ANGER metaphors in American English and Kabyle

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-252
Author(s):  
Sadia Belkhir
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
American English ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Sociocultural Influences ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
And Control ◽  
Domain Concept

The position standardly held in cognitive linguistics is that anger is an emotion concept that communicates about human thinking and which is instantiated in language in ways that are often metaphorically, systematically, and conceptually structured. The container metaphor is claimed to be near-universal (Kövecses 2000), but also subject to variation (Kövecses 2005). Variation in metaphor frequencies across languages has also been investigated (Boers & Demecheleer 1997; Boers 1999; Deignan 2003; Kövecses et al. 2015). This article reports a corpus-based contrastive investigation of anger metaphors in American English and Kabyle — a Tamazight language variety spoken in the northern part of Algeria. Its main objective is to contrast these metaphors and try to find out the most used ones in these languages through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the token frequency of linguistic expressions belonging to each of the conceptual metaphors, the type frequency of their linguistic realizations, and the number of their mappings. Aspects of the anger scenario are also studied and contrasted. The findings indicate similarities and differences in the use of anger metaphors in the two languages. The three most frequently used metaphors in American English involve the container, possessed object and opponent source domains while the most frequently used ones in Kabyle involve the fire, container and possessed object source domains. These results confirm the near-universality of the container metaphor. However, the most frequently used metaphorical source domain concept is different in the two languages due to sociocultural influences. In addition, the findings relating to aspects of the anger scenario (intensity and control) support Lakoff and Kövecses’ (1987) prototype model of anger, although it is found to be influenced by sociocultural specificities in American English and Kabyle.

scholarly journals Measuring analyticity and syntheticity in creoles

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Siegel ◽  
Benedikt Szmrecsanyi ◽  
Bernd Kortmann
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Hong Kong English

Creoles (here including expanded pidgins) are commonly viewed as being more analytic than their lexifiers and other languages in terms of grammatical marking. The purpose of the study reported in this article was to examine the validity of this view by measuring the frequency of analytic (and synthetic) markers in corpora of two different English-lexified creoles — Tok Pisin and Hawai‘i Creole — and comparing the quantitative results with those for other language varieties. To measure token frequency, 1,000 randomly selected words in each creole corpus were tagged with regard to word class, and categorized as being analytic, synthetic, both analytic and synthetic, or purely lexical. On this basis, an Analyticity Index and a Syntheticity Index were calculated. These were first compared to indices for other languages and then to L1 varieties of English (e.g. standard British and American English and British dialects) and L2 varieties (e.g. Singapore English and Hong Kong English). Type frequency was determined by the size of the inventories of analytic and synthetic markers used in the corpora, and similar comparisons were made. The results show that in terms of both token and type frequency of grammatical markers, the creoles are not more analytic than the other varieties. However, they are significantly less synthetic, resulting in much higher ratios of analytic to synthetic marking. An explanation for this finding relates to the particular strategy for grammatical expansion used by individuals when the creoles were developing.

What Time Does in Language: a Cross-Linguistic Cognitive Study of Source Related Variation in Verbal Time Metaphors in American English, Finnish and Hungarian

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-238
Author(s):  
Zsuzsa Máthé
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
American English ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Metaphorical Language ◽  
Related Variation ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Cognitive Study

"What Time Does in Language: a Cross-Linguistic Cognitive Study of Source Related Variation in Verbal Time Metaphors in American English, Finnish and Hungarian. Such a universal yet abstract concept as time shows variation in metaphorical language. This research focuses on metaphorical language within the framework of the cognitive metaphor theory, investigating time through a contrastive cross-linguistic approach in three satellite-framed languages. By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this study attempts to identify what time does in language in a metaphorical context, with a focus on verbs in causative constructions (e.g. time heals) as well as manner of motion verbs (e.g. time rushes), through an empirical corpus-based study complemented by the lexical approach. The two main conceptual metaphors that are investigated in this study are TIME IS A CHANGER and TIME IS A MOVING ENTITY. While these two conceptual metaphors are expected to be frequent in all three languages, differences such as negative/positive asymmetry or preference of a type of motion over another are expected to be found. The primary objective is to explore such differences and see how they manifest and why. The hypothesis is that variations among the three languages related to the source domain (CHANGER and MOVING ENTITY), are more likely to be internal and not external. The purpose is to investigate these variations and to determine what cognitive underpinnings they can be traced back to, with a focus on image schemas. The study reveals that source internal variation does prevail over source external variation. The results show that cross-linguistic differences of such a relevant concept as time do exist but more often through unique characteristics of the same source domain rather than new, distinctive domains. Keywords: cognitive linguistics, corpus linguistics, conceptual metaphor theory, metaphorical entailments, source domain "

Abstractions and exemplars: The measure noun phrase alternation in German

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-771
Author(s):  
Roland Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Weak Effect ◽  
Specific Measure ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Large Corpus

AbstractIn this paper, an alternation in German measure noun phrases is examined under a varying-abstraction perspective. In a specific measure NP construction, the embedded kind-denoting noun either agrees in case with the measure noun (eine Tasse guter Kaffee‘a cup of good coffee’) or it stands in the genitive (eine Tasse guten Kaffees). Each of the two alternants is syntactically similar to a non-alternating construction. I propose a prototype model which assigns a common prototypical meaning to each of the alternants and its corresponding non-alternating construction. Based on this, I argue that lexical, morphosyntactic, and stylistic features help to predict the choice of the alternant. A large corpus study is presented which supports this analysis. However, in addition to the prototype effects, an exemplar effect is also shown to influence the choice, namely the relative frequencies with which lemmas occur in the non-alternating constructions. I argue that allowing both prototype and exemplar effects is more adequate than following radical prototype or exemplar approaches. It is also verified in two experiments that the corpus-derived model corresponds to the behaviour of native speakers. The weak effect size of the experimental validation is discussed in the context of corpus-based cognitive linguistics and the validation of corpus-derived models.

SECONDARY PHENOMENA IN THE LINGUISTIC WORLDVIEW (COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE)

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
S.G. Vinogradova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
Secondary Meaning ◽  
Human Thinking

The article opens with a brief overview of approaches to the study of secondary phenomena in the linguistic worldview. In particular, the author indicates the main reasons for secondary meaning formation including linguistic economy based on minimum of efforts aspiration and the associative and creative nature of human thinking. The author argues that in the framework of cognitive linguistics secondary meanings result from interpretation and the accompanying conceptual derivation and metarepresentation as processes of cognition. Such processes reflect a new understanding of the previously acquired knowledge, generating secondary conceptual structures, and choosing best ways of their anchoring in language considering cognitive dominants of linguistic consciousness as certain templates for construing reality through language. In the context of the above processes, the author examines secondary phenomena of the linguistic worldview analysing the examples of lexical and grammatical units of the English language. The discussion is focused on the outcomes of word formation in lexis, secondary interjections, secondary predicative structures, composite sentences.

How Motion Shapes Thought in Cinema

Projections ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-47
Author(s):  
Maarten Coëgnarts
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Spatial Thinking ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fixed Frame ◽  
Eric Rohmer ◽  
Dynamic Patterns ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Film Style

This article provides an embodied study of the film style of the French filmmaker Éric Rohmer. Drawing on insights from cognitive linguistics, I first show how dynamic patterns of containment shape human thinking about relationships, a concept central to Rohmer’s cinema. Second, I consider the question of how film might elicit this spatial thinking through the use of such cinematic devices as mobile framing and fixed-frame movement. Third, using Rohmer’s Comedies and Proverbs series as a case study, I demonstrate how the filmmaker applies these devices—and with them the spatial thinking they initiate—systemically to shape the relationships of his films visually. Lastly, I use the results of this analysis to provide discussion and suggestions for future research.

AUTOMATED CRADLE WITH INCUBATOR FOR INFANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (05) ◽  
pp. 2050037
Author(s):  
N. Nasimsha ◽  
G. Manoj Kumar ◽  
T. Rajalakshmi ◽  
E. Rinzan Gafoor
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Premature Baby ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Cabin Temperature ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
And Control ◽  
Infant’S Growth

Cradle is a household appliance that carries the baby and aids in the comfortable sleep of the infants. In the current scenario, almost 80% of women are working. They find it tough to manage both the household work and office job. Hence, there is a real need for the design and development of a low-cost automatic oscillating cradle that could monitor the real-time parameters of the infants. Unlike adults, infants cannot regulate their body temperature easily. Children are more prone to develop hypothermia and hyperthermia under extreme temperature conditions. An incubator could maintain appropriate conditions for the infant. This study is focused on developing a low-cost automated baby cradle with an incubator that analyzes baby cry and oscillates automatically. The developed system can also maintain suitable environmental conditions for the infant’s growth. If in case attention of a premature baby were to be sought on a regular basis, the developed system can monitor the temperature and heartbeat along with the cabin temperature and humidity. The developed system has an inbuilt alarm that rings when there is an abnormality in the infant’s heartbeat and body temperature. The alarm also indicates when the mattress is wet. A Bluetooth-based mobile application is also designed which could monitor and control the cradle. The proposed prototype model can be employed both in hospitals and at home.

Modeling, analysis, and control of wind-driven induction generators supplying DC loads under various operating conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 0309524X2092539
Author(s):  
Mahaboob Subahani Akbarali ◽  
Senthil Kumar Subramanium ◽  
Kumaresan Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Induction Machine ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Induction Generators ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Power Operations ◽  
Bridge Rectifier ◽  
And Control

A configuration of a self-excited induction generator supplying DC loads with constant voltage through a diode bridge rectifier and a buck-type DC–DC converter is proposed. The rectifier input current is made continuous, by connecting a suitably designed series filter inductor. The method of binary search algorithm is used to solve for the operating parameters of the generator. The performance of the entire unit is predetermined for the various patterns of speed and power operations. For the dynamic analysis of the induction machine, an abc-dq modeling has been employed and the simulation results on the unit are obtained under both steady state and transient state using MATLAB/Simulink toolbox. A prototype model of the unit has been built in the laboratory and the experimental results have been presented, thereby validating the performance and usefulness of the system.

scholarly journals CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF POLITICS IN AMERICAN ENGLISH

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-269
Author(s):  
Nataliia Tatsenko ◽  
Vitalii Stepanov ◽  
Hanna Shcherbak
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
American English ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
American People ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Final Model ◽  
New Curricula

Purpose of the study: The research is aimed at reconstructing a conceptual model of POLITICS as a social phenomenon that is activated by the word politics in the minds of American people. Methodology: As an appropriate methodology, “the semantics of lingual networks” (SLN)is used to analyze a 1000-context sample of the word politics from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Specifically, a range of logical predicates (associated with POLITICS) is established and sorted by propositional schemas of basic frames. The latter is reproduced graphically in the network conceptual form and equated to the denotative meaning of POLITICS. Main findings: The conducted research made it possible to define 26 propositional schemas that are regarded as the conceptual model of POLITICS in American English. Novelty/originality: The research is the first attempt to study social phenomena via linguistic tools only – those of cognitive linguistics (the SLN methodology) and corpus linguistics (analysis of a COCA sample where these phenomena are represented) – rather than via techniques of politology, sociology, psychology and other social sciences themselves. Along with the conceptual model of POLITICS, the first-ever idea to convert it into the field cognitive model is offered as well (via operations of cognitive interpretation and prominence). As a result, the final model can be used to define what features of POLITICS are mentally the most relevant for the American community. The possibility of comparing several cognitive models of POLITICS is also stated. Applications of the study: The research results can be used for politological, sociological and psychological studies; to compile new curricula for philology undergraduates and postgraduates.

scholarly journals A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF WAR METAPHOR IN RUSSIAN AND CHINESE NEWS HEADLINES OF NEW MEDIA IN THE CONTEXT OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-87
Author(s):  
Bai Jie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Sports News ◽  
War Metaphor ◽  
News Headlines

Introduction. Cognitive linguistics believes that metaphor is a way of human thinking and a powerful tool for cognition. In other words, the theory of cognitive metaphor believes that metaphor is not only a rhetorical technique, but also a way of human cognition, which affects the form of human thinking. In news headlines, metaphors are even more commonly used. In the current rapid development of new media, the first visual impact of news headlines on the audience plays a vital role in the spread of articles and the amount of reading. Based on the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphor, this work compares the war metaphors in sports news headlines of Russian and Chinese of new media, attempting to analyze the similarities and differences in the use of metaphors, which helps illuminate the complex, dynamic, and nuanced functions of metaphor in cognition in sports news headlines, and in headlines of new media in particular. Material and methods. Since the 21st century, especially in the past 10 years, with the popularization of computers and the Internet, coupled with the technical support of 5G communications, new media has developed, popularized and improved rapidly.

scholarly journals Translating Foreign Languages and Non-Native Varieties of English in Animated Films

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenza Minutella
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
British English ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
Animated Films ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Accented English

The aim of this paper is to explore how foreign languages (i.e., languages other than English) and non-native varieties of English are used in Anglo-American animated films and to investigate the strategies adopted in Italian dubbing to deal with such multilingual features. The paper combines insights into professional practice with a close examination of a specific case study. The film Despicable Me 2 (dir. Pierre Coffin, Chris Renaud, Illumination Entertainment, 2013) has been chosen for analysis since it displays more than one language and several language varieties (British English, American English and foreign-accented English). The film also exploits visual and verbal stereotypes which enhance the comedic elements of the film. This multiplicity of voices and identities through language variety represents a challenge for audiovisual translators. By analysing the representation of characters and drawing on personal communication with Italian dubbing practitioners, the article aims to unveil how linguistic variation, multilingualism and diversity are dealt with in dubbing. The article will show that, although general trends may be identified as far as foreign languages and non-native varieties are concerned, the solutions offered by dubbing professionals often depend on a variety of factors and agents.

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