gustav Jung, que remete ao problema da individuação, a comparamos com a concepção oriunda da sociologia e outras abordagens que tratam do fenômeno da socialização. Disso resulta uma perspectiva crítica da análise junguiana, sem descartar o conjunto de suas contribuições. O maior problema da análise de Jung é, simultaneamente, o seu grande mérito: a análise da mente como totalidade psíquica. Essa concepção tem como problema a autonomização da psique humana, o que a desliga do social, sendo este o determinante da mente humana. O mérito foi ter focalizado o universo psíquico do ser humano, desde que entendamos não como ele o fez, como autonomização, e sim como foco. Desta forma, compreendendo como foco e não autonomia, podemos usar a concepção junguiana para compreender o fenômeno psíquico.

Aristotle's Formal Identity of Intellect and Object: A Solution to the Problem of Modal Epistemology

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-107
Author(s):  
Robert C. Koons
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Modal Epistemology ◽  
De Anima ◽  
Object A ◽  
Formal Identity ◽  
Identity Thesis ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Mental Objects ◽  
Aristotelian Metaphysics

In De Anima Book III, Aristotle subscribed to a theory of formal identity between the human mind and the extra-mental objects of our understanding. This has been one of the most controversial features of Aristotelian metaphysics of the mind. I offer here a defense of the Formal Identity Thesis, based on specifically epistemological arguments about our knowledge of necessary or essential truths.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MANIPULATIVE STRATEGIES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF NEWS AGENCIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
Nodira Musayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Information ◽  
The State ◽  
News Agencies ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

It is no secret that one of the features of today's global infomakon is manipulative information, which carries a large part of the General information complex that negatively affects public consciousness, the unity of the individual, society and the state. The main feature of modern journalism is that it completely rejects open propaganda and uses hidden methods of influencing the mind. Many news agencies have moved from direct ideological pressure on the recipient to theuse of hidden mechanisms of thought formation.

Journey to the Advisor Within: Exploring Challenge, Transformation and Evolution in Advisor Stories

Relay Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 319-322
Author(s):  
Gamze Güven-Yalçın ◽  
Stephanie Lea Howard ◽  
Hatice Karaaslan
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Reflective Practice ◽  
Message Board ◽  
Initial Experiment ◽  
Narrative Style ◽  
The Third ◽  
Visual Message ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Academic Year

In the Reflective Practice column of the third issue of the Relay Journal, Yamamoto (2019) remarked on the importance of creating a platform for advisors to voice their views, feelings, and experiences, and suggested a need for more reflective narratives to be posted from different social, historical, and cultural contexts in order to provide an intimate view inside advising sessions, thereby offering a better understanding of said advising practices. The aim was to create a forum where advisors could learn from each other, and ultimately, everyone could mutually benefit from the experiences shared. To further this innovative research into Advising in Language Learning (ALL), the initial experiment by language advsiors at Kanda has been replicated in a different setting with four learning advisors from Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Turkey. The design used by the advisors at Kanda, a narrative style adopted while telling the stories, has been expanded to include a visual message board to which 20 learning advisors have contributed with their short reflective captions on their advisor selves. Additionally, the theme used by the advisors at Kanda, “the most memorable advising experience of this academic year” has been altered in our case to avoid repetition and to allow reflection on different aspects of the advising experiences. Thus, our narratives and the visual message board will examine two different themes: (1) How has advising affected you? (2) How do you define yourself as an advisor? Four narratives have elaborated on the first theme of the influence of advising knowledge and practice on the individual advisors, and the visual message board includes 20 images with reflective captions on the second theme of defining advisor identities.

Fully Automated Parallel Oligonucleotide Synthesizer

2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1299-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Lebl ◽  
Christine Burger ◽  
Brett Ellman ◽  
David Heiner ◽  
Georges Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Solid Support ◽  
Continuous Operation ◽  
Gear Pump ◽  
Oligonucleotide Synthesis ◽  
Center Of Rotation ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Design And Construction

Design and construction of automated synthesizers using the tilted plate centrifugation technology is described. Wash solutions and reagents common to all synthesized species are delivered automatically through a 96-channel distributor connected to a gear pump through two four-port selector valves. Building blocks and other specific reagents are delivered automatically through banks of solenoid valves, positioned over the individual wells of the microtiterplate. These instruments have the following capabilities: Parallel solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis in the wells of polypropylene microtiter plates, which are slightly tilted down towards the center of rotation, thus generating a pocket in each well, in which the solid support is collected during centrifugation, while the liquid is expelled from the wells. Eight microtiterplates are processed simultaneously, providing thus a synthesizer with a capacity of 768 parallel syntheses. The instruments are capable of unattended continuous operation, providing thus a capacity of over two millions 20-mer oligonucleotides in a year.

scholarly journals Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Aviation, Maritime, and Construction Industries: A Systematic Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4289
Author(s):  
Daniel Martinez-Marquez ◽  
Sravan Pingali ◽  
Kriengsak Panuwatwanich ◽  
Rodney A. Stewart ◽  
Sherif Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Medical Scientist ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Attention Failure ◽  
Demographic Distribution

Most accidents in the aviation, maritime, and construction industries are caused by human error, which can be traced back to impaired mental performance and attention failure. In 1596, Du Laurens, a French anatomist and medical scientist, said that the eyes are the windows of the mind. Eye tracking research dates back almost 150 years and it has been widely used in different fields for several purposes. Overall, eye tracking technologies provide the means to capture in real time a variety of eye movements that reflect different human cognitive, emotional, and physiological states, which can be used to gain a wider understanding of the human mind in different scenarios. This systematic literature review explored the different applications of eye tracking research in three high-risk industries, namely aviation, maritime, and construction. The results of this research uncovered the demographic distribution and applications of eye tracking research, as well as the different technologies that have been integrated to study the visual, cognitive, and attentional aspects of human mental performance. Moreover, different research gaps and potential future research directions were highlighted in relation to the usage of additional technologies to support, validate, and enhance eye tracking research to better understand human mental performance.

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