Improving crude protein and crude fat content of Seligi leaf (Phyllanthus buxifolius) flour through probiotic fermentation

Исследования влияния системного применения гербицидов при ресурсосберегающей обработке почвы на качественные показатели зерна кукурузы проведены на землях ОАО «Агросоюз» Рузаевского района Республики Мордовия в 2014–2016 годах. Установлено, что обработка посевов гербицидом «Дублон» (1,2 л/га) и баковой смесью «Дублон Голд» (0,07 кг/га) + «Балерина» (0,25 л/га) способствовала повышению содержания сырого протеина в зерне до 93,67 и 94,97 г/кг соответственно. Анализ содержания жира в зерне кукурузы выявил, что наибольшим оно было в контрольном варианте. Внесение препаратов «Дублон», «Дублон Супер», «Дублон Голд» и их сочетаний с «Балериной» статистически достоверно снижало концентрацию жира. Используемые пестициды достоверного влияния на увеличение содержания крахмала в зерне кукурузы не оказывали. Содержание клетчатки снижалось: при использовании препаратов «Дублон Супер», «Дублон Голд» и «Дублон» + «Балерина» её уровень был ниже контроля на 5–10%. В результате увеличения урожайности зерна кукурузы за счёт высокой эффективности гербицидов во всех вариантах опыта возрастал сбор протеина с 0,51 до 0,75 т/га. В исследованиях также установлено, что в вариантах с применением баковых смесей гербицидов «Дублон + «Балерина» и «Дублон Голд» + «Балерина» по сравнению с контролем валовой сбор крахмала, сахара, сырого жира был наивысшим. Между содержанием в зерне кукурузы сырого протеина, клетчатки, сырого жира, сахара и крахмала наблюдалась достоверная слабая положительная зависимость. Гербициды группы «Дублон» повышали концентрацию сахара до 32,6–33,3 г/кг. В результате повышенного содержания жира в зерне кукурузы уровень валовой энергии был наивысшим в контрольном варианте — 19,37 МДж/кг. При внесении гербицидов она снижалась вследствие повышения доли белка в органическом веществе зерна кукурузы. The investigation was carried out at the OAO “Agrosoyuz” (the Ruzaevskiy district, Republic of Mordovia) in 2014–2016. The effect of herbicide application was tested on maize under minimum tillage. Plant treatment with “Dublon” (1.2 l ha-1) as well as the mixture of “Dublon Gold” (0.07 kg ha-1) and “Balerina” (0.25 l ha-1) increased crude protein in grain up to 93.67 and 94.97 g/kg, respectively. The highest fat content was observed in the control. Application of “Dublon”, “Dublon Super”, “Dublon Gold” and their mixtures with “Balerina” significantly reduced fat accumulation. The preparations had no significant impact on starch formation. “Dublon Super”, “Dublon Gold” and “Dublon” + “Balerina” reduced fiber content by 5–10%. As a result of herbicide use grain productivity increased, and protein yield raised from 0.51 to 0.75 l ha-1. Mixtures of “Dublon” + “Balerina” as well as “Dublon Gold” + “Balerina” provided the highest gross yields of starch, sugar, and crude fat. Significant positive correlation was observed among crude protein, fiber, fat, sugars and starch. The “Dublon” herbicides positively affected sugar concentration up to 32.6–33.3 g/kg. Due to higher fat content gross energy yield was the highest in the control — 19.37 MJ/kg. Herbicide treatment reduced gross energy due to the higher protein content in grain organic matter.

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Effect of season on microbial and chemical characteristics of milk and yoghurt from sheep

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an13217 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (8) ◽

pp. 1091 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Razzagh Mahmoudi ◽

Reza Norian ◽

Mohammad Reza Pajohi-Alamoti ◽

Javad Aliakbarlu

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fat Content ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Sheep Milk ◽

Casein Protein ◽

Nitrogen Contents

The quality and hygienic status of milk are of importance for both dairy industries and consumers. In the present study, the effect of season on the quality and microbial properties of sheep milk and yoghurt produced from sheep milk were surveyed. In total, 30 sheep-milk samples were collected from January to August 2011, and yoghurt was produced from these samples. The fat content, titratable acidity and pH showed changes across the year. Seasonal variation was found to have a significant (P < 0.05) effect on nitrogen components, particularly crude protein, non-casein protein and non-protein nitrogen contents, fat content, pH and titratable acidity. Sensory analysis showed that the quality of yoghurt samples produced in winter was higher than that of yoghurt produced in summer (P < 0.05). This work showed the effect of season on chemical and sensory properties of sheep milk and yoghurt in Qazvin, Iran.

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557. Studies of the secretion of milk of low fat content by cows on diets low in hay and high in concentrates: IV. The effect of variations in the intake of digestible nutrients

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900007378 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 305-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

C. C. Balch ◽

D. A. Balch ◽

S. Bartlett ◽

V. W. Johnson ◽

S. J. Rowland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Fat ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Control Period ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Fat Content ◽

The Other ◽

Essential Difference ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Initial Control ◽

Concentrate Mixture

1. Digestibility trials were conducted, and the rate of passage of hay was measured, with five Shorthorn cows during a period of normal diet and during two experimental periods in which diets low in hay and high in concentrates were given. In the first experimental period the concentrates were cubes of the wartime type sold as National Cattle Food No. 1, and containing a variety of constituents; in the second they were a mixture offlakedmaize (50%), weatings (35%) and decorticated ground-nut cake (15%). For convenience these are referred to as concentrate ‘cubes’ and ‘mixture’ respectively.2. During the initial and final control periods the cows consumed daily 17–21 lb. hay, and about 4·5 lb. concentrates per 10 lb. of milk produced. In the initial control period the concentrates were the concentrate cubes, and in the final they were the concentrate mixture. The hay was reduced to 4 lb. daily during the two experimental periods and the remainder of the standard requirements of the animals were met by concentrates. The concentrates were the cubes in the first experimental period and the mixture in the second experimental period.3. Seducing the hay to 4 lb. did not affect the fat content of the milk when the other food in the diet was the concentrate cubes, but there was a striking mean fall of 1·04% fat when the cubes were replaced by the concentrate mixture. This represented a loss of over 30% in the yield of fat.4. Digestibility trials, conducted in the initial control and first and second experimental periods, indicated that the fall in milk fat content was not the result of changes in the amounts of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, cellulose, cellulosans or pentosans not in cellulose digested. The essential difference between the diet of low hay with the concentrate mixture and the other diets given in this experiment was that it provided a high intake of starch yet had little of the physical property of roughage. It is concluded that depression of milk fat content results from a combination of these two factors and probably originates from changes in the physical and biochemical processes of the reticulo-rumen.5. The intake of starch equivalent, as calculated from the intake of digestible nutrients, was close to standard requirements in all periods of the experiments, but there was a surplus of digestible crude protein.6. The mean solids-not-fat content of the milk rose 0·48% at the time of the fall in milk fat, and this was entirely due to an increase in milk protein. After the return to normal diets the recovery of solids-not-fat was slower, but no less complete, than the recovery in milk fat.

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Physicochemical Properties, Proximate Composition and Total Viable Counts of Staphylococcus aureus in ‘Nono’ And Yoghurt Samples in Kaduna, Nigeria

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v9i1.15-20.3391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Fausat Adeola Abdulrahman ◽

Emiade Sanmi

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fat Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Total Titratable Acidity

The study aims at determining the physicochemical, proximate composition and the total viable count of Staphylococcus aureus in ‘Nono’ and yoghurt samples in Kaduna, Nigeria.Three hundred and eighty-four (384) fermented milk samples (Nono and yoghurt) were obtained from different selling points and were evaluated for the occurrence of S. aureus. The physicochemical and proximate analyses (pH, total titratable acidity, moisture content, ash content, protein content, and fat content) were determined. The results of the analyses showed that Nono had pH range of 3.56-3.61, total titratable acidity: 0.71-1.72, moisture content: 82.23-83.87%, ash content: 0.30-0.31%, crude protein content: 1.50-1.61%, crude fat content: 0.35-0.38 %. For yoghurt, the pH ranged from 3.76 -3.82, total titratable acidity: 1.10 -1.15, moisture content: 77.76-80.06%, ash content: 0.68- 0.70%, crude protein content: 3.40-3.45% and crude fat content: 1.76-1.79% from all the study areas. One hundred and four of the total samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Out of the 104 isolates of S. aureus that were isolated and identified, 88 were coagulase positive S.aureus. The Microgen Staph ID kit (Oxoid) was used to further confirm the characteristics of the 60 isolates of the coagulase positive S. aureus. The kit confirmed 43 isolates as S. aureus, the results indicated the presence of S. aureus in the milk samples which is of public health importance, as this can contribute to food-borne intoxication which can lead to food poisoning. There is a need for proper pasteurisation of raw milk to help eradicate S. aureus infection before human consumption.

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Some Effects of Cow Nutrition on Milk Composition

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x00003566 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 109-109

Author(s):

D. J. Roberts ◽

H. R. Ferns

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Fat Content ◽

Grazing Season ◽

Flat Rate ◽

Feeding Trials

The milk composition responses in five feeding trials were as follows.1. A study of silage quality showed that the fat content was lower (39.9 v. 43.1 g/kg, s.e. of difference 1.00) and the protein content was higher (35.0 v. 33.7 g/kg, s.e. of difference 0.48) with silage cut three times per season compared with silage cut twice per season.2. Silage offered as a buffer food overnight in the early part of the grazing season reduced milk yield (18.9 v. 19.9 kg/day, s.e. of difference 0.26) and increased fat content (39.4 v. 35.6 g/kg, s.e. of difference 0.50) when compared with grazing only. Silage offered in the late grazing season did not affect milk yield but increased fat content(44.1 v. 41.3 g/kg, s.e. of difference 0.94). There was no significant effect on protein content.3. A concentrate containing 18 g crude protein/kg was offered at rates of 0.30, 0.375 and 0.45 kg/kg milk plus silage ad libitum. The fat contents were 38.0, 38.6 and 36.1 g/kg and the protein contents 30.3, 31.2 and 32.1 g/kg, respectively.4. In two experiments comparing flat-rate concentrate feeding with feeding according to yield, no significant differences were found in milk yield, fat and protein contents.5. In a study of body condition at calving, cows calving at score 2 had milk fat contents similar to cows calving at score 3 but there were differences in the fatty acid composition of the milks. The cows calving at score 2 produced milk with a higher protein content than those at score 3 (32.8 v. 30.7 g/kg, s.e. of difference 0.85).

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Changes in Cyanogen and Nutrients of Para-Rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) Seeds during Storage and Drying

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.781 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 361-363 ◽

pp. 781-784

Author(s):

Fei Ran Li ◽

Shi Sheng Liu

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Fat Content ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Content Change

The changes in moisture, cyanogen, crude protein and fat content of para-rubber seed at post-harvest from 0 to 27 days in August and 0-48 days in November were studied. After a short storage, 3 days in August and 6 days in November, the cyanogen content reaches its peak 230-250 mg/100g dry wt, then it decreases during the whole storage. Results show that reducing the initial drying rate promote cyanogen removal. Cyanogen content reduces more effectively in proper storage and processing, while crude protein content and fat content change little during storage.

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The Ability of Visible and near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to Predict the Chemical Composition of Ground Chicken Carcasses and to Discriminate between Carcasses from Different Genotypes

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1255/jnirs.463 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 109-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

R.M. McDevitt ◽

A.J. Gavin ◽

S. Andrés ◽

I. Murray

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Fat Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Slow Growing

The potential of visible and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict the fat, crude protein (CP) and ash content (g kg−1 DM) in dry ground chicken carcasses was evaluated. In addition, NIR spectroscopy was used to discriminate between ground carcasses from three different chicken genotypes: fast-growing broiler, slow-growing broiler and a layer-type chicken. When corrected for age and body mass (BM), the fast-growing broiler had the highest fat content and the lowest CP and ash content of the three genotypes. In contrast, the layer genotype had the highest CP and ash content and the lowest fat content. The fat, ash and CP content were intermediate in the slow-growing broilers. Spectra could explain a high proportion of the variability in carcass composition with respect to fat ( R2 = 0.93) and CP ( R2 = 0.86) content but less so for the ash content ( R2 = 0.71). Carcasses could be accurately classified according to chicken genotype or dietary treatment using NIR. However discrimination between male and female birds was not so clear, probably because all the birds used in the study were sexually immature.

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A note on the implantation of intensively-fed beef cattle with hexoestrol

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100027069 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 419-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. Macdearmid ◽

T. R. Preston

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Protein Content ◽

Conversion Efficiency ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Fat Content ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽

Single Implant

SUMMARYIn the first of two experiments, steers which received a single implant of 60 mg hexoestrol grew 24% faster than non-implanted controls and 7% faster than steers given 30 mg. The growth rate of the steers given a single implant of 60 mg did not differ significantly from that of animals implanted twice with 30 mg or 5 times with 15 mg. In the second experiment, steers given 60 mg grew 23% faster than controls and their feed conversion efficiency was 13% better; the hexoestrol treatment resulted in a saving of 131 kg feed per animal. The tenth-rib joints of steers given 60 mg had a higher crude-protein content and lower fat content than those from non-implanted animals.

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614. Variations in the chemical composition of milk with particular reference to the solids-not-fat: II. The effect of heredity

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900008050 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 82-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Alan Robertson ◽

R. Waite ◽

J. C. D. White

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Genetic Correlations ◽

Fat Content ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Ayrshire Breed ◽

Daughter Group ◽

The Individual

1. A statistical analysis has been made of lactation records from 500 dam-daughter pairs of the Ayrshire breed. Measurements were taken of milk yield, fat, S.N.F., crude protein, casein and lactose.2. A correction was made for the age of the cow. This contributed a substantial fraction of the total variation for milk yield, S.N.F. and lactose contents. Month of calving had a trivial effect on the lactation average for the characters when compared with the individual variation between cows.3. After correction for age, the variation between lactations was highest for fat content (standard deviation 0·35%) and slightly less for S.N.F. (0·26%).4. The heritability was estimated by the dam-daughter correlation within herds. Values in the neighbourhood of 0·5 were obtained for S.N.F., crude protein, casein and ‘ash’ (determined by difference), about 0·35 for fat and lactose, 0·25 for milk yield and 0·13 for non-casein nitrogen.5. The phenotypic correlations between yield and lactose were positive for both dam and daughter groups. The correlations between yield and the other constituents were more negative in the daughter group than in the dam group. The correlation between yield and S.N.F. was, in fact, positive in the latter. The correlation between fat and S.N.F. averaged 0·36, being derived mainly from the correlation between fat and casein (0·43), though that with lactose was also positive (0·13).6. The variation in S.N.F. was mostly determined by that in casein (r=0·85). There was a positive correlation between lactose and casein (0·24), and a negative one between lactose and non-casein nitrogen (–0·41). Lactose was negatively correlated with ‘ash’ (–0·31). ‘Ash’ was positively correlated with non-casein nitrogen (0·23)7. There were positive and significant genetic correlations between casein and both fat and lactose, and that between the last two was almost significant.8. No significant genetic correlations were found between yield and the chemical constituents, although figures of practical importance may exist which did not reach significance in an experiment of this size.9. The practical significance of these results is discussed. It is concluded that selection for yield alone is not likely to cause any great decline in S.N.F. content of the milk, and that this could probably be held in check by paying some attention to the fat content of the milk.

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Milk quality in small farms from Southern Region of Brazil

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20200337 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Lucas Candiotto ◽

Regis Luis Missio ◽

José Ricardo da Rocha Campos ◽

André Brugnara Soares ◽

Felipe Candiotto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Fat Content ◽

Southern Region ◽

Plate Count ◽

Smallholder Farms ◽

Mean Values ◽

Chemical Indicators ◽

Total Plate Count ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluates some physical chemical aspects of chilled raw milk that meet Brazilian quality standards in smallholder farms from southern Region of Brazil. The fat content, crude protein (CP), total solids (TS), somatic cell count (SCC), and total plate count (TPC) of the chilled raw milk from 78 smallholder farms was analyzed between Oct 2014 and Feb 2017. It was found that 96% of the samples met the Brazilian regulations for fat content, 87% for CP, and 91% for TS. The mean values of TPC and SCC were higher than the maximum limits established by Brazilian regulations. Smallholder farms from Southern Region of Brazil produce milk with an adequate standard for the main chemical indicators. However, there is an important gap in compliance with hygienic-sanitary practices, leading to high levels of chilled raw milk that does not meet the limits of Brazilian regulations.

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