The role of individuals in the history of a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques: Some thoughts on the relevance for human behavioural research

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Itoigawa
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Order Change ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Free Ranging

Taking the stance that the study of nonhuman primates can be useful in understanding the mechanism of long-term changes in social organisation, this short paper seeks to shed light on the role the individual might play in changes in future human society. This is done by examining the causes of social order change in a group of free-ranging macaque monkeys. The paper suggests that it may be useful to examine the role of genetically transmitted characteristics in human “success” stories, particularly concerning adaptability in times of change, and that the examination of individual life-history data across generations, will be essential for clarifying the mechanism of changes in human social organisation.

scholarly journals Sustainable Geometric and Bio-Cultural/Cultural Models of Human Society: The Role of Non-Capitalist Cooperation in Times of Civilizational/Environmental Crisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
M. S. Sthel ◽  
J. G. R. Tostes ◽  
J. R. Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Equilateral Triangles ◽  
Footprint Area ◽  
The Individual

The Sustainable Complex Triangular Cells (SCTC) and bio-cultural/cultural models of human society are employed here. Regarding SCTC model, the cell areas represent the individual´s carbon footprint. Scalene triangles represent each individual in the present competitive standard (inward arrows). Equilateral triangles (outward arrows) are “summed” so as forming cooperative-hexagonal bodies leading to a collaborative model of society, reducing the total carbon footprint area as regard the formal analogous sum of each individual (inward) non-cooperative triangle. We particularly have focused on environmental global limits of the capitalist system, with SCTC modeling an accelerated global anti-ecological “scalenization” process from the 29 crisis to the present neoliberal stage of capitalism. Employing again the SCTC model, we describe and exemplify instable and short lifetime “islands” built up through evanescent local process of “cooperative equilateralization” (outward arrows) in the last 40 years. Such non-capitalist features were “mixed in” with competitive “scalenized” features of the capitalist “ocean”. In the final topic, we will consider bio-cultural (Nowak and Wilson) models of the human history and a cultural (Weber-Alberoni) model for great inflexions in the western history. All these models intersect via human cooperation. Particularly, that last model is complementary to the above small and instable “islands” sketch: but now we deal with western religious and secular, non- capitalist, purely cooperative experiences, which correspond to the above labeled SCTC “cooperative equilateralization”. Such weber-alberonian “islands” may be – some few times - sufficiently stable for rapid and great expansions leading, e.g., to a “civilizational/environmental jump” in the presently menaced planet.

scholarly journals The Centrality of Women in Moral Teaching in Yoruba Family System

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yetunde A. Aluko ◽  
Oluwasegun D. Onobanjo ◽  
Nurudeen Alliyu
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Family System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Better Than

Social order and peaceful co-existence are some of the primary goals in every human society. Central to maintenance of law and order in traditional Yoruba societies is the family. Culturally among the Yoruba people, women are socialized differently from men. This paper, rather than focus on the oppression of women in Yoruba cultural setting, examines the series of significant contributions of women to the maintenance of social order and ethical well-being of families. The feminine gender is not always synonymous with oppression and domination rather family well-being is mediated by the principle of complementarily between males and females. As a result, women have privileged relationship with their children better than men. Women are the pedagogues to lead their children, and this requires them to live a life worthy of emulation. The paper avers that the argument is not that men are totally left out of the moral upbringing of their children; most times they provide supportive roles. But the fact that women spend more time with the children calls for examination of their roles in the moral standing of children in Yoruba family system. Given the central role of women in the home and society, social order can be attained where women are committed to the moral upbringing of their children, rather than being marginalized in any aspect of the society.

Individuality and Achievement in South Indian Social History

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattison Mines
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Importance

One of the unresolved issues of Indian anthorpology is how to characterize and weigh the social importance of individuality and achievement in Indian social history. Of course, the individual as ‘empirical agent’ exists in India as everywhere (Dumont 1970a:9), yet because Hindu culture stresses collective identities over those of the individual, individual achievement, which is a measure of individuality, has been overlooked and sometimes outrightly rejected as a cause of history and social order (Dumont 1970a:107; 1970b; cf. Silverberg 1968). In consequence, the motivations underlying achievement that might explain historic action have also been ignored. This undervaluing of individuality and achievement has given rise to a long debate among South Asianists about the role of the individual in Indian society (e.g., Marriott 1968, 1969; Tambiah 1972:835; Beteille 1986, 1987), a debate that raises questions in wider arenas about the nature of society and culture in relation to individuals (e.g. Brown 1988; Mines 1988).

scholarly journals Variation in intergroup encounters among two provisioned free-ranging populations of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Kunio Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Japanese Macaque ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Intergroup Relationships ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Intergroup Encounters ◽  
Free Ranging

Abstract Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups of Shodoshima monkeys spent 32.8% of their active time in proximity to (<100 m) and even foraged simultaneously at the same provisioning site with another group. The average duration and rate of intergroup encounters at Shodoshima (59.8 min, 0.33 times/hour, n=269) were approximately ten times longer and 16.5 times more frequent than those at Jigokudani (6.1 min, 0.02 times/hour, n=14). Since both populations have similar provisioning and ecological conditions, such variation cannot be explained by the socioecology model alone. Compared with other populations of Japanese macaques, intergroup relations of Shodoshima monkeys are also characterized by more frequent neutral encounters, less frequent agonistic encounters, more frequent unsuccessful displacement, a lower intensity of aggression, and more frequent counter-aggression between groups. These characteristics suggest that intergroup relationships on Shodoshima Island are more tolerant than those in other Japanese macaque populations. This study reveals considerable differences in intergroup encounters within local populations of Japanese macaques living in similar environments, and emphasizes the role of social factors in such intra-specific variation.

Development of sexual and socio-sexual behaviours in free-ranging juvenile male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 1225-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noëlle Gunst ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Leca ◽  
Paul L. Vasey
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Juvenile Males ◽  
Free Ranging

The emergence of conceptive and non-conceptive sexual behaviours in mature individuals can be traced back to immature socio-sexual behavioural patterns. We tested the ‘needing-to-learn hypothesis’ in the development of sexual behaviours in the immature male Japanese macaques of Arashiyama, Japan. This hypothesis holds that juvenility serves to provide young individuals with a period in which to practice adult male-like sexual and socio-sexual behaviours and partner choice. Our cross-sectional focal data on mounting behaviour and partner choice in juvenile males (1–3 years) supported most of our predictions: (1) as they became older and learnt more effective patterns of sexual solicitations, juvenile males performed more demonstrative solicitations and less non-demonstrative solicitations, (2) the frequency of mounts performed by juvenile males increased with age and converged on a frequency of mounts typical of adult males, (3) the frequency of mounts reflecting underachievement (i.e., improperly oriented mounts and single/no foot-clasp mounts) decreased as juvenile males became older, (4) the double foot-clasp mounting posture became gradually more common in juvenile males over time, while other mounting postures became less common and (5) from two to three years old, the frequency of males’ sexual mounts directed to adult females increased. Such timelines of gradual increase in the frequency of effective adult-like behavioural patterns and gradual decrease in the frequency of less effective immature behavioural patterns are consistent with the ‘needing-to-learn hypothesis’ emphasizing the role of age and practice in the progressive acquisition of adult-like sexual behaviour, mounting skills, and partner age choice during male juvenility.

scholarly journals The Role of King Khalid University in Developing Women Leaders: دور جامعة الملك خالد في تنمية القيادات النسائية

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mohammd Mubarky
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

Women are one of the most important contributors to development. In all international and local organizations,  in addition to civil society institutions,  womanly part of the human society has taken an active role in the development process. The field of education is the primary field of interaction with society. It plays an outstanding role in developing feminine personal. This stands on a sound and solid basis,  guiding,  hereto,  a bursting capacity through continuous training and practice. Such a practice is analyzed in this paper to prove its efficiency in the case of KKU feminine personal. The research problem is formulated to praise high the role played by King Khalid University in the advancement of the woman leadership in the university. It is formulated to answer one main question: How does a university academic activity in KKU contribute in building female leadership capacity in the case of female teaching staff? The research aims to employ the development of the female lead in the university and then to highlight the role of the university in developing. An investigative approach,  through both descriptive and statistical analysis,  is used to achieve the research objectives. The research is based on the individual interviews of a sample of the feminine leaders at the university. A questionnaire,  based on random sampling,  was distributed among female leaders in King Khalid University Staff members.

scholarly journals The Social Interaction Behavior in School Education—An Interpretation of Giddens’ The Constitution of Society

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Qingyuan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
School Education ◽  
Communication Behavior ◽  
Social Construction Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interpretive Sociology ◽  
The Individual

Since 1960s, with the rise of phenomenology and hermeneutics, structural sociology has been impacted to some extent. In Giddens’ opinion, the structural sociology represented by Parsons greatly belittles the influence of individual's subjective initiative and cognitive ability on the society, and overemphasizes the dominant role of the society on the individual. However, interpretive sociology regards the material world such as society as the object world which is opposite to human existence and suspends the restriction of structure on individuals. According to Giddens, the problem of social theory is actually the problem of social order, that is, to explain how people transcend time and space and transcend the limitation of individual presence by means of social relations. Based on Giddens' social construction theory, this paper tries to explain the influence of communication behavior in school education on individual socialization of students.

scholarly journals Role of Islamic system of education in moral behavior and spiritual identity of Muslims.

rahatulquloob ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Dr. Aasia Rashid ◽  
Dr. Farhat Nisar
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Spiritual Identity ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Religious Ideology ◽  
Spiritual Training ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

Humans have always had the curiosity to know themselves, to know the world around them, and to know their place in the world. Morality, spirituality and religion are closely intertwined, ‘certain moral ideas became united with certain religious and spiritual ideas to such an extent as to become indistinct from them’. The role of religion in educational institutions is one of the most sensitive and volatile topics on the political and legal landscape now a days especially in country like Pakistan which has been created on religious ideology. The Islamic Way of Life is based on this unique approach to life and a peculiar concept of man's place in the Universe. Islam has provided mankind with the highest possible standard of morality. This moral code, which is both straightforward and practical, provides the individual with innumerable ways to embark upon and then continues the path of moral evolution. By making divine revelation the primary source of knowledge, moral standards are made permanent and stable. The first part of the paper is about the relationship between education and its role as spiritual and moral tool of training. Second part deals with the concept of education in Islam and third part will present types of knowledge in Islam and their application as moral and spiritual tool of education. Last part will give moral and spiritual training methodology in Islamic education. The relationships between ‘moral’, ‘spiritual’ and ‘religious’ seem to be akin to the relationships between the cluster ‘social’, ‘human’ and ‘political’. In each of these clusters, only beings of the kind appropriately described by the middle term can engage in activities which could be properly described by the first and third terms. Islam as religion of spirituality and morality gives a frame work to educate and train the students in modeling their life as more moral and spiritual with practical application in this life and success in the hereafter. The chief characteristic of the Islamic Concept of Life is that it does not admit a conflict, nay, not even a significant separation between life-spiritual and life-mundane. It does not confine itself merely in purifying the spiritual and the moral life of man in the limited sense of the word. Its domain extends to the entire gamut of life. It wants to would individual life as well as the social order in healthy patterns, so that the Kingdom of God may really be established on the earth and so that peace contentment and well-being may fill the world as water f ills the oceans.  

School Success and School Engagement of Immigrant Children and Adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frosso Motti-Stefanidi ◽  
Ann S. Masten
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
School Success ◽  
Immigrant Children ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
The Individual

Academic achievement in immigrant children and adolescents is an indicator of current and future adaptive success. Since the future of immigrant youths is inextricably linked to that of the receiving society, the success of their trajectory through school becomes a high stakes issue both for the individual and society. The present article focuses on school success in immigrant children and adolescents, and the role of school engagement in accounting for individual and group differences in academic achievement from the perspective of a multilevel integrative model of immigrant youths’ adaptation ( Motti-Stefanidi, Berry, Chryssochoou, Sam, & Phinney, 2012 ). Drawing on this conceptual framework, school success is examined in developmental and acculturative context, taking into account multiple levels of analysis. Findings suggest that for both immigrant and nonimmigrant youths the relationship between school engagement and school success is bidirectional, each influencing over time the other. Evidence regarding potential moderating and mediating roles of school engagement for the academic success of immigrant youths also is evaluated.

Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Elizar’ev ◽  
D. V. Lomaev ◽  
D. A. Chetverina ◽  
P. G. Georgiev ◽  
M. M. Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transcription Terminator ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Polycomb Response Elements ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Main Factor

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.

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