Conceptual design report of the MPD Cosmic Ray Detector (MCORD)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. P11035
Author(s):  
M. Bielewicz ◽  
A. Bancer ◽  
M. Barabanov ◽  
A. Chlopik ◽  
M. Czarnynoga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
City Region ◽  
Detector Performance

Abstract This report presents a concept of constructing a detector dedicated for detection of muons observed during measurements carried out at the MPD (Multi-Purpose Detector) detector that is currently under construction at the NICA facility, Russia, Dubna. It has been proposed to design and build an additional detector that will complement the current MPD set and increase its measurement capabilities. The main goal of this project is to provide information from cosmic muons that pass the MPD detector in both in-beam and off-beam experiments. Hence, the detector is called the MPD COsmic Ray Detector (MCORD).The conceptual design of MCORD is proposed by a Polish consortium NICA-PL comprising several Polish scientific institutions. The data from cosmic ray muons could be used as a trigger for calibration of other detection systems comprising the MPD detector. Large surface covered by the MCORD offers also possibility for efficient registration of muons generated in expanding atmospheric showers induced by distant sources. Moreover, beyond some energy threshold, observation of muons originating from decays of collision products will also be possible. In this report examples of the MCORD functionality as a part of the MPD detector are presented. The MCORD is designed as a universal, fast triggering system built as a modular reconfigurable construction. The detection system will be based on plastic scintillators equipped with wavelength shifting fibers, and silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) will be used for scintillation readout. The online analysis of received signals will be performed using digital FPGA modules. Due to the modular design, the same system (its small part) can be used for both laboratory testing of other MPD sub-detectors, and the calibration of these detectors after placing them inside the MPD in off-beam mode. The full detector will support these systems as an additional trigger, calibrator, and muon identifier during the normal operation of the MPD detector with the beam. Thanks to its unique construction, it will expand the possibilities of collecting scientific data of the MPD detector with astrophysical observations. The publication will show the assumptions of the mechanical structure and electronic systems of the planned detector. The installation site of the detector as part of the MPD detector will be described in detail. In the following, the results of simulations made in preparation for this project will be presented. In particular, simulations with the CORSIKA code present angular distributions of particles in cosmic showers in the Dubna city region. Since muons dominate the cosmic ray showers, the MPD detector response to expected cosmic muon flux was also simulated. The results provide information about the muon cut-off thresholds depending on the MPD detector composition during the installation campaign. Simulations of muon events that could be used for MPD subsystems calibration were also performed. The results shown for various configuration of MCORD detector modules will enable the estimation of the time necessary to perform such tests in the future. Simulations with UrQMD model shows the muon abundances due to beam-beam collisions. Approximately 90% of muons are created from pions, whereas the number of muons that reach the MCORD detector is 10 times greater than the number of pions. The MPD detector response was also simulated under the influence of a stream of various particles, especially muons. It shows energy dependence of muon transmission coefficient for MPD with and without ECal assembled. Assuming requirement for muon transmission above 95%, the muon cut-off thresholds are 1.6 GeV and 2.0 GeV, respectively. MCORD detector performance evaluation is also reported. In the case when we used scintillators with one fiber with a diameter of 1 mm, the time resolution of about 1.0 ns was recorded, which corresponds to the positional accuracy (σx) of 7.1 cm. The results of laboratory tests show that application of a 2 mm diameter WLS fiber instead of the previously used 1 mm diameter fiber improves the time resolution to 0.80 ns.

scholarly journals Final results of the LOPES radio interferometer for cosmic-ray air showers

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Apel ◽  
◽  
J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez ◽  
L. Bähren ◽  
K. Bekk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Detector Performance ◽  
Digital Radio ◽  
Radio Detection ◽  
Shower Maximum ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLOPES, the LOFAR prototype station, was an antenna array for cosmic-ray air showers operating from 2003 to 2013 within the KASCADE-Grande experiment. Meanwhile, the analysis is finished and the data of air-shower events measured by LOPES are available with open access in the KASCADE Cosmic Ray Data Center (KCDC). This article intends to provide a summary of the achievements, results, and lessons learned from LOPES. By digital, interferometric beamforming the detection of air showers became possible in the radio-loud environment of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). As a prototype experiment, LOPES tested several antenna types, array configurations and calibration techniques, and pioneered analysis methods for the reconstruction of the most important shower parameters, i.e., the arrival direction, the energy, and mass-dependent observables such as the position of the shower maximum. In addition to a review and update of previously published results, we also present new results based on end-to-end simulations including all known instrumental properties. For this, we applied the detector response to radio signals simulated with the CoREAS extension of CORSIKA, and analyzed them in the same way as measured data. Thus, we were able to study the detector performance more accurately than before, including some previously inaccessible features such as the impact of noise on the interferometric cross-correlation beam. These results led to several improvements, which are documented in this paper and can provide useful input for the design of future cosmic-ray experiments based on the digital radio-detection technique.

Detector response and calibration of the cosmic-ray detector of the Sileye-3/Alteino experiment

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1691-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Casolino ◽  
V. Bidoli ◽  
M. Minori ◽  
L. Narici ◽  
M.P. De Pascale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Detector Response

scholarly journals Misbehavior-Aware On-Demand Collaborative Intrusion Detection System Using Distributed Ensemble Learning for VANET

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuad A. Ghaleb ◽  
Faisal Saeed ◽  
Mohammad Al-Sarem ◽  
Bander Ali Saleh Al-rimy ◽  
Wadii Boulila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Ensemble Learning ◽  
Intrusion Detection System ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Collaborative Intrusion Detection

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) play an important role as enabling technology for future cooperative intelligent transportation systems (CITSs). Vehicles in VANETs share real-time information about their movement state, traffic situation, and road conditions. However, VANETs are susceptible to the cyberattacks that create life threatening situations and/or cause road congestion. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) that rely on the cooperation between vehicles to detect intruders, were the most suggested security solutions for VANET. Unfortunately, existing cooperative IDSs (CIDSs) are vulnerable to the legitimate yet compromised collaborators that share misleading and manipulated information and disrupt the IDSs’ normal operation. As such, this paper proposes a misbehavior-aware on-demand collaborative intrusion detection system (MA-CIDS) based on the concept of distributed ensemble learning. That is, vehicles individually use the random forest algorithm to train local IDS classifiers and share their locally trained classifiers on-demand with the vehicles in their vicinity, which reduces the communication overhead. Once received, the performance of the classifiers is evaluated using the local testing dataset in the receiving vehicle. The evaluation values are used as a trustworthiness factor and used to rank the received classifiers. The classifiers that deviate much from the box-and-whisker plot lower boundary are excluded from the set of the collaborators. Then, each vehicle constructs an ensemble of weighted random forest-based classifiers that encompasses the locally and remotely trained classifiers. The outputs of the classifiers are aggregated using a robust weighted voting scheme. Extensive simulations were conducted utilizing the network security laboratory-knowledge discovery data mining (NSL-KDD) dataset to evaluate the performance of the proposed MA-CIDS model. The obtained results show that MA-CIDS performs better than the other existing models in terms of effectiveness and efficiency for VANET.

scholarly journals The LUCID Detector for LHC Run-2

Universe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Carla Sbarra ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Detector Performance ◽  
Center Of Mass Energy ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Early Signal

LUCID (LUminosity Cerenkov Integrating Detector) is the main luminosity monitor of the ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and in particular is the only one capable of providing bunch-by-bunch luminosity information, both online and offline, for all beam conditions and luminosity ranges. LUCID-2 refers to the detector upgrade designed to cope with the running conditions to be met in Run-2 (2015–2018): a center of mass energy of 13 TeV, with 50 pp interactions per bunch-crossing on average and a 25 ns bunch-spacing. This report summarizes all changes with respect to the detector deployed in Run-1 (2010–2012), including smaller sensors for higher granularity, new readout electronics for early signal digitization, and a completely new calibration concept guaranteeing long-term stability of the detector response. In addition, the overall detector performance in Run-2 and preliminary results on luminosity measurements are presented.

scholarly journals A coincidence detection system based on real-time software

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindulfo Ayuso ◽  
Juan José Blanco ◽  
José Medina ◽  
Raúl Gómez-Herrero ◽  
Oscar García-Población ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Coincidence Detection ◽  
Pulse Delay ◽  
Development Platform ◽  
Electronic Circuitry ◽  
Coincidence System ◽  
Cost Development

Abstract. Conventional real-time coincidence systems use electronic circuitry to detect coincident pulses (hardware coincidence). In this work, a new concept of coincidence system based on real-time software (software coincidence) is presented. This system is based on the recurrent supervision of the analogue-to-digital converters status, which is described in detail. A prototype has been designed and built using a low-cost development platform. It has been applied to two different experimental sets for cosmic ray muon detection. Experimental muon measurements recorded simultaneously using conventional hardware coincidence and our software coincidence system have been compared, yielding identical results. These measurements have also been validated using simultaneous neutron monitor observations. This new software coincidence system provides remarkable advantages such as higher simplicity of interconnection and adjusting. Thus, our system replaces, at least, three Nuclear Instrument Modules (NIMs) required by conventional coincidence systems, reducing its cost by a factor of 40 and eliminating pulse delay adjustments.

scholarly journals The Pierre Auger Observatory: Review of Latest Results and Perspectives

Universe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Góra ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Pierre Auger Observatory ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
Arrival Directions

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the world’s largest operating detection system for the observation of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), with energies above 10 17 eV. The detector allows detailed measurements of the energy spectrum, mass composition and arrival directions of primary cosmic rays in the energy range above 10 17 eV. The data collected at the Auger Observatory over the last decade show the suppression of the cosmic ray flux at energies above 4 × 10 19 eV. However, it is still unclear if this suppression is caused by the energy limitation of their sources or by the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) cut-off. In such a case, UHECRs would interact with the microwave background (CMB), so that particles traveling long intergalactic distances could not have energies greater than 5 × 10 19 eV. The other puzzle is the origin of UHECRs. Some clues can be drawn from studying the distribution of their arrival directions. The recently observed dipole anisotropy has an orientation that indicates an extragalactic origin of UHECRs. The Auger surface detector array is also sensitive to showers due to ultra high energy neutrinos of all flavors and photons, and recent neutrino and photon limits provided by the Auger Observatory can constrain models of the cosmogenic neutrino production and exotic scenarios of the UHECRs origin, such as the decays of super heavy, non-standard-model particles. In this paper, the recent results on measurements of the energy spectrum, mass composition and arrival directions of cosmic rays, as well as future prospects are presented.

scholarly journals MALGRA: Machine Learning and N-Gram Malware Feature Extraction and Detection System

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1777
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Stavros Shiaeles ◽  
Gueltoum Bendiab ◽  
Bogdan Ghita
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Malware Detection ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
N Gram

Detection and mitigation of modern malware are critical for the normal operation of an organisation. Traditional defence mechanisms are becoming increasingly ineffective due to the techniques used by attackers such as code obfuscation, metamorphism, and polymorphism, which strengthen the resilience of malware. In this context, the development of adaptive, more effective malware detection methods has been identified as an urgent requirement for protecting the IT infrastructure against such threats, and for ensuring security. In this paper, we investigate an alternative method for malware detection that is based on N-grams and machine learning. We use a dynamic analysis technique to extract an Indicator of Compromise (IOC) for malicious files, which are represented using N-grams. The paper also proposes TF-IDF as a novel alternative used to identify the most significant N-grams features for training a machine learning algorithm. Finally, the paper evaluates the proposed technique using various supervised machine-learning algorithms. The results show that Logistic Regression, with a score of 98.4%, provides the best classification accuracy when compared to the other classifiers used.

High-energy galactic cosmic-ray composition measured in Gemini XI

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S569-S571 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. O'Dell ◽  
M. M. Shapiro ◽  
R. Silberberg ◽  
B. Stiller ◽  
C. H. Tsao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolution ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Nuclear Emulsion Detector ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Ray

An oriented nuclear-emulsion detector capable of time resolution was exposed in Gemini Flight XI to investigate the primary cosmic-ray nuclei above the earth's atmosphere. This was the first satellite exposure of an emulsion apparatus designed to collect 103 high-quality tracks of heavy nuclei under a negligible thickness of matter (0.07 g/cm2). Time resolution was obtained by moving a lower stack, consisting of emulsions of various sensitivities, with respect to a shallower, sensitive upper stack at the rate of 25 microns/minute. It was thus possible to separate the "useful" tracks–formed during the oriented portion of the flight–from those formed at other times. Preliminary data are presented on the relative abundances of individual chemical elements in the high-energy cosmic radiation above the earth's atmosphere. These measurements are compared to published results obtained on balloon flights at similar latitudes. When sufficient data become available in a later phase of this experiment, particular attention will be directed towards the Be and B abundances, the N and F content relative to C and O, and the relative number of iron-group nuclei compared to the lighter ones.

scholarly journals Research on Online Insulation Testing of Power Battery of New Energy Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 001-005
Author(s):  
Yuan Xu ◽  
Huazhang Wang ◽  
Jiacheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Python Language ◽  
Power Battery ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Injection Type ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
Insulation Performance ◽  
New Energy Vehicles

The insulation performance of new energy vehicles is an important factor in the normal operation of vehicles. This paper designs a voltage injection-type insulation detection based on the traditional detection.Based on the python language combined with the library provided by NI-visa, it can achieve high integration and meet the national GB/T 18384.1-2015 standard. Experimental results show that the insulation detection system can accurately test the insulation performance of new energy vehicles and meet the new energy vehicle offline detection standards.

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