scholarly journals Mechanoimmunology: molecular-scale forces govern immune cell functions

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (16) ◽  
pp. 1919-1926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie V. Pageon ◽  
Matt A. Govendir ◽  
Daryan Kempe ◽  
Maté Biro
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Receptor Interactions

Immune cell recognition of antigens is a pivotal process in initiating immune responses against injury, pathogens, and cancers. Breakthroughs over the past decade support a major role for mechanical forces in immune responses, laying the foundation for the emerging field of mechanoimmunology. In this Perspective, we discuss the mechanical forces acting at the level of ligand–receptor interactions and how they underpin receptor triggering, signal initiation, and immune cell activation. We also highlight the novel biophysical tools and advanced imaging techniques that have afforded us the recent progress in our understanding of the role of forces in immune cell functions.

scholarly journals Neuronal guidance proteins in cardiovascular inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Keller ◽  
Valbona Mirakaj ◽  
Michael Koeppen ◽  
Peter Rosenberger
Keyword(s):  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathologies ◽  
Neuronal Guidance

AbstractCardiovascular pathologies are often induced by inflammation. The associated changes in the inflammatory response influence vascular endothelial biology; they complicate the extent of ischaemia and reperfusion injury, direct the migration of immune competent cells and activate platelets. The initiation and progression of inflammation is regulated by the classical paradigm through the system of cytokines and chemokines. Therapeutic approaches have previously used this knowledge to control the extent of cardiovascular changes with varying degrees of success. Neuronal guidance proteins (NGPs) have emerged in recent years and have been shown to be significantly involved in the control of tissue inflammation and the mechanisms of immune cell activation. Therefore, proteins of this class might be used in the future as targets to control the extent of inflammation in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we describe the role of NGPs during cardiovascular inflammation and highlight potential therapeutic options that could be explored in the future.

Abstract MP41: A Role Of Isolevuglandins In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Associated Autoimmunity And Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Patrick ◽  
Nestor de la Visitacion ◽  
Michelle J Ormseth ◽  
Charles Stein ◽  
Sean S Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Systemic Immune Activation

Essential hypertension and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are devastating conditions that disproportionately affect women. SLE has heterogeneous manifestations and treatment is limited to the use of non-specific global immunosuppression. Importantly, there is an increased prevalence of hypertension in women with SLE compared to healthy controls. Isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) are oxidation products of fatty acids that form as a result of reactive oxygen species. These molecules adduct covalently to lysine residues of proteins. Adducted proteins are then presented as autoantigens to T-cells resulting in immune cell activation. Previous studies have shown an essential role of IsoLGs in immune cell activation and the development of hypertension in animal models. We hypothesize that isoLGs are important for the development of hypertension and systemic immune activation in SLE. We first examined isoLG adduct accumulation within monocytes of human subjects with SLE compared to healthy controls. By flow cytometry, we found marked accumulation of isoLG adducts within CD14 + monocytes (34.2% ± 12.4% vs 3.81% ± 2.1% of CD14 + , N = 10-11, P <0.05). We confirmed this increase in isoLG adducts by mass spectrometry. To determine a causative role of isoLG adducts in immune activation and hypertension in SLE, we employed the B6.SLE123 and NZBWF1 mouse models of SLE. Animals were treated with the isoLG scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) or vehicle beginning at 7 weeks and were sacrificed at 32 weeks of age. C57BL/6 and NZW were used as controls. Importantly, treatment with 2-HOBA attenuated blood pressure in both mouse models (systolic BP 136.2 ± 5.6 mmHg for B6.SLE123 vs 120.9 ± 4.46 mmHg for B6.SLE123 +2HOBA; 164.7 ± 24.4 mmHg for NZBWF1 vs 136.9 ± 14.9 mmHg for NZBWF1 +2HOBA, N = 6-8, P < 0.05). Moreover, treatment with 2-HOBA reduced albuminuria and renal injury in the B6.SLE123 model (albumin/creatinine ratio 33.8 ± 2.0 x 10 -2 μg/mg for B6.SLE123 vs 5.5 ± 0.9 x 10 -2 μg/mg for B6.SLE123 +2HOBA, N = 7-9, P < 0.05). Finally, immune cell accumulation in primary and secondary lymphoid organs is significantly attenuated by 2-HOBA. These studies suggest a critical role of isoLG adduct accumulation in both systemic immune activation and hypertension in SLE.

scholarly journals Investigating the role of chromosomal instability in immune cell activation

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. vii25-vii26
Author(s):  
M. Sokac ◽  
L. Dyrskjøt Andersen ◽  
M. Roelsgaard Jakobsen ◽  
N. Birkbak
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Instability ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Cell Activation

scholarly journals The Role of T Cells and Macrophages in Asthma Pathogenesis: A New Perspective on Mutual Crosstalk

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Xueyi Zhu ◽  
Jie Cui ◽  
La Yi ◽  
Jingjing Qin ◽  
Wuniqiemu Tulake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Inflammatory Signals ◽  
Macrophage Dysfunction ◽  
New Perspective

Asthma is associated with innate and adaptive immunity mediated by immune cells. T cell or macrophage dysfunction plays a particularly significant role in asthma pathogenesis. Furthermore, crosstalk between them continuously transmits proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory signals, causing the immune cell activation or repression in the immune response. Consequently, the imbalanced immune microenvironment is the major cause of the exacerbation of asthma. Here, we discuss the role of T cells, macrophages, and their interactions in asthma pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Sex differences in obesity-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction: a protective role for estrogen in adipose tissue inflammation?

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (4) ◽  
pp. R714-R720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia E. Taylor ◽  
Jennifer C. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Obesity is a potent predictor of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors, including hypertension. Systemic inflammation has been suggested by a number of studies to be an important link between excess adiposity and hypertension, yet the majority of the studies have been conducted exclusively in males. This is problematic since women represent ∼53% of hypertensive cases and are more likely than men to be obese. There is a growing body of literature supporting a central role for immune cell activation in numerous experimental models of hypertension, and both the sex of the subject and the sex of the T cell have been shown to impact blood pressure (BP) responses to hypertensive stimuli. Moreover, sex steroid hormones play an important role in energy homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of immune responses; estrogen, in particular, has a well-known impact on both cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine whether sex or sex hormones regulate the role of the immune system in the development of hypertension and related vascular dysfunction in response to metabolic changes and stimuli, including a high-fat diet.

scholarly journals Immune Regulatory Processes of the Tumor Microenvironment under Malignant Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13311
Author(s):  
Katrin Pansy ◽  
Barbara Uhl ◽  
Jelena Krstic ◽  
Marta Szmyra ◽  
Karoline Fechter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Tumor Entities

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process, and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.

scholarly journals Metabolic substrate utilization in stress-induced immune cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Zhang ◽  
Fabian Zink ◽  
Felix Hezel ◽  
Josef Vogt ◽  
Ulrich Wachter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Metabolic Functions

AbstractImmune cell activation leads to the acquisition of new functions, such as proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytokine production. These functional changes require continuous metabolic adaption in order to sustain ATP homeostasis for sufficient host defense. The bioenergetic demands are usually met by the interconnected metabolic pathways glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Apart from glucose, other sources, such as fatty acids and glutamine, are able to fuel the TCA cycle.Rising evidence has shown that cellular metabolism has a direct effect on the regulation of immune cell functions. Thus, quiescent immune cells maintain a basal metabolic state, which shifts to an accelerated metabolic level upon immune cell activation in order to promote key effector functions.This review article summarizes distinct metabolic signatures of key immune cell subsets from quiescence to activation and demonstrates a methodical concept of how to assess cellular metabolic pathways. It further discusses why metabolic functions are of rising interest for translational research and how they can be affected by the underlying pathophysiological condition and/or therapeutic interventions.

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