scholarly journals Changes in body composition after thermal injury in the rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Al Shamma ◽  
C. C. Goll ◽  
T. B. Baird ◽  
J. Broom ◽  
G. A. Nicholas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

1. The effects on body composition, measured by direct techniques, of a controlled 25% body-surfacearea thermal injury have been studied in two groups of forty male Wistar rats.2. The extent of weight loss in the animals was directly related to their energy deficit resulting from a combination of injury, food intake and rate of wound healing.3. Body fat proved the most labile source of tissue energy, decreasing to a minimum of approximately 30 g/kg body-weight.4. Relationships between water and fat, and water and protein seen in control animals were not significantly different in the traumatized group.

Lower limit of body fat in healthy active men

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 933-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Friedl ◽  
R. J. Moore ◽  
L. E. Martinez-Lopez ◽  
J. A. Vogel ◽  
E. W. Askew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Healthy Men

We examined body composition changes in 55 normal young men during an 8-wk Army combat leadership training course involving strenuous exercise and low energy intake, with an estimated energy deficit of 5.0 +/- 2.0 MJ/day and a resultant 15.7 +/- 3.1% weight loss. Percent body fat (BF) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) averaged 14.3% (range 6–26%) and 5.8 +/- 1.8% (range 4–11%) at the beginning and end of the course, respectively. Men who achieved a minimum percent BF (4–6%) by 6 wk demonstrated only small additional total and subcutaneous fat losses in the final 2 wk and sacrificed increasingly larger proportions of fat-free mass. Percent BF estimated from skinfold thicknesses reflected relative changes in fat mass, although actual percent BF was overestimated. Instead of reaching a plateau after fat stores were substantially depleted, abdominal, hip, and thigh girths continued to decline with body weight loss. Final percent BF for the leanest men was similar to that observed after a 25% body weight reduction in the 1950 Minnesota study (5.2% by underwater weighting), and height-corrected final fat mass was the same (1.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.7 kg fat/m2), suggesting that these values represent a minimal body fat content in healthy men and that weight loss subsequent to achieving this level is contributed from the fat-free mass. Our results suggest that 4–6% BF or approximately 2.5 kg fat represents the lower limit for healthy men, as assessed by DEXA or by underwater weighing.

Wheel running of kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami, as related to food deprivation and body composition

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Dill ◽  
L. F. Soholt ◽  
J. D. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Initial Amount ◽  
Kangaroo Rats ◽  
Dipodomys Merriami ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat

Kangaroo rats deprived of food ran themselves to death in 48 h in wheel cages. Despite the loss of 14.5% of body weight the ratio of water to protein was the same after the run as it was in control rats. Metabolic measurements at rest and in the running wheel and weight loss in the 48-h run were used to estimate fuels used and water expended. Two-thirds of the initial amount of fat and 9% of the protein were metabolized. The terminal mean percentage of body fat was about twice that observed in rats trapped in the spring of 1967, when seed production was low: death in the 48-h run could not have been due to depletion of body fat alone. The powerful activity drive seen in hungary kangaroo rats presumably is intensified in dry years when food is scarce and may deplete their reserves enough to result in death from starvation.

scholarly journals Effect of increasing dietary calcium through supplements and dairy food on body weight and body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 1013-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison O. Booth ◽  
Catherine E. Huggins ◽  
Naiyana Wattanapenpaiboon ◽  
Caryl A. Nowson
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Dairy Food ◽  
Affect Body Weight ◽  
Randomised Controlled

This meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials assessed the effect of Ca on body weight and body composition through supplementation or increasing dairy food intake. Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria (including fifty-one trial arms; thirty-one with dairy foods (n 2091), twenty with Ca supplements (n 2711). Ca intake was approximately 900 mg/d higher in the supplement groups compared with control. In the dairy group, Ca intake was approximately 1300 mg/d. Ca supplementation did not significantly affect body weight (mean change ( − 0·17, 95 % CI − 0·70, 0·37) kg) or body fat (mean change ( − 0·19, 95 % CI − 0·51, 0·13) kg) compared to control. Similarly, increased dairy food intake did not affect body weight ( − 0·06, 95 % CI − 0·54, 0·43) kg or body fat change ( − 0·36, 95 % CI − 0·80, 0·09) kg compared to control. Sub-analyses revealed that dairy supplementation resulted in no change in body weight (nineteen studies, n 1010) ( − 0·32, 95 % CI − 0·93, 0·30 kg, P= 0·31), but a greater reduction in body fat (thirteen studies, n 564) ( − 0·96, 95 % CI − 1·46, − 0·46 kg, P < 0·001) in the presence of energy restriction over a mean of 4 months compared to control. Increasing dietary Ca intake by 900 mg/d as supplements or increasing dairy intake to approximately 3 servings daily (approximately 1300 mg of Ca/d) is not an effective weight reduction strategy in adults. There is, however, an indication that approximately 3 servings of dairy may facilitate fat loss on weight reduction diets in the short term.

scholarly journals Step-Defined Physical Activity Is Associated With Weight Loss and Changes in Body Composition and Fat Distribution in Response to Diet Interventions: The POUNDS Lost Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1259-1259
Author(s):  
Qiaochu Xue ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Hao Ma ◽  
Tao Zhou ◽  
Yoriko Heianza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Adipose Tissue Mass ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Protein Diets

Abstract Objectives To examine whether objectively measured physical activity (PA) is associated with weight loss and changes in body composition and fat distribution in response to weight-loss diet interventions. Methods This study included 535 overweight or obese participants randomly assigned to 4 weight-loss diets varying in macronutrient intake with physical activity measured objectively with pedometers in the POUNDS Lost trial. The associations of step defined PA or the changes in PA with the changes in obesity measurements including body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), body fat composition assessed by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, body fat distribution assessed by the computed tomography (CT) were examined at the 6 and 24 months. We also examined whether the associations were modified by diet interventions. Results The increase of step-defined PA was significantly predictive of weight loss and decrease in all measurements of body fat composition and distribution in response to diet interventions over 24 months (P &lt; 0.0001 for all). We also observed significant inverse associations of changes in PA with changes in BW (P &lt; 0.0001), WC (P &lt; 0.0001), body fat composition (P &lt; 0.05 for total fat, total lean, total fat mass %, and trunk fat %) and fat distribution (P &lt; 0.05 for total adipose tissue mass (TAT), visceral adipose tissue mass (VAT), deep subcutaneous adipose tissue mass (DSAT)) from baseline to 6 months, when the maximum weight loss was achieved. Dietary fat or protein intake modified the associations between changes in PA and changes in body weight and waist circumference over 24 months; greater reduction in these measures was observed in participants with high-fat or low-protein diets than those in the low-fat or high-protein diets (P interaction &lt; 0.05 for all). Conclusions Our results indicate that objectively measured PA is inversely related to the changes in body weight, body composition, and fat distribution in response to weight-loss diets, and such relation is more evident in people with high-fat or low-protein diets. Funding Sources The study was supported by grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the Fogarty International Center, and Tulane Research Centers of Excellence Awards.

scholarly journals How dieting makes some fatter: from a perspective of human body composition autoregulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul G. Dulloo ◽  
Jean Jacquet ◽  
Jean-Pierre Montani
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tissue Recovery ◽  
Human Body Composition

Dieting makes you fat – the title of a book published in 1983 – embodies the notion that dieting to control body weight predisposes the individual to acquire even more body fat. While this notion is controversial, its debate underscores the large gap that exists in our understanding of basic physiological laws that govern the regulation of human body composition. A striking example is the key role attributed to adipokines as feedback signals between adipose tissue depletion and compensatory increases in food intake. Yet, the relative importance of fat depletion per se as a determinant of post-dieting hyperphagia is unknown. On the other hand, the question of whether the depletion of lean tissues can provide feedback signals on the hunger–appetite drive is rarely invoked, despite evidence that food intake during growth is dominated by the impetus for lean tissue deposition, amidst proposals for the existence of protein–static mechanisms for the regulation of growth and maintenance of lean body mass. In fact, a feedback loop between fat depletion and food intake cannot explain why human subjects recovering from starvation continue to overeat well after body fat has been restored to pre-starvation values, thereby contributing to ‘fat overshooting’. In addressing the plausibility and mechanistic basis by which dieting may predispose to increased fatness, this paper integrates the results derived from re-analysis of classic longitudinal studies of human starvation and refeeding. These suggest that feedback signals from both fat and lean tissues contribute to recovering body weight through effects on energy intake and thermogenesis, and that a faster rate of fat recovery relative to lean tissue recovery is a central outcome of body composition autoregulation that drives fat overshooting. A main implication of these findings is that the risk of becoming fatter in response to dieting is greater in lean than in obese individuals.

Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates high-fructose-induced redox imbalance and activation of stress sensitive kinases in male Wistar rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramalingam Sripradha ◽  
Magadi Gopalakrishna Sridhar ◽  
Nachimuthu Maithilikarpagaselvi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Redox Imbalance ◽  
Hydroxycitric Acid ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

AbstractExcess fructose consumption causes dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and various complications. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), one of the principal components of the fruitMale Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly divided into four groups with 10 rats in each group. The rats were fed with either standard rodent diet or 60% fructose diet and administered with HCA at a dose of 400 mg/kg body wt/day for 10 weeks. Body weight was measured once a week, and food intake was noted daily. At the end of the study, lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters were estimated. Expressions of stress sensitive kinases were analyzed in liver homogenates.Fructose-fed rats displayed elevated body weight, higher levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), lower levels of HDL-C, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant status (TAS). Fructose feeding caused higher phosphorylation of stress sensitive kinases ERK ½ and p38. Administration with HCA lowered body weight, food intake, TAG, non-HDL-C, MDA, TOS, and OSI and elevated GSH, GPx, and TAS levels. Reduced phosphorylation of ERK ½ and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was observed upon HCA treatment.Thus, HCA improved fructose induced redox imbalance and activation of stress sensitive kinases through its hypolipidemic effects.

scholarly journals Transcriptional profiling of hypothalamus during development of adiposity in genetically selected fat and lean chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mardi S. Byerly ◽  
Jean Simon ◽  
Larry A. Cogburn ◽  
Elisabeth Le Bihan-Duval ◽  
Michel J. Duclos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Regulatory Controls

The hypothalamus integrates peripheral signals to regulate food intake, energy metabolism, and ultimately growth rate and body composition in vertebrates. Deviations in hypothalamic regulatory controls can lead to accumulation of excess body fat. Many regulatory genes involved in this process remain unidentified, and comparative studies may be helpful to unravel evolutionarily conserved mechanisms controlling body weight and food intake. In the present study, divergently selected fat (FL) and lean (LL) lines of chickens were used to characterize differences in hypothalamic gene expression in these unique genetic lines that develop differences in adiposity without differences in food intake or body weight. Hypothalamic transcriptional profiles were defined with cDNA microarrays before and during divergence of adiposity between the two lines. Six differentially expressed genes identified in chickens are related to genes associated with control of body fat in transgenic or knockout mice, supporting the importance of these genes across species. We identified differences in expression of nine genes involved in glucose metabolism, suggesting that alterations in hypothalamic glycolysis might contribute to differences in levels of body fat between genotypes. Expression of the sweet taste receptor ( TAS1R1), which in mammals is involved in glucose sensing and energy uptake, was also higher in FL chickens, suggesting that early differences in glucose sensing might alter the set point for subsequent body composition. Differences in expression of genes associated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling were also noted. In summary, we identified alterations in transcriptional and metabolic processes within the hypothalamus that could contribute to excessive accumulation of body fat in FL chickens in the absence of differences in food intake, thereby contributing to the genetic basis for obesity in this avian model.

scholarly journals One-month of high-intensity exercise did not change the food intake and the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y expression levels in male Wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazli Khajehnasiri ◽  
Homayoun Khazali ◽  
Farzam Sheikhzadeh ◽  
Mahnaz Ghowsi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

AbstractObjective. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) circuitries are involved in the inhibition and stimulation of the appetite, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of one-month lasting high-intensity exercise on the POMC mRNA and NPY mRNA expression in the above-mentioned brain structure and appetite and food intake levels.Methods. Fourteen male Wistar rats (250±50 g) were used and kept in the well-controlled conditions (22±2 °C, 50±5% humidity, and 12 h dark/light cycle) with food and water ad libitum. The rats were divided into two groups (n=7): 1) control group (C, these rats served as controls) and 2) exercised group (RIE, these rats performed a high-intensity exercise for one month (5 days per week) 40 min daily with speed 35 m/min. The total exercise time was 60 min. The body weight and food intake were recorded continuously during the experiments.Results. The results showed relative mRNA expression of POMC and NPY estimated in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. There were no significant differences in the NPY and POMC mRNAs expression levels and food intake between C and RIE groups.Conclusions. The present data indicate that one-month regular intensive exercise did not alter the levels of NPY and POMC mRNAs expression (as two important factors in the regulation of appetite) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and food intake suggesting that this type of exercise itself is not an appropriate procedure for the body weight reduction.

scholarly journals Wistar Rat Weight Loss on Conventional Cigarette Exposure Compared to E-Cigarette

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3S) ◽  
pp. 279-281
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Materials Used

Several studies have shown that smoking behavior is closely related to weight and obesity. Smokers tend to prefer fatty foods with high calories which ultimately makes a smoker vulnerable to being overweight. However, there are some studies that show lower body weight was found in smokers than nonsmokers. Our aim is to evaluate the short-term effects of smoking with conventional cigarettes and e-cigarret on weight changes in Wistar rats because animals try to minimize some confounding factors that are difficult to work on human samples (for example, physical activity, diet and motivation). This research is an experimental study, using 8-week-old male Wistar rats with body weight 150-200 grams divided randomly into 5 groups, namely 1) the group was not treated, 2) the filter cigarette exposure group, 3) the clove cigarette group , 4) e-cigarette group with a dose of 3 mL with nicotine content of 0 mg, and 5) ecigarette group with a dose of 3 mL with nicotine content of 3 mg. Body weight measurements using a digital scale. The results showed that there was a significant change in body weight between clove cigarettes and filter cigarettes with p = 0.024. In the results of this study, showed weight loss in all groups given cigarette smoke. Weight loss was significantly lower in the filter cigarette group compared to clove cigarettes and there was no significant weight difference between the conventional cigarette group and e-cigarette. This is likely the cigarette filter actually creates a major problem for smokers because of the design and materials used so it does not provide a safer effect for smoker.

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