scholarly journals Effects of guar gum on plasma urea, insulin and glucose in the growing pig

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell MalmlÖf ◽  
Carlos Simoes Nunes ◽  
Stefan Askbrant
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Growing Pig

1. Six growing pigs fitted with portal and arterial blood cannulas were given a barley-fishmeal diet, either alone or supplemented with guar gum at 60 g/kg basal diet. Blood samples were taken during 8 h following test meals given at 08.00 hours.2. Ingestion of the guar-gum-supplemented diet appeared to increase systematically portal and arterial levels of plasma urea. At peak values, 4 and 5 h after the test meal, this effect was statistically significant (P <0.05).3. Irrespective of which diet was given, portal and arterial blood samples, withdrawn at the same time, were found to have about the same concentration of urea. This was found throughout the 8 h studied and implies that no net exchange of urea between the circulation and the gastrointestinal tract, as a whole, took place.4. In the time-period 30–60 min following the test meal, guar gum significantly reduced the postprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia in portal blood.

166 Optimal tryptophan:lysine Ratio for 25–40 Kg Growing Pigs Fed Diets Containing 35 % Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 57-58
Author(s):  
Maryane S Sespere Faria Oliveira ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
J Caroline González-Vega ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has a high concentration of Leu, and the Trp requirement for growing pigs may be increased if diets contain excess Leu. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio in growing pigs fed diets with excess Leu from DDGS. A diet based on corn, soybean-meal, and 35% DDGS was formulated to be deficient in Trp and Lys, according to NRC requirements (0.13% SID Trp; 0.88% SID Lys; 15% SID Trp:Lys ratio). Four diets were prepared by adding L-Trp to the basal diet, which resulted in analyzed SID Trp:Lys ratios of 18, 20, 23, and 24% in these diets. One-hundred and twenty growing pigs (26.3 ± 2.0 kg) were allotted to one of the 5 dietary treatments with 3 pigs per pen and 8 pen replicates in a completely randomized design. Diets were fed for 21d and blood samples were collected on d-21. Data were analyzed by linear and quadratic contrasts in SAS. The optimal SID Trp:Lys ratio was estimated using linear broken-line (LBL) and quadratic broken-line (QBL) regressions for ADG and G:F, using NLIN procedure in SAS. Results indicated that average daily feed intake, ADG, G:F, and final body weight increased (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.01) and plasma-urea-nitrogen decreased (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) as dietary SID Trp:Lys increased (Table 1). The SID Trp:Lys ratio to optimize ADG was 20.9 and 23.4% by LBL and QBL, respectively. The G:F was optimized at 18.7 and 20.2% by LBL and QBL, respectively. The average SID Trp:Lys ratio for the 4 measurements was 20.8% which is greater than the current NRC requirement (SID 17.3%). In conclusion, diets formulated with 35% DDGS may need more dietary Trp than current NRC values.

PSIV-B-25 Digestible energy and metabolizable energy of high-fiber ingredients in growing pig diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
Jongkeon Kim ◽  
Yun Yeong Jo ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Gluten Feed

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in high-fiber ingredients fed to growing pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 57.5 kg (SD = 5.7) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A replicated 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets and 3 periods was employed. A basal diet was composed of 75.0% corn and 22.7% soybean meal (SBM) as the sole energy sources. Four experimental diets were prepared by replacing 40% of corn and SBM with soybean hulls (SH), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), or rice bran (RB). An additional diet was prepared by replacing 10% of corn and SBM with cashew nut hulls (CNH). Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 4-d collection period, and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for total collection of feces and urine. The DE and ME values in RB (3,969 and 3,936 kcal/kg DM) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those in CGF (2,654 and 2,520 kcal/kg DM) and SH (2,492 and 2,541 kcal/kg DM) and the energy values in WB (3,162 and 3,118 kcal/kg DM) were not different from those in RB, CGF, or SH. The DE and ME values in CNH (350 and 572 kcal/kg DM) were less (P &lt; 0.05) than those in all other test ingredients. In conclusion, energy concentrations in RB were greatest among the high-fiber test ingredients, whereas CNH had the lowest values.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 5. The interaction between isoleucine and leucine

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

ABSTRACTThirty-two female growing pigs (25 to 55 kg live weight) were subjected to four dietary treatments combining two levels of isoleucine and two levels of leucine to investigate the effects of leucine supply on the requirement for isoleucine.Results for daily live-weight gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality judged by ham dissection indicated that 3·8 g isoleucine per kg diet was marginally adequate for the growing pig in diets containing 13·4 g leucine per kg. An interaction between dietary leucine and isoleucine was demonstrated. Increasing the dietary leucine concentration to 20·4 g/kg clearly resulted in a deficiency of isoleucine in the basal diet, as daily gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality were significantly improved by increasing the isoleucine concentration from 3·8 g to 4·5 g/kg diet. Dietary leucine concentration did not influence performance at the higher level of isoleucine supply. Changes in plasma urea and amino acid concentrations confirmed the findings from the growth experiment of the interaction between isoleucine, leucine and valine.

scholarly journals Effects on nitrogen balance and metabolism of branched-chain amino acids by growing pigs of supplementing isoleucine and valine to diets with adequate or excess concentrations of dietary leucine

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Woong B Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Diets based on high levels of corn protein have elevated concentrations of Leu, which may negatively affect N retention in pigs. An experiment was, therefore, conducted to test the hypothesis that Ile and Val supplementation may overcome the detrimental effects of excess dietary Leu on N balance and metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in growing pigs. A total of 144 barrows (initial body weight: 28.5 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1 of 18 dietary treatments. The basal diet contained 0.98% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and had SID Leu, Val, and Ile ratios to SID Lys of 100%, 60%, and 43%, respectively. Crystalline l-Leu (0% or 2.0%), l-Ile (0%, 0.1%, or 0.2%), and l-Val (0%, 0.1%, or 0.2%) were added to the basal diet resulting in a total of 18 dietary treatments that were arranged in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. Blood, skeletal muscle, and liver samples were collected at the conclusion of the experiment. There were no three-way interactions among the main effects. Excess Leu in diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) N retention and biological value of protein and increased (P &lt; 0.001) plasma urea N (PUN), but PUN was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary Val increased. Concentrations of Leu in the liver were greater (P &lt; 0.001) in pigs fed excess Leu diets than in pigs fed adequate Leu diets, but concentrations of BCAA in muscle were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed low-Leu diets. Increasing dietary Ile increased (P &lt; 0.001) plasma-free Ile and plasma concentration of the Ile metabolite, α-keto-β-methylvalerate, but the increase was greater in diets without excess Leu than in diets with excess Leu (interaction, P &lt; 0.001). Plasma concentrations of Val and the Val metabolite α-keto isovalerate increased (P &lt; 0.001) with increasing dietary Val in diets with adequate Leu, but not in diets with excess Leu (interaction, P &lt; 0.001). Increasing dietary Leu increased (P &lt; 0.001) plasma-free Leu and plasma concentration of the Leu metabolite, α-keto isocaproate (KIC). In contrast, increased dietary Val reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the plasma concentration of KIC. In conclusion, excess dietary Leu reduced N retention and increased PUN in growing pigs, but Val supplementation to excess Leu diets may increase the efficiency of amino acid utilization for protein synthesis as indicated by reduced PUN.

scholarly journals Effect of guar gum on gastric emptying of test meals of varying energy content in growing pigs

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Rainbird
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Gastric Ph ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose

1. Existing information on whether the action of guar gum in decreasing postprandial blood glucose concentrations is due, at least in part, to a reduced rate of gastric emptying is conflicting, possibly because three types of test meals have been used. In order to test whether the type of test meal used influences the action of guar gum, these three types of meal were compared, either without or with guar gum, in growing pigs. The meals were: a high-energy meal (HEM), a low-energy milky drink (LEMD) and a glucose drink (GD).2. Six pigs were prepared with a simple gastric cannula which allowed complete removal of the stomach contents just before or 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 h after feeding.3. The three types of test meal without guar gum gave rise to very different postprandial profiles of gastric pH and of digesta and dry matter (DM) emptying from the stomach.4. Addition of guar gum to the GD significantly raised gastric pH at 0.5 and 1 h after feeding but, when it was added to HEM, gastric pH was only significantly raised 4 h after feeding. No significant effect on gastric pH was seen when guar gum was added to LEMD.5. Although addition of guar gum to GD had no significant effect on the emptying of digesta from the stomach, when added to HEM the rate of emptying of digesta was significantly reduced 1, 2 and 4 h after feeding. Addition of guar gum to LEMD only significantly increased the amount of digesta remaining in the stomach 2 h after feeding.6. There was no significant effect on the emptying of DM from the stomach when guar gum was added to either HEM or LEMD. However, addition of guar gum to GD significantly reduced the mean rate of emptying of DM 0.5 h after feeding.7. Addition of guar gum to either LEMD or GD had no significant effect on the DM concentration of the evacuated gastric digesta. However, addition of guar gum to HEM significantly lowered the DM concentration of the evacuated gastric digesta 1, 2 and 4 h after feeding.8. It was concluded that differences in test meal composition and also in the methods used to measure gastric emptying could account for the discrepancies previously reported. The results suggest that although guar gum may reduce the rate of gastric emptying under some conditions, this is unlikely to be the only mechanism by which it acts.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs. 6. Isoleucine

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

ABSTRACTThe response of the growing female pig (25 to 55 kg live weight) to increasing dietary isoleucine supplies at two levels of dietary leucine was assessed by measurement of growth rate, food utilization, tissue deposition as indicated by ham dissection and changes in plasma urea concentration. A range of isoleucine concentrations from 3·7 g/kg to 5T g/kg of the diet was derived from a basal diet and seven increments of L-isoleucine. Synthetic L-leucine was added to the basal diet to increase the concentration from 12 g/kg to 15 g/kg to achieve the two levels. The basal diet was formulated using barley, maize, blood meal, yeast protein, fat and tapioca with synthetic amino acids included to maintain at least 9·5 g/kg lysine and adequate concentrations of other essential amino acids and non-essential nitrogen. The 16 diets were replicated four times and fed to 64 female growing pigs once daily according to a restricted feeding scale. Blood samples were taken from each pig at 40 kg live weight for the determination of plasma urea nitrogen.The addition of synthetic leucine to the basal diet had no consistent effect on growth performance or carcass quality, although it did result in elevated levels of plasma urea nitrogen. The response of growth performance and the composition of the ham joint to increasing dietary isoleucine concentration was interpreted by broken line functions which indicated an isoleucine requirement of 4·4 to 4·5 g/kg of the diet.

scholarly journals Porto-arterial plasma concentration differences of urea and ammonia-nitrogen in growing pigs given high-and low-fibre diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Malmlöf
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Fibre Diet ◽  
Portal Plasma ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Arterial Plasma

1. The effects of a high-(HF) and a low-(LF) fibre diet on porto-arterial plasma concentration differences and plasma levels of urea and ammonia-nitrogen were compared in six Swedish Landrace x Yorkshire pigs (30–52 kg). Portal and arterial blood samples were drawn during 8 h following two consecutive meals, given at 08.00 and 16.00 hours.2. The HF diet, in comparison with the LF diet, was found to produce significantly lower portal plasma urea levels. However, concomitant arterial plasma levels were equally depressed, consequently leaving the porto-arterial urea differences unchanged.3. In no instance during the 16 h studied could negative porto-arterial urea differences clearly be observed. It was thus concluded that none of the diets induced an important net flux of plasma urea directly from the circulation into the gastrointestinal tract.4. The significantly lower circulating plasma urea levels that were observed when the pigs received the HF diet were also associated with significantly lower urinary excretions of urea.5. The HF and LF diets had similar effects on portal and arterial plasma levels of ammonia-N. This was also true with regard to porto-arterial ammonia-N differences.

scholarly journals Effects of different dietary threonine levels on growth and slaughter performance in finishing pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Plitzner ◽  
T. Ettle ◽  
S. Handl ◽  
P. Schmidt ◽  
W. Windisch
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Slaughter Performance ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Goblet Cell Density

The objective of this study was to determine the threonine (Thr) requirement of a modern crossbred growing pig from Austria in the finisher stage (67 to 113 kg body weight). For on average 50 days, 30 castrated male and 30 female pigs were fed isonitrogenous diets (135 g/kg crude protein, 8.0 g/kg lysine) supplemented with increasing levels of crystalline Thr. Total dietary Thr contents (g/kg) were 4.9 (basal diet), 5.0, 5.4, 5.8, 6.1, 6.5, corresponding to a Thr:Lys ratio of about 0.60, 0.64, 0.68, 0.73, 0.76, 0.81. Dietary Thr concentration of 5.4 g/kg improved daily gains by about 15 percentage points (<i>P</I> < 0.05) and the feed conversion ratio by about 7 percentage points, compared to pigs fed the basal diet (4.9 g/kg Thr). Increasing dietary Thr above 5.4 g/kg had no further effects on performance. The blood plasma urea concentration was minimized at a dietary Thr concentration of 6.1 g/kg. For all treatments there was a low effect of dietary Thr supply on carcass quality. Goblet cell density in the small intestine and colon did not differ between different levels of dietary Thr. Based on the results of growth performance, an optimum total dietary Thr:Lys ratio in the finisher stage of pigs ranges from 0.66 to 0.68.

scholarly journals Characterization of urea transport mechanisms in the intestinal tract of growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (6) ◽  
pp. G839-G844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. C. Krone ◽  
Atta K. Agyekum ◽  
Miriam ter Borgh ◽  
Kimberley Hamonic ◽  
Gregory B. Penner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Urea Transport ◽  
Urea Transporter ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Urea Recycling

Pigs are capable of nitrogen salvage via urea recycling, which involves the movement of urea in the gastrointestinal tract. Aquaporins (AQP) and urea transporter B (UT-B) are involved in urea recycling in ruminants; however, their contribution to urea flux in the intestinal tract of the pig is not known. The objective of this study was to characterize the presence and relative contribution of known urea transporters to urea flux in the growing pig. Intestinal tissue samples (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon) were obtained from nine barrows (50.8 ± 0.9 kg) and analyzed for mRNA abundance of UT-B and AQP-3, -7, and -10. Immediately after tissue collection, samples from the jejunum and cecum were placed in Ussing chambers for analysis of the serosal-to-mucosal urea flux ( Jsm-urea) with no inhibition or when incubated in the presence of phloretin to inhibit UT-B-mediated transport, NiCl2 to inhibit AQP-mediated transport, or both inhibitors. UT-B expression was greatest ( P < 0.05) in the cecum, whereas AQP-3, -7, and -10 expression was greatest ( P < 0.05) in the jejunum. The Jsm-urea was greater in the cecum than the jejunum (67.8 . 42.7 ± 5.01 µmol·cm−2·h−1; P < 0.05), confirming the capacity for urea recycling in the gut in pigs; however, flux rate was not influenced ( P > 0.05) by urea transporter inhibitors. The results of this study suggest that, although known urea transporters are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, they may not play a significant functional role in transepithelial urea transport. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We characterized the location and contribution of known urea transporters to urea flux in the pig. Aquaporins are located throughout the intestinal tract, and urea transporter B is expressed only in the cecum. Urea flux occurred in both the jejunum and cecum. Transporter inhibitors had no affect on urea flux, suggesting that their contribution to urea transport in the intestinal tract is limited. Further work is required to determine which factors contribute to urea flux in swine.

scholarly journals 48 Effects of dietary isoleucine and valine supplementation to excess or low leucine diets on nitrogen balance and metabolism of branched-chained amino acids in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
Woong B Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Ile and Val supplementation may overcome detrimental effects of excess dietary Leu on N balance and metabolism of branched-chained AA (BCAA) in growing pigs. A total of 144 barrows (28.5 ± 2.5 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 18 diets. The basal diet contained 0.98% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and had SID Leu, Val, and Ile ratios to SID Lys of 100, 60, and 43%, respectively. Two levels of synthetic L-Leu (0 or 2.0%), 3 levels of synthetic L-Ile (0, 0.1, or 0.2%), and 3 levels of synthetic L-Val (0, 0.1, or 0.2%) were added to the basal diet for a total of 18 diets in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. Blood, skeletal muscle, and liver samples were collected at the conclusion of the experiment. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial using the PROC MIXED of SAS with concentrations of Leu, Val, and Ile, and all interactions as main effects and replicate as random effect. No interactions among main effects were observed, but excess Leu in diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) N retention and biological value of diets and increased (P &lt; 0.05) plasma urea N (PUN). However, PUN was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary Val increased. Concentrations of BCAA in liver were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed excess-Leu diets than in pigs fed low-Leu diets, but concentrations of BCAA in muscle were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed low-Leu diets. In conclusion, excess dietary Leu reduced N retention and biological value of diets and increased PUN in growing pigs, but Val supplementation may help overcome negative effects of excess Leu.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document