An Epidemiological and Diagnostic Study of Cyclospora Cayetanensis Parasite in Anbar Province - Iraq

Abstract This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in humans, animals, and vegetables in Anbar province-Iraq. The parasite was diagnosed by examining the samples microscopically, by examining 560 stool samples (262 males and 298 females) that were collected from patients attending hospitals (Ramadi, Fallujah, and Haditha), and its health centers. The results showed that the total infection rate was 12.1%, and no significant difference was recorded between the infection of both sexes. The highest rate of infection was 25.8% in the age group (1-9) years, with significant differences (P ≤0.05) from the rest of the age groups. The infection rate in the rural was 14.5% higher than in the urban 8.4%. The highest rate was recorded at 41.5% in April and the lowest at 2.5% in November, while the summer months did not record any infections. The study also included an examination of 188 samples of animal feces (48 sheep, 50 cows, 47 goats, and 43 dogs), the parasite was not diagnosed in any of the examined animals. This is the first study in the country to investigate the parasite in goats. The study also included the investigation of the C. cayetanensis parasite in five types of vegetable leaves (garden cress, radish, leek, green onions, and purslane). Where it is observed the presence of Oocyst in vegetables washing water by a percentage (6, 7.8, 7.2, 4.4, and 3.2) Oocyst/liter respectively.

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Pathogenicity and non-opportunistic character of Blastocystis spp.: a hospital-based survey in Central Cameroon

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.10122 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (05) ◽

pp. 373-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stéphanie Jupsa-Mbiandou ◽

Samuel Fosso ◽

Edimo Billé ◽

Tito T Mélachio-Tanekou ◽

Gideon Ajeagah-Aghaindum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Blastocystis Spp ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Hiv Negative

Introduction: Blastocystis spp. is a protist found in humans. Although usually the most frequent protozoa found in stool samples of both symptomatic and healthy subjects, its pathogenic or rather opportunistic role is yet to be clearly elucidated. To attempt to fill this gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the frequency of Blastocystis spp. in HIV positive (HIV+) versus HIV negative (HIV-) individuals in four health facilities of the Center Region of Cameroon. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 283 HIV positive and 245 HIV negative subjects and analyzed using direct diagnostic tests. Results: A total of 46 (8.7%) individuals were found infected with Blastocystis spp., including 6.7% HIV positive and 11.0% HIV negative. This species was more frequent in urban and semi-urban areas than in rural areas, but evenly distributed among genders and age groups as well as among all sectors of activity. The prevalence of Blastocystis spp. (11.3%) was higher in HIV+ patients with a CD4 count ≥ 500 cells / mm3, but no significant difference was found among HIV clinical stages. Likewise prevalence, the mean number of cysts per gram of stool was similar between HIV positive and HIV negative individuals. People infected with Blastocystis spp. showed diverse clinical signs, but only flatulence was significantly more prevalent. The frequencies of these clinical signs were not related to HIV status. Conclusion: No clear relationship links the infection with Blastocystis spp. to HIV, although its presence was associated with digestive disorder, suggesting that this parasite might not be opportunist.

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Virological and Epidemiological Features of Norovirus Infections in Brazil, 2017–2018

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13091724 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1724

Author(s):

Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento ◽

Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade ◽

Marize Pereira Miagostovich ◽

Tulio Machado Fumian

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Median Viral Load ◽

Molecular Surveillance ◽

Predominant Genotype ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Surveillance Programs ◽

Partial Rdrp ◽

Stool Samples ◽

First Time

Noroviruses are considered an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups. Here, we investigated the incidence of norovirus, genotypes circulation, and norovirus shedding in AGE stool samples from outpatients in Brazil. During a two-year period, 1546 AGE stool samples from ten Brazilian states were analyzed by RT-qPCR to detect and quantify GI and GII noroviruses. Positive samples were genotyped by dual sequencing using the ORF1/2 junction region. Overall, we detected norovirus in 32.1% of samples, with a massive predominance of GII viruses (89.1%). We also observed a significant difference between the median viral load of norovirus GI (3.4×105 GC/g of stool) and GII (1.9×107 GC/g). The most affected age group was children aged between 6 and 24 m old, and norovirus infection was detected throughout the year without marked seasonality. Phylogenetic analysis of partial RdRp and VP1 regions identified six and 11 genotype combinations of GI and GII, respectively. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was by far the predominant genotype (47.6%), followed by GII.2[P16], GII.4 Sydney[P31], and GII.6[P7]. We detected, for the first time in Brazil, the intergenogroup recombinant genotype GIX.1[GII.P15]. Our study contributes to the knowledge of norovirus genotypes circulation at the national level, reinforcing the importance of molecular surveillance programs for future vaccine designs.

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Interaction Between Age and Change in Velocity During a Baseball Training Program

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120927939 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 232596712092793

Author(s):

Christopher Antonacci ◽

Thomas R. Atlee ◽

Peter N. Chalmers ◽

Christopher Hadley ◽

Meghan E. Bishop ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Training Program ◽

Age Groups ◽

Maximum Velocity ◽

Age Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 3 ◽

Baseball Pitchers ◽

Group 2 ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group 1

Background: Pitching velocity is one of the most important metrics used to evaluate a baseball pitcher’s effectiveness. The relationship between age and pitching velocity after a lighter ball baseball training program has not been determined. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age and pitching velocity after a lighter ball baseball training program. We hypothesized that pitching velocity would significantly increase in all adolescent age groups after a lighter baseball training program, without a significant difference in magnitude of increase based on age. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Baseball pitchers aged 10 to 17 years who completed a 15-week training program focused on pitching mechanics and velocity improvement were included in this study. Pitchers were split into 3 groups based on age (group 1, 10-12 years; group 2, 13-14 years; group 3, 15-17 years), and each group trained independently. Pitch velocity was assessed at 4 time points (sessions 3, 10, 17, and 25). Mean, maximum, and mean change in pitch velocity between sessions were compared by age group. Results: A total of 32 male baseball pitchers were included in the analysis. Mean/maximum velocity increased in all 3 age groups: 3.4/4.8 mph in group 1, 5.3/5.5 mph in group 2, and 5.3/5.2 mph in group 3. While mean percentage change in pitch velocity increased in all 3 age groups (group 1, 6.5%; group 2, 8.3%; group 3, 7.6%), the magnitude of change was not significantly different among age groups. Program session number had a significant effect on mean and maximum velocity, with higher mean and maximum velocity seen at later sessions in the training program ( P = .018). There was no interaction between age and program session within either mean or maximum velocity ( P = .316 and .572, respectively). Conclusion: Age had no significant effect on the magnitude of increase in maximum or mean baseball pitch velocity during a velocity and mechanics training program in adolescent males.

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection in Cattle in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria

Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23712 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 25-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

SG Adamu ◽

NB Adamu ◽

AU Aliyu ◽

NN Atsanda ◽

FB Mustapha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infection Rate ◽

Staining Method ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cryptosporidium Infection ◽

Zoonotic Infection ◽

Adult Cattle ◽

Statistical Significant Difference ◽

Significant Difference ◽

North Eastern ◽

Young Cattle

A study was carried out to survey the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of four hundred (400) fecal samples from cattle were randomly collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining method. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection was 22.3%, with an infection rate of23.4% in adult cattle and 19.1% in young cattle, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference (P<0.05) between the age groups, with (OR: 1.298; 95%CI: 0.75072.245). Out of 89 positive samples, 21.2% were male and 25.0% were female, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference (P>0.05) between the sex, with (OR: 0.8062; 95% CI: 0.48280.346). It was concluded that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in Nigeria; and cattle could serve as reservoirs for the zoonotic infection in humans.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23712Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 25-28

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans; hospital based study

10.1101/701201 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Albert Njeru ◽

Joseph Mwafaida

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Infection Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Culture Techniques ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tract Infections

AbstractBackgroundChlamydia and candidiasis have only mild or no symptoms at all. When symptoms develop, they are often mistaken for something else like urinary tract infections or yeast infections. These infections affect both men and woman of all backgrounds and economic levels.ObjectiveThe prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) and Candida albicans (C.albicans) infections among attendees of Kilifi Medical Centre in Kilifi county, Kenya was studied.MethodologyUrethral and vaginal swabs samples were aseptically collected from 305 subjects, examined for Candida albicans and Chlamydia trachomatis using standard microbiological methods. The swabs were analyzed using direct wet smears, Gram-stained smear and culture techniques.ResultsOf the 305 participants, 181 (59.34%) females and 124 (40.66%) males were tested with the overall prevalence of 53.44 % for both Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans with females having a higher infection rate (35.14 %) for chlamydia and candidasis than men (17.71). Amongst the different age groups investigated, candida and chlamydia distribution was highest in participants aged 28-32 years (21.97 %).The infection rate of C.trachomatis (14.43 %) among the male participants was higher than the infection rate revealed among the female participants of 1.97 % while the infection rate of C.albicans was higher among the female participants (33.77 %) compared to the 3.28 % recorded in male participants with no co-infections revealed.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated a significant difference between male and female chlamydia and candida infections with women being severely affected than men. The study recommended routine screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) which is essential in preventing infections transmissions, assessment of the role of socio-demographic and behavioral risks on Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans, proper treatment of all candida and chlamydia by use of correct/effective medicines, contact tracing and treatment of sexual partners and health education.

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Prevalence of Linguatula serrata infection in domestic ruminants from Meshkin Shahr, Iran

Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society ◽

10.12681/jhvms.15602 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 175 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Β. ESMAEILNEJAD ◽

J. GHAREKHANI ◽

H. REZAEI ◽

M. GOLABI ◽

N. MOLAYI

Keyword(s):

Infection Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Endemic Region ◽

Linguatula Serrata ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Domestic Ruminants ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Northwest Of Iran

Linguatula serrata is an aberrant cosmopolitan parasite, which inhabits the canine respiratory system (final host). The domestic ruminants such as sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes (intermediate hosts) play the important role for transmission of parasite to humans and animals. The current investigation aimed to investigate the prevalence of L. serrata infection in domestic ruminants in Meshkin Shahr, Northwest of Iran. In cross-sectional study between March 2013 and March 2014, the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of 753 sheep, 403 goats, 657 cattle, and 341 buffaloes were sampled in Meshkin Shahr slaughterhouse, randomly. All of samples were examined for L. serrata infection using parasitology methods. The prevalence rate was reported 26.30% in goats, 18.32% in sheep, 14.30% in cattle, and 13.19% in buffaloes (P<0.05). In all animals, a significant difference were found between infection rate and different seasons (P<0.05), opposite to different age groups. Also, there was significant differences between infection rate and gender in cattle (P=0.024, OR=1.6) and buffaloes (P=0.034, OR=2), unlike to sheep and goats (P>0.05). This study was demonstrated of linguatulosis in domestic ruminants from Northwest of Iran for first time. According to our findings, Meshkin Shahr is a new endemic region for L. serrata infection in Iran. Since the linguatulosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease, preventive measures to break the parasite’s life cycle and reduce the risk of infection in humans and animals is highly recommended.

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Sphincter of oddi dysfunction: sonographic examination in opiate addicts

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71818-1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 107-107

Author(s):

M. Soltan ◽

M. Abd Ghaffar

Keyword(s):

Bile Duct ◽

Common Bile Duct ◽

Age Groups ◽

Sphincter Of Oddi Dysfunction ◽

Sonographic Examination ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Common ◽

The Mean ◽

Opiate Addicts ◽

Group 1

ObjectiveTo benefit from the usefulness of ultrasonography in measurement of common bile duct in opiate addicts and to correlate between the common bile duct (CBD) diameter and the duration of addiction.Materials and methodFifteen addicts, diagnosed according to DSM IV diagnostic criteria, were examined by abdominal ultrasound. The common bile duct is measured and the results were analyzed with other factors like age, the period of addiction, laboratory findings.ResultsAccording to the findings, there is a significant increase in the range of the CBD diameter in comparison with normal bile ducts. Also, the mean diameter of the CBD in the different age groups showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) and there was a positive significant correlation between the CBD diameter and the period of addiction (p < 0.05, r = 0.875); the multiple comparisons shows that the significant difference between the 3 age groups were due to a significance between group (1) & (2), and group (1) & (3) but no significance between group (2) & (3). So, with the increased length of the addiction period, the mean CBD diameter increases.ConclusionIn opiate addicts, the common bile duct is found to be dilated; however with normal serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase level and no obstructive causes by ultrasound examination, no need for any further assessment.

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Cryptosporidiosis In Man And Animals In Al-Tameem Province/ Iraq.

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/ijvm.v28i1.1083 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 235-243

Author(s):

Mohammed Abdul-Aziz Kadir

Keyword(s):

Animal Study ◽

Infection Rate ◽

Acute Diarrhea ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Pediatric Hospital ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Infants And Young Children ◽

Cattle And Sheep

This study was conducted on 790 stool samples from infants and young children up to ten years of age, suffering from acute diarrhea who attended Kirkuk Pediatric Hospital, from the beginning of August 1999 of July 2000. The animal study was carried on 160 lambs, 130 calves and 110 kids suffering from diarrhea in private veterinary clinics in Al-Tameem province. The rate of acute cryptosporidiosis was (10%). There was no significant difference between the two sexes . It was higher in winter and spring than summer and autumn months . The infection rate was higher among children in contact with poultry than those in contact with cattle and sheep and was lowest among those not in contacts with animals. The distribution of cryptosporidiosis among domestic animals was as follows: in lambs, calves and kids the infection rates were 20%, 19.2% and 23.6% respectively.

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The Influence of Age on Lignocaine Pharmacokinetics in Young Puppies

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ◽

10.1177/0310057x8601400206 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 135-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. L. Hastings ◽

T. C. K. Brown ◽

R. L. Eyres ◽

R. C. Oppenheim

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Elimination Rate ◽

Central Compartment ◽

Volume Of Distribution ◽

Pharmacokinetic Data ◽

Group 4 ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Eight mongrel puppies were studied at intervals of a few weeks. Lignocaine 4mg/kg was infused over 60 seconds. Frequent samples were taken over 30 minutes for plasma lignocaine assay. Initially the concentrations were significantly higher in the oldest group (178–191 days) but after 10 minutes the youngest group (3–16 days) had significantly higher levels than the other groups. Pharmacokinetic data derived included the rate constants k21, k12 (drug movement between two compartments), k10 (elimination from the central compartment), and the volume of distribution (Vβ). The elimination rate constant k10 was significantly lower in Group 1 (3–16 days) than all other groups and Group 2 (37–57 days) was lower than Group 4 (178–191 days). The calculated β half-life was significantly longer in the youngest group than the others. There was no significant difference in the volume of distribution between these age groups — up to 6 months.

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Comparison Study about Selected Human Infection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidiosis by Conventional Diagnostic Methods in Karbala Province, Iraq

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/ijvm.v45i1.1042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 51-55

Author(s):

Jihad T O AL-Yasary ◽

Azhar A Faraj

Keyword(s):

Infection Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

Human Infection ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Sugar Solution ◽

Age Group ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Human Samples ◽

Significant Difference

Cryptosporidium spp Parasites were detected in man in Karbala province of Iraq by conventional methods (Flotation Methods by Sheather's sugar solution and stained with modified Ziehl-Neelsen) to study the effects of age, sex, and months on the infection rate and to record the morphological characterization of Cryptosporidium spp in patients. This study was done through the period from beginning of December 2019 to September 2020. A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from adult and young and from both sexes of human. The result recorded infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp in human in about 26%. Infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. showed a significant relation among age groups of humans and the maximum infection rate was showed at age group 2-6 years 44% (11/25) and this percentage of infection from the number human samples at this age group, while the minimum rate was among age group 18-25 years 12% (3/25) and this percentage of infection from the number human samples at the age group. Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in relation to the sex of infected human. The result showed no significant difference between the rate of infection and the highest rate was in males who recorded 27.41% (17/62) and this percentage of infection from the number male samples, while the lowest percentage 23.68% (9/38) was recorded in the females and this percentage of infection from the number female samples. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in human was according to Months of the year. The results of current study showed that higher infection rate with Cryptosporidium 46.66% (7/15) in February and this percentage of infection from the number of samples at this month. And the lowest rate of infection was 10% (1/10) infection rate in July and this percentage of infection from the number of samples at this month. In Conclusion, human patients indicated that the Cryptosporidium spp infection rate by using microscopic technique to be 26%, significant differences in infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. among age groups and months of study. There was no significant difference in infection rate between sex.

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