scholarly journals Tragedy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Literary Theory ◽  
German Idealism ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Ethical Conflicts ◽  
Philosophical Modernity ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

From Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Poetics onward, tragedy has loomed large in the genealogy of literary theory. But this prominence is in many regards paradoxical. The original object of that theory, the Attic tragedies performed at the Dionysian festivals in 5th- century bce Athens, are, notwithstanding their ubiquitous representation on the modern stage, only a small fraction of the tragedies produced in Athens, and are themselves torn from their context of performance. The Poetics and the plays that served as its objects of analysis would long vanish from the purview of European culture. Yet, when they returned in the Renaissance as cultural monuments to be appropriated and repeated, it was in a context largely incommensurable with their existence in Ancient Greece. While the early moderns created their own poetics (and politics) of tragedy and enlisted their image of the Ancients in the invention of exquisitely modern literary and artistic forms (not least, opera), it was in the crucible of German Idealism and Romanticism, arguably the matrix of modern literary theory, that certain Ancient Greek tragedies were transmuted into models of “the tragic,” an idea that played a formative part in the emergence of philosophical modernity, accompanying a battle of the giants between dialectical (Hegelian) and antidialectical (Nietzschean) currents that continues to shape our theoretical present. The gap between a philosophy of the tragic and the poetics and history of tragedy as a dramatic genre is the site of much rich and provocative debate, in which the definition of literary theory itself is frequently at stake. Tragedy is in this sense usefully defined as a genre in conflict. It is also a genre of conflict, in the sense that ethical conflicts, historical transitions, and political revolutions have all come to define its literary forms, something that is particularly evident in the place of both tragedy and the tragic in the dramas of decolonization.

Enchantment and Disenchantment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Stations ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
History Of ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter moves to formalize the definition of enchantment, considering it in relation to magic, religion, art, and play. The idea of the material network as the matrix in which enchantment happens is presented as the basis for understanding the materiality of enchantment. An extended set of related examples involving the history of the automobile and its material network of roads, gas stations, and so on provide a way of thinking about the utility of network as the site for enchantment. The power of disenchantment is its ability to disrupt the network and disable enchantment—destroying images breaks their idolatrous hold on viewers.

scholarly journals From Ancient Greek Logos to European Rationality

wisdom ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Georgia APOSTOLOPOULOU
Keyword(s):  
European Identity ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
Crucial Problem ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Subject

Because of history, culture, and politics, European identity has its archetypical elements in ancient Greek culture. Ancient Greek philosophy brought Logos to fore and defined it as the crucial problem and the postulate of the human. We translate the Greek term Logos in English as reason or rationality. These terms, however, do not cover the semantic field of Logos since this includes, among other things, order of being, ground, language, argument etc. The juxtaposition of Logos (reason) to myth makes up the matrix of rationalism. Ancient Greek culture, however, was a culture of Logos (reason) as well as of myth and had enough room for forms, gods, and heroes, for science, poetry, and religious festivities. While ancient Greek culture seems to follow the logic of forms, modern European culture follows the logic of things. Plato criticizes myth and, at the same time, he sets out a philosophy of myth. He follows the principle of ‘giving reason’ (logon didonai) about things, as his master Socrates did. He establishes dialogue and defines dialectics as the science of principles and ideas and their relations to the things of this world. Aristotle did not accept Plato’s interpretation of Logos. He considered dialectics only as a theory of argumentation and defined his ‘first philosophy’ or ‘theology’ as the science of highest Being. His program of rationalism is based on ontology and accepts the primordial relation of Logos, life, and order of things. European modernity begins in philosophy with Descartes’ turn to the subject. Descartes defines the main elements of European rationality and their problems. He brings to fore the human subject as the ‘I’ that is free to doubt about everything it can know except itself. Knowledge has to consolidate the power and the mastery of humans over things and nature. Besides, the distinction between soul and body in terms of thinking thing and extended thing does not allow a unique conception of the human. Especially Kant and Hegel attempted to eliminate the impasses of Descartes’ and of Cartesians. While Kant defined freedom as the transcendental idea of reason, Hegel highlighted the reconciliation of spirit and nature. Nowadays there is a confusion regarding rationality. The power of humans over nature and over other humans as nature is increasing. We have lost the measure of our limits. Perhaps we need the ancient Greek grammar of Logos in order to define the measure and the limits of modern European rationality.

scholarly journals Multiplying logical values

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 292-308
Author(s):  
Г. Малиновский
Keyword(s):  
Standard Approach ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Proper Sense ◽  
Structural Consequence ◽  
Completeness Result ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The modern history of many-valuedness starts with Lukasiewicz’s construction of three-valued logic. This pioneering, philosophically motivated and matrix based construction, first presented in 1918, was in 1922 extended to n-valued cases, including two infinite ones. Soon several constructions of many-valued logic appeared and the history of the topic became rich and interesting. However, as it is widely known, the problem of interpretation of multiple values is still among vexed questions of contemporary logic. With the paper, which essentially groups my earlier settlements, from [3], [4], [7] and [8], I intend to put a new thread into discussion on the nature of logical many-valuedness. The topics, touched upon, are: matrices, tautological and non-tautological many-valuedness, Tarski’s structural consequence and the Lindenbaum–Wojcicki completeness result, which supports the Suszko’s claim on logical two-valuedness of any structural logic. Consequently, two facets of many-valuedness — referential and inferential — are unravelled. The first, fits the standard approach and it results in multiplication of semantic correlates of sentences, and not logical values in a proper sense. The second many-valuedness is a metalogical property of inference and refers to partition of the matrix universe into more than two disjoint subsets, used in the definition of inference.

scholarly journals Federalist and Anti-Federalist: Two Divergent Concepts of Politics

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-143
Author(s):  
Obed Frausto Gatica
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The People ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

This article provides a theoretical framework to help us understand the controversies between the federalist and anti-federalists in the early history of the United States of America during the Federal Convention in 1787 as a conflict of two political philosophical traditions. The sources of these opposed traditions may be traced back to the disputes in ancient Greek philosophy, in thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle who defined politics in different ways. Plato grounds his definition of politics in epistêmê, which means that society should be ruled by the wisest. The federalist argued the best form of government is one where the people could avoid decision-making and leave the wisest representatives to handle politics. In opposition to this, Aristotle believes that politics should be inspired by the notion of phrônesis, which means that decisions should be considered collectively. Similarly, the anti-federalist believed that the government tends to be corrupted, and citizens should be suspicious of the government. They believed the ideal way to govern society is to have everyone involved in decision-making.

scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE IN ISLAM AND ITS ROLE IN MUSLIM CIVILIZATION

Adam alemi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
K. Kurmanbayev ◽  
◽  
D. Sikhimbayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Periods

The article examines the original meaning, the transformation of the concept of education in Islam and its role in the development of science and education in the Muslim civilization. Any concept or term undergoes semantic changes depending on ideological, cultural, social and other conditions in different historical periods. This applies both to the concept of education in Islam and its place in civilization. The concept of knowledge in the tribal Arab culture with limited literacy acquires a new meaning with the advent of Islam, makes a huge contribution to the theoretical definition of the systemic concept of religious and secular education and the development of scientific knowledge. Based on fundamental works on the history of education and science, the role of the concept of education in the development of the Islamic religion and Muslim civilization is evaluated. The main historical factors of accumulation, systematization and development of knowledge in the Muslim civilization are also analyzed. In particular, the ancient Greek, Indian and Persian cultures were included in the Muslim civilization, which contributed to its intellectual enrichment. The prerequisites for the increasing development of education and science in the era of the "golden age" in Islam are analyzed, the place of ancient Greek science in the Muslim civilization, which is the core of modern scientific knowledge, is assessed.

scholarly journals Replacement events among tetrapods: expansion or competition?

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 25-25
Author(s):  
Michael J. Benton ◽  
Glenn W. Storrs
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Range Data ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tetrapod Evolution ◽  
Significant Motor

Many macroevolutionary patterns have been explained in the past on the basis of expectations and prejudice rather than quantitative testing. Large-scale ecological replacements have been a prime example, where expectations of progress and competitive advantage have coloured interpretations. Equally, no doubt, others have looked for, and found, evidence for entirely noncompetitive processes to explain major replacements (reviewed, Benton 1987).A partially quantitative approach is presented, based on a study of tetrapod families, marine and nonmarine, through the interval from Devonian to the present day. New data bases of the history of tetrapod diversification have the advantage over older attempts of (1) a fully cladistic phylogeny, and hence monophyletic families; (2) a detailed overview of stratigraphy and improved range data; (3) palaeobiogeographic control; and, (4) definition of ecological categories in terms of mean body size categories, diet, main habitat types (fully marine; partially marine/ coastal; freshwater; aquatic/terrestrial; lowland; upland; arboreal, aerial).The bulk of the diversification of tetrapods is correlated with increases in the ranges both of habitats occupied and of diets (Benton 1990). However, tetrapod families came and went, and a large proportion of the diversification could have been driven by competition and progressive replacement of archaic families by competitively superior ones in ecological relays. In order to test this, the ranges of all tetrapod families were plotted against time and sorted into a variety of habitat, dietary, and palaeogeographic categories.The results do not support a generalised view of competitive ecological relays. The majority of families appear to have arisen within new cells of the matrix, and did not apparently overlap in time with, or follow closely after, any potential competitors. This would be the minimum requirement for a postulate of competition. Only some 5% of cases could be open to a competitive explanation, and these include certain well known examples, such as multituberculates/ rodents, plesiadapiforms/ rodents, ichthyosaurs/ mosasaurs. The present study has narrowed the odds againt large-scale competition as a significant motor of large-scale biotic replacements. Most new taxa of tetrapods appear to have arisen in response to the availability of empty adaptive space.Environmental shifts may also be detected during the course of tetrapod evolution, with expansions offshore to ever more fully aquatic lifestyles among marine tetrapods (because they all arose from terrestrial ancestors!), and with expansions from lowland tropical zones to temperate belts, uplands, and marginal lifestyles (burrowing, climbing, flying) among nonmarine tetrapods.

scholarly journals Towards a Conceptual History of “Priest”: From Sacred Position to Social Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-294
Author(s):  
Sergey Vorontsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Function ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Conceptual History ◽  
Civic Duty ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The article concerns the changes in the definition of the word “priest” in encyclopedias and lexicographical works in the course of shaping of the European culture of Modernity. The article argues that the notion of sacrum (as related to God), which directly correlated with the position of priest and defined its meaning until the 17th century, later, through the 18th century, was replaced by the notion of the community, in which the priest performs some cultic functions. The definitions of Enlightenment partly discredited the priestly power and position often representing them as dangerous for society and contradicting the civic duty of the priest. This shift is interpreted as reflecting the main changes in the modern worldview, when the hierarchical unity of social and cosmological orders was replaced by the functional understanding of society.

ARISTOTLE AND EPISODIC TRAGEDY

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
MARGALIT FINKELBERG
Keyword(s):  
Literary Theory ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Emotional Distancing

It is no exaggeration to say that Aristotle's Poetics is one of the most influential documents in the history of Western tradition. Not only, after its re-discovery in the early sixteenth century, did it dominate literary theory and practice for no less than three hundred years. Even after it had lost its privileged status – first to the alternative theories of literature brought forth by the Romantic movement and then to the literary theory and practice of twentieth-century modernism – the Poetics still retained its role of the normative text in opposition to which those new theories were being formulated. It will suffice to bring to mind the explicitly non-Aristotelian theory of drama developed by Bertold Brecht to see that, even when rejected, it was the Poetics that dictated the agenda of the theorists.This has changed in the last thirty years, with the emergence of post-modern literary theory. Although in the questioning of the notions of closure, of artistic illusion, of unity of plot the post-modern theory owes much more than it cares to admit to such modernists as Brecht or Adorno and through them to Aristotle, the damnatio memoriae it has imposed on the Poetics is so thorough that some theorists seem to be hardly aware of the very fact of its existence. This is probably why many theorists, in their privileging of emotional distancing over identification, meta-theatrality over illusion, formal and semantic openness over determinacy and closure, find their models in Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and other non-Western literary traditions rather than in ancient Greece. That is to say, in so far as Aristotle is no longer considered relevant to literary theory, Greek literary tradition too is not considered relevant. The tacit presupposition on which this attitude is based is that Aristotle's Poetics adequately represents ancient Greek literary practice.

Orientalism, Jewish Studies and Israeli Society: A Few Comments

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 237-269
Author(s):  
Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Studies ◽  
Religious Group ◽  
Israeli Society ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

One of the claims that was voiced in the debate over Edward Said’s book Orientalism was that the author ignored German Orientalist research. This essay does not discuss this claim itself, but rather uses this debate as a starting point for investigating different aspects of Israeli consciousness. Indeed, German Orientalism was not directly connected to colonialist activity, but it encompassed the discourse regarding the relation between Germany and Judaism and “the Jewish Question.” The question was whether Jews were Oriental and therefore foreign to European culture, or rather a religious group that could be integrated into that culture. The modern national definition of the Jewish collective was based on adopting this worldview and on accepting the Orientalist paradigm. The tendency was to define the Jews as a European nation, emphasizing the difference between the new entity and the Orient. This tendency was manifested both in the attitude towards Arabs and towards the history of “the land” [Palestine/“Land of Israel”], and in the attitude to Oriental Jews [Mizraḥim]. Nonetheless, other directions for the definition of Jewish thought and identity can also be found in the Orientalist literature.

Towards the digital land reclamation

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasil'ev ◽  
Vyacheslav Schedrin ◽  
Aleksandra Slabunova ◽  
Vladimir Slabunov
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Full Cooperation

The aim of the research is a retrospective analysis of the history and stages of development of digital land reclamation in Russia, the definition of «Digital land reclamation» and trends in its further development. In the framework of the retrospective analysis the main stages of melioration formation are determined. To achieve the maximum effect of the «digital reclamation» requires full cooperation of practical experience and scientific potential accumulated throughout the history of the reclamation complex, and the latest achievements of science and technology, which is currently possible only through the full digitalization of reclamation activities. The introduction of «digital reclamation» will achieve greater potential and effect in the modernization of the reclamation industry in the «hightech industry», through the use of innovative developments and optimal management decisions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document