The effects of low-dose gamma-irradiation on the wholesomeness of mangoes (Mangifera indica) as determined by short-term feeding studies using rats

1. A control diet and diets containing 150 g non-irradiated or 150 g irradiated mangopulp/kg were given to female rats from day 15 of the gestation period until weaning in trials 1 and 2, and from 40 d before mating until 28 d post weaning in trial 3.2. Food intake and dry-matter digestibility were similar with all diets.3. There were no significant differences between animals given the different dietary regimens in the daily body-weight changes of weanling males, pups, nursing females or females during the immediate postlactation period.4. No differences in haematological or blood chemistry values were found which could be attributed to the ingestion of irradiated mangoes. There was no evidence for the presence of any toxic substances in the irradiated-mango-pulp diet.5. Gross pathological observations revealed no aberrations which could be related to the ingestion of irradiated mangoes.6. It may be concluded that the wholesomeness of mangoes was not affected by gammairradiation at a dose of 75 krd.

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ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF GRADED LEVELS OF GMELINA ARBOREA AND CASSAVA PEELS CONCENTRATES IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v4i2.4272 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 415-422

Author(s):

Amoka Pius ◽

Tawose O M

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Control Diet ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Gmelina Arborea ◽

Leaf Meal ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Inclusion Level ◽

Cassava Peels

The nutritive value ,voluntary dry matter intake, and the nutrient digestibility of graded levels of Gmelina arborea and cassava peels concentrates in WAD sheep was investigated. Twelve WAD sheep aged 1-2 years old and weighting 14.00± 0.45 kg were used in a complete randomized design. Diets were formulated such that cassava peels was replaced with Gmelina arborea leaf meal at 0, 33.33, 66.67, 100% levels, designated as diets A, B, C, and D respectively. Diet without Gmelina arborea leaf meal was tagged the control diet. The concentrate feed was compounded to contain 16% CP. Diets with 33.33% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) 598.80g day-1, while the lowest DMI 425.00g day-1 was obtained in animals fed 100% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Crude protein intake (CPI) of animals fed diets with 33.33% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea were significantly (P<0.05) highest, followed by 66.67% inclusion level and the least was observed in 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly (P<0.05) different across the dietary treatments, animals placed on diets with 33.33% inclusion level had the highest DMD, followed by animals on diets with 66.67, 100 and 0% inclusion levels. CP digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, the lowest CP digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. CF digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, while the lowest CF digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. N intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in the level of Gmelina arborea inclusion from 33.33% to 100%. N retention was significantly (P<0.05) different, diets with 33.33% Gmelina arborea inclusion had the highest value (64.36g day-1) followed by 66.67%, 100% and the least (52.64g day-1) was at 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. N balance values also followed the same trend. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Gmelina arborea leaf meal in WAD rams diet was well tolerated without adverse effect on acceptability, intake and nutrient digestibility, and inclusion level of 33.33% is hereby recommended in ruminants diet for optimum performance and productivity.

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A meta-analysis comparing short-term weight and cardiometabolic changes between olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87285-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Manit Srisurapanont ◽

Sirijit Suttajit ◽

Surinporn Likhitsathian ◽

Benchalak Maneeton ◽

Narong Maneeton

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Dropout Rates ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment

AbstractThis study compared weight and cardiometabolic changes after short-term treatment of olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine. Eligible criteria for an included trial were ≤ 24 weeks, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine treatments in patients/healthy volunteers and reported weight or cardiometabolic outcomes. Three databases were searched on October 31, 2020. Primary outcomes included weight changes and all-cause dropout rates. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and risk ratios (RRs) were computed and pooled using a random-effect model. This meta-analysis included four RCTs (n = 1195). The heterogeneous data revealed that weight changes were not significantly different between olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine groups (4 RCTs, SDM = − 0.19, 95% CI − 0.45 to 0.07, I2 = 75%). The whole-sample, pooled RR of all-cause dropout rates (4 RCTs, RR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.23, I2 = 0%) was not significant different between olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine groups. A lower percentage of males and a lower initial body mass index were associated with the greater effect of samidorphan in preventing olanzapine-induced weight gain. Current evidence is insufficient to support the use of samidorphan to prevent olanzapine-induced weight gain and olanzapine-induced cardiometabolic abnormalities. Samidorphan is well accepted by olanzapine-treated patients.

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The Influence of Diet and Sex on the Gut Microbiota of Lean and Obese JCR:LA-cp Rats

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9051037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1037

Author(s):

Craig Resch ◽

Mihir Parikh ◽

J. Alejandro Austria ◽

Spencer D. Proctor ◽

Thomas Netticadan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Control Diet ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Female Rats ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Male And Female ◽

Ground Flaxseed ◽

The Impact

There is an increased interest in the gut microbiota as it relates to health and obesity. The impact of diet and sex on the gut microbiota in conjunction with obesity also demands extensive systemic investigation. Thus, the influence of sex, diet, and flaxseed supplementation on the gut microbiota was examined in the JCR:LA-cp rat model of genetic obesity. Male and female obese rats were randomized into four groups (n = 8) to receive, for 12 weeks, either (a) control diet (Con), (b) control diet supplemented with 10% ground flaxseed (CFlax), (c) a high-fat, high sucrose (HFHS) diet, or (d) HFHS supplemented with 10% ground flaxseed (HFlax). Male and female JCR:LA-cp lean rats served as genetic controls and received similar dietary interventions. Illumine MiSeq sequencing revealed a richer microbiota in rats fed control diets rather than HFHS diets. Obese female rats had lower alpha-diversity than lean female; however, both sexes of obese and lean JCR rats differed significantly in β-diversity, as their gut microbiota was composed of different abundances of bacterial types. The feeding of an HFHS diet affected the diversity by increasing the phylum Bacteroidetes and reducing bacterial species from phylum Firmicutes. Fecal short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate-producing bacterial species were correspondingly impacted by the HFHS diet. Flax supplementation improved the gut microbiota by decreasing the abundance of Blautia and Eubacterium dolichum. Collectively, our data show that an HFHS diet results in gut microbiota dysbiosis in a sex-dependent manner. Flaxseed supplementation to the diet had a significant impact on gut microbiota diversity under both flax control and HFHS dietary conditions.

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Amorphous silica nanoparticles induced spleen and liver toxicity after acute intravenous exposure in male and female rats

Toxicology and Industrial Health ◽

10.1177/07482337211010579 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 074823372110105

Author(s):

Roberta Tassinari ◽

Andrea Martinelli ◽

Mauro Valeri ◽

Francesca Maranghi

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Silica ◽

Liver Toxicity ◽

Female Rats ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Male And Female ◽

Male And Female Rats ◽

Target Organs ◽

Short Term Exposure

Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) nanomaterial – consisting of aggregates and agglomerates of primary silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles in the nanorange (<100 nm) – is commonly used as excipient in pharmaceuticals, in cosmetics and as food additive (E551). The available data suggest that SAS nanoparticles (NP) after intravenous (IV) exposure persist in liver and spleen; however, insufficient data exist to verify whether SAS may also induce adverse effects. The aim of the present study was to verify the potential long-term effects of SAS NP (NM-203) on spleen and liver as target organs following short-term exposure. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by IV injection in the tail vein with a single (1-day) dose (SD) and repeated (5-day) doses (RD) of 20 mg/kg bw per day of SAS dispersed in sterile saline solution as vehicle. Histopathological examinations of target organs were performed after 90 days. Tissue biodistribution and full characterization of NM-203, primary particle size 13–45 nm, was performed within the framework of the Nanogenotox project. No mortality or general toxicity occurred; histopathological analysis showed splenomegaly in the RD group accompanied by inflammatory granulomas in both sexes. Granulomas were also present in liver parenchyma in the RD (both sexes) and SD groups (male only). The histopathological results indicated that SAS NP have the potential to persist and induce sex-specific chronic inflammatory lesions in spleen and liver upon short-term treatment. Overall, the data showed that the widespread use of silica in drugs might elicit chronic reactions in spleen and liver prompting to the need of further investigations on the safety of SAS NP.

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Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seed survival and digestibility in cattle and sheep

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea01069 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 111 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

R. Stanton ◽

J. Piltz ◽

J. Pratley ◽

A. Kaiser ◽

D. Hudson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Control Diet ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Lolium Rigidum ◽

Seed Survival ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Cattle And Sheep

A trial was conducted to investigate the survival and digestibility of annual ryegrass (ARG) seed (Lolium rigidum L.) eaten by sheep and cattle. Sheep (n= 8) and cattle (n = 8) were fed a basal diet containing 1:1 lucerne chaff:oaten chaff with (ARG) or without (control) the inclusion of 20% total dry matter of annual ryegrass seed in a changeover design. Intake was restricted to 17 g/kg liveweight. Digestibility of the control diet was lower (P<0.01) for sheep than cattle. Annual ryegrass seed was present (P<0.01) in the faeces of both sheep and cattle within 24 h of first ingestion. Some 10.8 and 32.8% of seed ingested was excreted by sheep and cattle respectively, with 3.9% (sheep) and 11.9% (cattle) remaining germinable. Annual ryegrass seed continued to be excreted by both sheep and cattle up to 5 days after removal from the diet. Dry matter digestibility of the annual ryegrass diet was 53% in cattle.

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Effect of salinomycin and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility and the performance of pigs fed barley- or rye-based diets

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas92-013 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 117-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

P. A. Thacker ◽

G. L. Campbell ◽

J. W. D. GrootWassink

Keyword(s):

Feed Efficiency ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Control Diet ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Beta Glucanase ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Crossbred Pigs

Two experiments of a factorial design (sex × treatment) were conducted to determine the effects of enzyme and salinomycin supplementation on the nutritive value of barley or rye-based diets for growing pigs fed from approximately 20 to 85 kg. For exp. 1, 72 crossbred pigs were fed either a barley-based control diet or a similar diet supplemented with enzyme (Aspergillus niger; 750 units g−1 beta-glucanase and 650 units g−1 pentosanase), salinomycin (25 ppm) or both additives in combination. For exp. 2, two replicates of 48 pigs were fed either a barley-based diet, an unsupplemented rye-based diet or a rye-based diet supplemented with enzyme, salinomycin or both additives. During both experiments, chromic oxide (0.5%) was added to the diet of four to six pigs/treatment to act as a digestibility indicator starting when the pigs reached 42 kg. Neither enzyme nor salinomycin, alone or in combination, significantly improved the growth rate or feed efficiency of pigs fed barley or rye. Supplementation of barley with the combination of additives significantly (P < 0.05) improved protein digestibility while neither enzyme nor salinomycin had any effect on nutrient digestibility when fed alone. In rye-based diets, salinomycin, both alone and in combination, significantly (P < 0.05) improved the digestibility of crude protein and energy. Dry matter digestibility of the rye-based diets was unaffected by treatment. Key words: Swine, rye, barley, beta-glucanase, pentosanase, salinomycin

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Selected Contribution: Chronic intermittent hypoxia enhances respiratory long-term facilitation in geriatric female rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00476.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 95 (6) ◽

pp. 2614-2623 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

A. G. Zabka ◽

G. S. Mitchell ◽

E. B. Olson ◽

M. Behan

Keyword(s):

Intermittent Hypoxia ◽

Young Female ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Female Rats ◽

Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Short Term ◽

Hypoxic Response ◽

Long Term Facilitation

Age and the estrus cycle affect time-dependent respiratory responses to episodic hypoxia in female rats. Respiratory long-term facilitation (LTF) is enhanced in middle-aged vs. young female rats ( 72 ). We tested the hypothesis that phrenic and hypoglossal (XII) LTF are diminished in acyclic geriatric rats when fluctuating sex hormone levels no longer establish conditions that enhance LTF. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) enhances LTF ( 41 ); thus we further predicted that CIH would restore LTF in geriatric female rats. LTF was measured in young (3-4 mo) and geriatric (20-22 mo) female Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats and in a group of geriatric rats exposed to 1 wk of nocturnal CIH (11 vs. 21% O2 at 5-min intervals, 12 h/night). In anesthetized, paralyzed, vagotomized, and ventilated rats, time-dependent hypoxic phrenic and XII responses were assessed. The short-term hypoxic response was measured during the first of three 5-min episodes of isocapnic hypoxia (arterial Po2 35-45 Torr). LTF was assessed 15, 30, and 60 min postepisodic hypoxia. Phrenic and XII short-term hypoxic response was not different among groups, regardless of CIH treatment ( P > 0.05). LTF in geriatric female rats was smaller than previously reported for middle-aged rats but comparable to that in young female rats. CIH augmented phrenic and XII LTF to levels similar to those of middle-aged female rats without CIH ( P < 0.05). The magnitude of phrenic and XII LTF in all groups was inversely related to the ratio of progesterone to estradiol serum levels ( P < 0.05). Thus CIH and sex hormones influence the magnitude of LTF in geriatric female rats.

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Early effects of short-term parathyroid hormone administration on bone mass, mineral content, and strength in female rats

Bone ◽

10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00271-8 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 217-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

A. Toromanoff ◽

P. Ammann ◽

J.-L. Riond

Keyword(s):

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Female Rats ◽

Short Term ◽

Hormone Administration ◽

Early Effects

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Effect of short-term hindlimb immobilization on skeletal muscle atrophy and the transcriptome in a low compared with high responder to endurance training model

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0261723 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. e0261723

Author(s):

Jamie-Lee M. Thompson ◽

Daniel W. D. West ◽

Thomas M. Doering ◽

Boris P. Budiono ◽

Sarah J. Lessard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Female Rats ◽

Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Short Term ◽

Cast Immobilization ◽

Protein Ubiquitination ◽

Differential Gene

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a physiological response to disuse, aging, and disease. We compared changes in muscle mass and the transcriptome profile after short-term immobilization in a divergent model of high and low responders to endurance training to identify biological processes associated with the early atrophy response. Female rats selectively bred for high response to endurance training (HRT) and low response to endurance training (LRT; n = 6/group; generation 19) underwent 3 day hindlimb cast immobilization to compare atrophy of plantaris and soleus muscles with line-matched controls (n = 6/group). RNA sequencing was utilized to identify Gene Ontology Biological Processes with differential gene set enrichment. Aerobic training performed prior to the intervention showed HRT improved running distance (+60.6 ± 29.6%), while LRT were unchanged (-0.3 ± 13.3%). Soleus atrophy was greater in LRT vs. HRT (-9.0 ±8.8 vs. 6.2 ±8.2%; P<0.05) and there was a similar trend in plantaris (-16.4 ±5.6% vs. -8.5 ±7.4%; P = 0.064). A total of 140 and 118 biological processes were differentially enriched in plantaris and soleus muscles, respectively. Soleus muscle exhibited divergent LRT and HRT responses in processes including autophagy and immune response. In plantaris, processes associated with protein ubiquitination, as well as the atrogenes (Trim63 and Fbxo32), were more positively enriched in LRT. Overall, LRT demonstrate exacerbated atrophy compared to HRT, associated with differential gene enrichments of biological processes. This indicates that genetic factors that result in divergent adaptations to endurance exercise, may also regulate biological processes associated with short-term muscle unloading.

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