Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghislaine Cortat
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
The World ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

Abstract C. arvensis, commonly known as bindweed, is a climbing herbaceous perennial native to Eurasia. This species is present in most parts of the world where it has been accidentally introduced as a contaminant of both agricultural and horticultural seed. C. arvensis produces a long lived root system and up to 500 seeds per plant. This species can grow very rapidly where it competes with native vegetation and agricultural and horticultural crops for nutrients, moisture, light and space. As a result, neighbouring plants may become smothered leading to a decrease in biodiversity and a reduction in crop yield. Control of this species is difficult due to the longevity of seeds in the soil bank (up to 20 years) and the ability of small fragments of rhizome to produce new shoots.

Soil management.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joann Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Abstract Horticulture involves growing crops and ornamental plants in indoor and outdoor environments. Horticultural crops include food crops such as vegetables and fruits (including tree fruits, small fruits and grapes), as well as nut- and seed-bearing plants, herbs and spices. Many non-food crops are also managed by horticulturalists, including medicinal plants, tobacco, hemp, ornamental plants and flowers. Horticultural crops grow naturally in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical climates of the world, although many of these crops are sufficiently robust that they can be grown in any suitable controlled environment. In 2015, astronauts on the International Space Station grew, harvested and ate red romaine lettuce from their VEGGIE system (Vegetable Production System), which has successfully produced lettuce, Swiss chard, radishes, Chinese cabbage and peas in simulated space environments. The VEGGIE is equipped with adequate lighting, water and nutrients to grow vegetables, relying on the space station's cabin environment for temperature and pressure control, and as a source of carbon dioxide for plant growth (NASA, 2016). Most horticultural crops are planted in soil, although modern cultivation techniques include other media, such as peat-based soil, compost, and inert substrates such as rockwool. A suitable growing media must provide anchorage and stability for the plant roots, considering the diverse life histories of horticultural crops. For example, plants that complete their life cycle in one (annual) or two (biennial) growing seasons does not produce the extensive, deep root system of a woody perennial that lives for several decades. Without adequate anchorage, shrubs and trees are vulnerable to blow down in wind-storms if their roots are in loose, fluid soils or if the plant has a shallow root system on a rocky strata close to the surface. Wind rocking of a poorly-anchored seedling can lead to fine roots breakage and root system detachment from soil, causing the plant to tilt. Soil management refers to the way that soils are cultivated to support horticultural crop growth. Actively growing roots need oxygen for their metabolic function, so the soil must have a crumbly, porous structure that allows for gas exchange with the atmosphere. The porous soil structure permits oxygen diffusion to the root zone, and for carbon dioxide respired by the roots to leave the soil environment. Since plants roots are responsible for obtaining most of the water required for metabolic functions and cooling leaf surfaces, the soil must retain and supply water to the roots while avoiding waterlogging, which inhibits root functions. Soil also provides many essential plant nutrients for crop growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and micronutrients (boron, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, chloride, molybdenum and nickel). Nutrient uptake in the root system is facilitated by plant interactions with soil-dwelling microorganisms, both free-living and symbiotic, which are abundant in the root zone. Good soil management is essential to produce nutritious, high yielding food and to support the growth of non-food crops like herbaceous and woody ornamentals. Soil management specialists are responsible for maintaining the soil physical integrity, its chemical balance and soil microbial life necessary for growing horticultural crops.

Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christ Parker
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Root Parasite ◽  
Simple Economic

Abstract O. cernua is an obligatory, non-photosynthetic root parasite which is native over a wide range across northeast Africa, southern Europe and western and southern Asia. In many of these areas it is a serious pest of Solanaceaeous crops such as Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and S. melongena (aubergine) and occasionally S. tuberosum (potato). Species of Orobanche depend totally on their hosts for all nutrition and become an active sink for the host plant. This therefore results in a decrease in crop yield and as a result can have a major impact on the economy and livelihoods. Once established, the seed bank may last 10-20 years and there are no simple, economic control measures. Seeds of O. cernua are very small and inconspicuous and can be accidentally introduced into new areas as a contaminant of soil, seeds and machinery. There is potential for this species to invade many other areas of the world.

Environmentally Friendly Slow Release Nano-Chemicals in Agriculture

2019 ◽  
pp. 220-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Kothari ◽  
Khursheed Ahmad Wani
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Slow Discharge ◽  
The World ◽  
Growing Population ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Agriculture is important for people all over the world in order to obtain food to sustain the ever-growing population. However, the current practices for obtaining more and more food has several environmental challenges. Hence, new environmentally friendly fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides have been developed that enhance crop yield by facilitating maximum nutrient uptake by the application of nanotechnology that will help in promoting sustainable agriculture by the slow or controlled release fertilizers. This slow discharge encourages improved delivery of nutrients to the plants that further speeds up early germination, fast growth, and high nutritional level. The current study is aimed to review nano-chemicals used in agriculture that have been developed by the researchers all over the world.

scholarly journals Spatial Dynamics of Invasive Para Grass on a Monsoonal Floodplain, Kakadu National Park, Northern Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 2090
Author(s):  
Boyden ◽  
Wurm ◽  
Joyce ◽  
Boggs
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
National Park ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Stochastic Gradient Boosting ◽  
The World

African para grass (Urochloa mutica) is an invasive weed that has become prevalent across many important freshwater wetlands of the world. In northern Australia, including the World Heritage landscape of Kakadu National Park (KNP), its dense cover can displace ecologically, genetically and culturally significant species, such as the Australian native rice (Oryza spp.). In regions under management for biodiversity conservation para grass is often beyond eradication. However, its targeted control is also necessary to manage and preserve site-specific wetland values. This requires an understanding of para grass spread-patterns and its potential impacts on valuable native vegetation. We apply a multi-scale approach to examine the spatial dynamics and impact of para grass cover across a 181 km2 floodplain of KNP. First, we measure the overall displacement of different native vegetation communities across the floodplain from 1986 to 2006. Using high spatial resolution satellite imagery in conjunction with historical aerial-photo mapping, we then measure finer-scale, inter-annual, changes between successive dry seasons from 1990 to 2010 (for a 48 km2 focus area); Para grass presence-absence maps from satellite imagery (2002 to 2010) were produced with an object-based machine-learning approach (stochastic gradient boosting). Changes, over time, in mapped para grass areas were then related to maps of depth-habitat and inter-annual fire histories. Para grass invasion and establishment patterns varied greatly in time and space. Wild rice communities were the most frequently invaded, but the establishment and persistence of para grass fluctuated greatly between years, even within previously invaded communities. However, these different patterns were also shown to vary with different depth-habitat and recent fire history. These dynamics have not been previously documented and this understanding presents opportunities for intensive para grass management in areas of high conservation value, such as those occupied by wild rice.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Management in Annual and Perennial Systems

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy Davis ◽  
Jane Mangold ◽  
Fabian Menalled ◽  
Noelle Orloff ◽  
Zach Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Time Frames

AbstractField bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) is a persistent, perennial weed species that infests a variety of temperate habitats around the globe. To evaluate the efficacy of general management approaches and impacts on crop yield and to identify research gaps, we conducted a series of meta-analyses using published studies focusing onC. arvensismanagement in annual cropping and perennial systems. Our analysis of 48 articles (560 data points) conducted in annual systems indicated that 95% of data points measured efficacy over short time frames (within 2 yr of treatment). Furthermore, only 27% of data points reported impacts ofC. arvensismanagement on crop yield. In annual systems, herbicide control dominated the literature (~80% of data points) and was an effective management technique up to 2 yr posttreatment. Integrated management, with or without herbicides, and three nonchemical techniques were similarly effective as herbicide at reducingC. arvensisup to 2 yr posttreatment. In addition, integrated approaches, with or without herbicides, and two nonchemical techniques had positive effects on crop yield. There were few differences among herbicide mechanism of action groups onC. arvensisabundance in annual systems. There were only nine articles (28 data points) concerningC. arvensismanagement in perennial systems (e.g., pasture, rangeland, lawn), indicating more research effort has been directed toward annual systems. In perennial systems, biocontrol, herbicide, and non-herbicide integrated management techniques were equally effective at reducingC. arvensis, while competition and grazing were not effective. Overall, our results demonstrate that while chemical control ofC. arvensisis generally effective and well studied, integrated and nonchemical control practices can perform equally well. We also documented the need for improved monitoring of the efficacy of management practices over longer time frames and including effects on desired vegetation to develop sustainable weed management programs.

Sequestrate (truffle-like) fungi of Australia and New Zealand

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neale L. Bougher ◽  
Teresa Lebel
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Sequestrate Fungi ◽  
The World ◽  
Centres Of Diversity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rare And Endangered

Sequestrate fungi are a polyphyletic, diverse group of macrofungi with truffle-like, underground (hypogeous) or emergent fruit bodies, which are well represented in Australia and New Zealand. The first species in the region were described in 1844, but sequestrate fungi have been poorly documented until recent times. Regional diversity of sequestrate fungi is high in comparison to other parts of the world: for ascomycetes and basidiomycetes 83 genera and 294 species are currently known in Australia and 32 genera and 58 species in New Zealand. Only an estimated 12–23% of species are known for Australia and 25–30% for New Zealand. On that basis, between 1278–2450 species may occur in Australia and 193–232 in New Zealand. Centres of diversity for some groups of sequestrate fungi occur in the region, e.g. Russulaceae (five known genera, 68 species) and Cortinariaceae (eight genera, 33 species). Some other groups are less diverse than in the northern hemisphere, e.g. sequestrate Boletaceae (seven genera, 25 species). More than 35% of Australian sequestrate genera and 95% of species are endemic; for New Zealand about 45% of sequestrate genera and 80% of species are endemic. Australia and New Zealand share similarities in sequestrate fungi at generic level (11% of total) but do not share many of the same species (4% of total). Knowledge of biogeographical distributions is limited by incomplete taxonomic knowledge and insufficient collections. Some Gondwanan, Australasian and widespread/cosmopolitan patterns are evident. Some exotic sequestrate fungi have been recently introduced and some fungi indigenous to the region occur world-wide as exotics with eucalypt plantings. Within Australia and New Zealand, there is evidence that characteristic suites of fungi co-occur in different climatic and vegetation types. Mycorrhizas of Australian and New Zealand taxa have a range of morphological and physiological attributes relating to their effect on plants and broader roles in ecosystem nutrient cycling and health. Spores of sequestrate fungi are dispersed by a range of fauna. There are tripartite inter-dependent interactions between mycorrhizal plants, sequestrate fungi and native mammals and birds that use the fungi as food. Major environmental influences affecting the distribution, diversity and abundance of sequestrate fungi include climate, topography, soil, vegetation and animals. Imposed upon such influences are a range of natural and human-induced disturbance factors which alter habitat heterogeneity, e.g. fire, fragmentation and replacement of native vegetation and exotic organisms. Rare and endangered sequestrate fungi are likely to occur in Australia and New Zealand, but for most taxa there is insufficient data to determine rarity or commonality. In the face of poor knowledge, assemblage-based and habitat-based approaches are the most appropriate for conservation and management of sequestrate fungi. Habitat heterogeneity may be important for the fungi at scales ranging from different climatic and vegetation types to local topographic-related variations.

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Anthracnose Caused by Phomopsis convolvuli on Field Bindweed in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kuleci ◽  
B. Tunali ◽  
D. K. Berner ◽  
C. A. Cavin ◽  
L. A. Castlebury
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Voucher Specimen ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
First Report ◽  
5.8S Rdna ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
The World

Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.; Convolvulaceae) is a troublesome perennial weed found among many important crops in the world (1). In May of 2007, dying field bindweed plants were found along the edge of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field between Bafra and Taflan, Turkey (41°34.395′N, 35°52.215′E). Lesions on leaves were irregular and variable in size and dark black with green margins. Severely diseased leaves were wilted or dead. Fruiting bodies were not evident on field-collected material. Diseased tissue was surface disinfested and placed on moist filter paper in petri plates. Numerous pycnidia with alpha conidia were observed after 2 weeks. A fungus, designated 24-6, was isolated from the diseased leaves. Cultures on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were floccose with white mycelia and small black stromata. Alpha conidia from pycnidia on inoculated plants were biguttulate, one celled, hyaline, oblong to ellipsoid, and 7.0 to 12.8 × 3.0 to 5.5 μm (mean 10.0 × 3.9 μm). Neither beta conidia nor the teleomorph, Diaporthe sp., were observed on diseased tissue or in cultures. Morphology was consistent with that of Phomopsis convolvuli Ormeno-Nunez, Reeleder & A.K. Watson (2). Alpha conidia were harvested from 12-day-old cultures grown on PDA by brushing the surface of the colonies with a small paint brush, suspending the conidia in sterile distilled water, and filtering through cheesecloth. The conidia were then resuspended in sterile distilled water plus 0.1% polysorbate 20 to arrive at a concentration of 107 conidia/ml. Stems and leaves of seven plants at the 3- to 5-leaf stage were spray inoculated with 10 ml per plant of this aqueous suspension. Inoculated plants and two noninoculated plants were placed in a dew chamber at 24°C in darkness and continuous dew. After 48 h, plants from the dew chamber were moved to a greenhouse bench. Disease severity was evaluated 1 week after inoculation with a rating system based on a scale from 0 to 4, in which 0 = no symptoms, 1 = 1 to 25% necrosis, 2 = 26 to 50% necrosis, 3 = 51 to 75% necrosis, and 4 = 76 to 100% necrosis (2). The average disease rating on inoculated plants was 3.75. No disease was observed on noninoculated plants. P. convolvuli was reisolated from all inoculated plants. Comparison of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 sequences with available sequences of a vouchered P. convolvuli specimen (GenBank Nos. U11363, U11417; BPI 748009, FAU649) showed 192 of 193 and 176 of 179 identities, respectively, for the two regions. Nucleotide sequences for the ribosomal ITS regions (ITS 1 and 2, including 5.8S rDNA) were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. FJ710810), and a voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 878927). To our knowledge, this is the second report in the world of leaf anthracnose on field bindweed caused by P. convolvuli. The first report was from Canada (3) of an isolate that was later patented for biological control of C. arvensis (4). References: (1) L. Holm et al. The World's Worst Weeds. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1977. (2) J. Ormeno-Nunez, et al. Can. J. Bot. 66:2228, 1988. (3) J. Ormeno-Nunez et al. Plant Dis. 72:338, 1988. (4) A. K. Watson et al. U.S. Patent 5,212,086, 1993.

scholarly journals Potensi dan Pemanfaatan Lahan Gambut Dangkal untuk Pertanian

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Masganti Masganti ◽  
Khairil Anwar ◽  
Maulia Aries Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
The World

<p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Lahan gambut terbentuk karena adanya penambahan bahan organik segar yang lebih cepat daripada perombakannya, sehingga terjadi timbunan organik dari waktu ke waktu. Gambut Indonesia sangat potensial dimanfaatkan untuk penyediaan bahan pangan. Pemanfaatan lahan gambut yang lebih masif untuk memasok bahan pangan dipicu oleh (1) laju alih fungsi lahan pertanian, (2) pertambahan jumlah penduduk, dan (3) keinginan menjadikan Indonesia sebagai lumbung pangan dunia dunia. Tanah gambut dalam sistem klasifikasi tanah USDA termasuk dalam ordo Histosol. Tanah gambut juga dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan tingkat dekomposisi, kesuburan, fisiografi, proses pembentukan, bahan penyusun dan ketebalan gambut. Berdasarkan ketebalan gambut, tanah gambut dengan ketebalan 50-100 cm dikategorikan sebagai gambut dangkal/tipis. Karakteristik dan potensi lahan gambut antaralain ditentukan oleh sifat kimia, fisika dan biologi. Semakin tebal gambut, semakin rendah potensinya untuk budidaya tanaman pangan dan hortikultura. Potensi lahan gambut dangkal/tipis di Indonesia diperkirakan sekitar 5.241.473 ha atau 35,17% dari total luas lahan gambut Indonesia, tersebar di Pulau Papua (2.425.523 ha), Pulau Sumatera (1.767.303 ha), dan Pulau Kalimantan (1.048.611 ha). Lahan tersebut baru sebagian kecil dimanfaatkan petani untuk budidaya tanaman pangan, dan hortikultura dengan produktivitas yang tergolong rendah. Kebakaran lahan gambut dan faktor lainnya menyebabkan terjadinya dinamika luas lahan gambut tipis. Potensi gambut tipis dapat dimanfaatkan untuk budidaya tanaman pangan seperti padi, jagung, dan kedelai, tanaman hortikultura buah-buahan seperti nenas, pisang, pepaya, melon, dan tanaman hortikultura sayuran berupa tomat, pare, mentimun, cabai, kangkung, dan bayam. Kontribusi lahan gambut tipis terhadap produksi tanaman pangan dan hortikultura diperkirakan 50-60% dari total produksi lahan gambut.</p><p><em><strong>Abstract.</strong> Peatlands are formed by continuous addition of fresh organic materials faster than its decomposition, resulted in accumulation of undecomposed organic material from time to time. Indonesia's peatlands are highly potential to be cultivated to produce a variety of foods. The more massive use of peatlands to supply food is triggered by (1) the rate of conversion of agricultural land, (2) population growth, and (3) the desire to feed the world. In the USDA Classification System, peat soils belong to the order of Histosol. Peat soils may also be classified by decomposition rate, fertility, physiography, formation process, constituents and thickness of peat. Based on peat thickness, peat soil with thickness &gt; 50-100 cm is categorized as shallow/thin peat. The characteristics and potentials of peatlands among other areas are determined by chemical, physical and biological characteristics. The thicker the peat, the lower the potential for cultivation of food crops and horticulture. Differences in classification results in differences in peat characteristics such as chemical, physical and biological properties. The potential of shallow peatlands in Indonesia is estimated at 5,241,473 ha or about 35.17% of Indonesia's total peatland area, spread over Papua (2,425,523 ha), Sumatra (1,767,303 ha) and Kalimantan (1,048.611 ha). Only a small proportion of shallow peatlands are used by farmers for cultivation of food crops and horticulture, but the productivity is low. Peatland fires and other factors have led to dynamics of widespread of shallow peatland. Shallow peatlands can be utilized for cultivation of food crops such as rice, corn, and soybeans, horticultural crops such as pineapple, banana, papaya, melon, and vegetable horticultural crops such as tomatoes, pare, cucumber, chilli, kale, and spinach. The contribution of shallow peatlands to the production of food crops and horticulture is estimated to be 50-60% of the total peatland production.</em></p>

scholarly journals Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Root System ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Parking Lots ◽  
Lagerstroemia Speciosa ◽  
Bright Pink

Abstract L. speciosa is a tree species widely commercial for ornamental purposes and as roadside trees. This species is very appreciated in the horticulture market for its large, showy, bright pink to lavender flowers (Gilman and Watson, 1993; Randall, 2012, USDA-ARS, 2017). It is often planted in gardens, yards and parks, around parking lots, and along highways (Gilman and Watson, 1993 Orwa et al., 2009). L. speciosa has escaped from cultivation and now it can be found naturalized in waste places, disturbed sites, open grasslands, and along roadsides in a great variety of climates (Orwa et al., 2009). It has a wide spreading crown and a dense root system with the potential to alter soil conditions and inhibit the establishment of native vegetation in the understory. Currently it is listed as invasive in Belize, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Balick et al., 2000; Chacón and Saborío, 2012; Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo-Rodríguez, 2015).

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