What’s so incomplete about incomplete acquisition?

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Putnam ◽  
Liliana Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
The Core ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Incomplete Acquisition

Modeling the competence grammar of heritage speakers who exhibit low proficiency in their L1 represents a significant challenge for generative and experimental approaches to bilingual linguistic research. In this paper we revisit the core tenets of the incomplete acquisition hypothesis as developed in recent scholarship (in particular by Montrul (2002 et seq.) and Polinsky (1997, 2006)). Although we adopt many of these fundamental aspects of this research program, in this article we develop an alternative model that provides a more accurate depiction of the process that leads to what these scholars describe as the (later) effects of incomplete acquisition, thus improving the predictive power of this research program.

The mutual constitution of illiberal civil society and neoauthoritarianism: Evidence from Turkey

2021 ◽  
pp. 001139212110392
Author(s):  
Zeynep Atalay
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutive Relationship ◽  
Hybrid Regimes ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
State Actors ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ruling Party

Recent scholarship on state–civil society dynamics in neoauthoritarian contexts demonstrates that the space for civil society is rapidly shrinking worldwide. Faced with legal, administrative, and extralegal measures that restrict operations and resources, civil society actors are forced to choose between marginalization or co-optation. This article examines the ruling party–Islamic civil society symbiosis in Turkey and identifies mutual constitution as an alternative model of the state–civil society relationship in hybrid regimes. Defined as utilitarian reciprocity between the ruling authority and civil society actors where both parties expand and consolidate their respective domains, the mutually constitutive relationship between the AKP government and Islamic civil society actors has facilitated the consolidation of neoauthoritarianism. Drawing attention to the recent rise of conservative civil society actors worldwide, the article urges the civil society and neoauthoritarianism research program to shift its focus to non-state actors that endorse non-democratic socio-political agendas and function as co-constitutors of illiberal regimes.

scholarly journals TERMINOLOGY MATTERS ON THEORETICAL GROUNDS TOO!

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Bayram ◽  
Tanja Kupisch ◽  
Diego Pascual y Cabo ◽  
Jason Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
The Core ◽  
General Thesis ◽  
Ultimate Attainment ◽  
Incomplete Acquisition

AbstractHerein, we provide counterargumentation to some of Domínguez, Hicks, and Slabakova's claims that the termincomplete acquisitionis conceptually necessary on theoretical grounds for describing the outcome grammars of heritage language bilingualism. Specifically, we clarify their claim that previous challenging of the term in our and others’ work is primarily based on a misconceived belief that incompleteness is intended to describe heritage speakers. We contextualize and problematize their appropriation of descriptive constructs in the adjacent fields of child L1, child 2L1, and adult L2 acquisition as a basis for supporting their general thesis. Relatedly, we conclude that a fundamental blurring of development and ultimate attainment issues is at the core of what, in our view, is flawed reasoning. While we empathize with the well-intentioned spirit of Domínguez et al.’s article—to provide a forum for respectful discussion—we invite the field to engage more directly with the inherent quandary of labeling the coherent grammars of heritage bilinguals in their own right as “incomplete” on the basis of differences to standard varieties.

Investigation of irradiated metal of WWER-type reactor internals after 45 years of operation. Part 1. Research program and cutting out of samples from pressure vessel internals

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
B. Z. Margolin ◽  
A. Ya. Varovin ◽  
A. J. Minkin ◽  
D. A. Gurin ◽  
V. A. Glukhov
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
The Core ◽  
Type Reactor ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
Cylindrical Samples ◽  
Reactor Internals

The program is presented for investigations of the metal of the most irradiated elements of the WWER-440 reactor of the Novovoronezh NPP Unit 3 decommissioned after 45 years of operation. The fragments (cylindrical samples) were cut out from various zones of the core baffle and segment of forming ring of core barrel.

Serial Homology as a Challenge to Evolutionary Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Serial Homology ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Colonial Theory ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Development And Evolution

The problem of the repeated parts of organisms was at the center of the biological sciences as early as the first decades of the 19th century. Some concepts and theories (e.g., serial homology, unity of plan, or colonial theory) introduced in order to explain the similarity as well as the differences between the repeated structures of an organism were reused throughout the 19th and the 20th century, in spite of the fundamental changes during this long period that saw the diffusion of the evolutionary theory, the rise of experimental approaches, and the emergence of new fields and disciplines. Interestingly, this conceptual heritage was at the core of any attempt to unify the problems of inheritance, development, and evolution, in particular in the last decades, with the rise of “evo-devo.” This chapter examines the conditions of this theoretical continuity and the challenges it brings out for the current evolutionary sciences.

How “Native” Are Heritage Speakers?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvina Montrul
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Incomplete Acquisition

One of the chief characteristics of heritage speakers is that they range in proficiency from “overhearers” to “native” speakers. To date, the vast majority of linguistic and psycholinguistic studies have characterized the non-target-like linguistic abilities of heritage speakers as a product of incomplete acquisition and/or attrition due to reduced exposure and opportunities to use the language during childhood. This article focuses on the other side of the problem, emphasizing instead the high incidence of native-like abilities in adult heritage speakers. I illustrate this issue with recent experimental evidence from gender agreement in Spanish, a grammatical feature that is mastered at almost 100% accuracy in production by native speakers;yet it is one of the most difficult areas to master for non-native speakers, including near-natives.I discuss how age of acquisition and language-learning experience explain these effects.

scholarly journals TERMINOLOGY CHOICE IN GENERATIVE ACQUISITION RESEARCH

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Domínguez ◽  
Glyn Hicks ◽  
Roumyana Slabakova
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Incomplete Acquisition

AbstractPascual y Cabo and Rothman (2012) and Kupisch and Rothman (2018) argue against the use of termincompleteto characterize the grammars of heritage speakers, claiming that it reflects a negative evaluation of the linguistic knowledge of these bilingual speakers. We examine the reasons for and against the use of “incomplete” across acquisition contexts and argue that its use is legitimate on both theoretical and empirical grounds. Our goal is to present arguments for using the term, not to evaluate the scientific validity of incomplete acquisition over other possible accounts. Although our conclusion is that the term should not be abandoned, we advocate a position whereby researchers consider the possible negative impact of the terminology they use and how they use it. This position aims to resolve the tension between the need to prioritize scientific effectiveness and the need to avoid terminology that can be negatively misconstrued by the general public.

scholarly journals Neuromolecular Underpinnings of Negative Cognitive Bias in Depression

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3157
Author(s):  
Karolina Noworyta ◽  
Agata Cieslik ◽  
Rafal Rygula
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Judgment Bias ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
The Core ◽  
Pharmacological Challenge ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Abnormal Response ◽  
Experimental Approaches

This selective review aims to summarize the recent advances in understanding the neuromolecular underpinnings of biased cognition in depressive disorder. We begin by considering the cognitive correlates of depressed mood and the key brain systems implicated in its development. We then review the core findings across two domains of biased cognitive function in depression: pessimistic judgment bias and abnormal response to negative feedback. In considering their underlying substrates, we focus on the neurochemical mechanisms identified by genetic, molecular and pharmacological challenge studies. We conclude by discussing experimental approaches to the treatment of depression, which are derived largely from an improved understanding of its cognitive substrates.

scholarly journals METODOLOGI PROGRAM RISET IMRE LAKATOS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Saka Falwa Guna ◽  
Fitria Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Theory Theory ◽  
Previous Theory ◽  
Imre Lakatos ◽  
The Core ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Hardcore Functions ◽  
Protective Belt

This research was based on the limitations of the human mind itself in providing and obtaining reasonable explanations, because at that time the desire to know something was obstructed from various myths which existedin that society so that myths were embedded in human mind. The focus of this research was on the methodology of the Imre Lakatos research program. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of research program methodology from Imre Lakatos. The method used in this research was library research, where the researchers looked for and read sources that match the title to be studied, such as books, articles, writings and journals that were relevant.The results of this study in the Imre Lakatos research program methodology included: First, the core (hardcore) functions as a negative heuristic. Second, the protective-belt which consisted of auxiliary hypotheses in the initial conditions. Third, a series of theories (a series theory), theory linkages where the next theory was the result of the auxiliary clauses added from the previous theory.

Membrane-DNA attachment sites in Streptococcus faecalis cells grown at different rates

1982 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-200
Author(s):  
L C Parks ◽  
D Rigney ◽  
L Daneo-Moore ◽  
M L Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Bacterial Chromosome ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
The Core ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Dna Attachment

The M-band technique was used to assess the number of attachment points of DNA to the cell membrane of Streptococcus faecalis grown at three different rates. Cells were X irradiated in liquid nitrogen and then analyzed simultaneously for the introduction of double-strand breaks into the chromosome and the degree of removal of DNA from the cell membrane (M band). Consideration of the data from these experiments and of the topology of the bacterial chromosome resulted in a reevaluation of former quantitative models. Our results are consistent with a semiquantitative model in which the bacterial chromosome is organized around a core structure. We interpret our data to mean that the core is attached to the membrane and that the complexity of the core changes more drastically with growth rate than does the number of membrane-DNA attachment points. An alternative model in which RNA hybridizes with DNA containing single- and double-strand breaks is also discussed. In any event, the complexity of these interactions precludes a reliable estimate of the number of membrane-DNA attachment sites.

Preposition Stranding in Spanish as a Heritage Language

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Pascual y Cabo
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Heritage Speaker ◽  
The Core ◽  
Preposition Stranding ◽  
Crosslinguistic Influence ◽  
Spanish Heritage Speakers ◽  
Timing Of Exposure

Previous research examining heritage speaker bilingualism has suggested that interfaceconditioned properties are likely to be affected by crosslinguistic influence (e.g., Montrul & Polinsky, 2011; White, 2011). It is not clear, however, whether the core syntax can also be affected to the same degree (e.g., Cuza, 2013; Depiante & Thompson, 2013). Departing from Cuza’s (2013) and Depiante and Thompson’s (2013) research, the present study seeks to determine the extent to which this is possible in the case of Spanish as a heritage language. With this goal in mind, a total of thirty-three Spanish heritage speakers (divided into sequential and simultaneous bilinguals) and a comparison group of eleven late Spanish-English bilinguals completed a battery of off-line tasks that examined knowledge and use of preposition stranding (i.e., a syntactic construction whereby the object of the preposition is fronted while the preposition itself is left stranded), an understudied core syntactic phenomenon that is licit in English but precluded in Spanish. Overall findings reveal that the sequential heritage speakers pattern with participants from the control group. The simultaneous heritage speakers, on the other hand, seem to have a grammar that is not so restricting as they accept and produce ungrammatical cases of preposition stranding. Herein, we argue that these results do not obtain the way they do due to incomplete acquisition or L1 attrition but crucially because of the timing of exposure to the societal language. We propose that this property was completely acquired, although differently acquired due to the structural overlap observed between the two languages involved (e.g., Müller & Hulk, 2001), and most importantly, to the timing of acquisition of English (e.g., Putnam & Sánchez, 2013).

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