The Characteristics of Illegal Markets

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matías Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Illegal Markets ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Moral Attitudes

The phenomenon of illegal markets is pervasive. The circulation of illegal goods and services reaches all social segments, crosses national boundaries, and produces enormous revenues. Scholarship has typically addressed issues of illegal exchanges by focusing on criminal organizations, their members’ activities, internal structures, and businesses while leaving the very notion of illegal markets conceptually underdeveloped. Different from organized crime, the notion of “illegal market” compels us to consider the demand side and to investigate the varied ways it relates to the supply side. Following the path opened up by economic sociology scholarship, this article brings illegal markets to the center of the scene in order to develop them conceptually, observe them in a differentiated way, and investigate their relationships with legal structures. From this perspective, the social organization of markets comes to the fore, highlighting such aspects as the formal and informal institutions sustaining illegal markets; the modes of internal coordination that deal with problems such as value, competition, or trust; moral attitudes toward the production, exchange, or consumption of certain products or services; the cultural elements or cognitive dispositions that promote illegal exchanges; the role of state power in defining what is and is not illegal, and thus how it controls certain exchanges; and the role of the enforcement of the law in the emergence, expansion, or extinction of these markets.

scholarly journals Expert Information as an Evidence of Criminal Act of Corruption in Goods and Services Procurement

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Stefani Ratna Maharani
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
The Public ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Expert Information ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

This research is focused to identify and analyze the role of the expert information as evidence in the case of corruption. One of the criminal acts of corruption that often occurs in the government is the criminal act of corruption in goods and services procurement, in which the perpetrators have abused the social aid fund from the government. There was the case of criminal act of corruption in goods and services procurement for social aid fund that occurred in Tabanan -Bali, which committed by I Wayan Sukaja, who had corrupted the State’s financial or social aid fund. Within the process of verification in the trial, the public prosecutors submit 2 (two) experts who provided information to assist in terms of verification. This study uses normative research methods. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of expert information as evidence in criminal act of corruption. The role of an expert cannot be ignored because it will help the judges, prosecutors and lawyers who have limited knowledge. If the expert’s information is contrary, it could be ruled out by the judges but the expert’s information that excluded must be based on clear reason, and the judges must have strong base in assess the role of the expert’s information.

Culture, Identity, and Psycho-social Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Eugenio M. Rothe ◽  
Andres J. Pumariega
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Religion And Spirituality ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Neural Mapping

The chapter on culture and identity defines the current use of these terms and discusses how culture influences identity formation from a developmental perspective, starting in early childhood and throughout the life span. It also introduces new neurobiological findings related to theory of mind, neural mapping, object representation, and emotional reactivity and how these exert an influence on culture and identity formation. It covers a historical perspective that includes the contributions of pioneers such as Freud, Vigotsky, Montessori, Bandura, Mead, and Erikson. It also discusses ethnicity and race and the social and biological origins of prejudice and explains the meaning of ethnic-racial socialization messages, the dynamics of biracial identities, the importance of language in the development of the American identity and the role of culture and identity in psycho-social functioning and resiliency, including such variables as religion and spirituality. It also describes the influences of globalization and the diminishing importance of national boundaries on cultural identity for both minority and majority group members. Some of the concepts are illustrated and explained with clinical cases.

The Social and Political Dimensions of Co-operative Enterprises

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor A. Pestoff
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Industrial Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
Post Industrial

The role of co-operatives as providers of goods and services, as in the industrial age, more recently became overshadowed by their potential as providers of social services. In the post-industrial or service society, co-operatives are found in a growing number of countries. Co-operative enterprises have a unique capacity to mobilize social capital and provide relational goods that neither public nor private for-profit providers demonstrate. This brings co-operative enterprises full-circle in terms of their historical political role as democratic pioneers, since they can now also contribute to reducing the growing democratic deficit. This chapter explores the political and social dimensions of co-operative enterprises that pursue multiple goals. It also introduces a dynamic model of co-operative development that can be fruitfully employed for analysing the social and political dilemmas faced by co-operative enterprises.

scholarly journals Chilean management education: rhetoric of pragmatism, consumerism, individualism and elitism

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-387
Author(s):  
Marcela Mandiola Cotroneo ◽  
Paula Ascorra Costa
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Business Education ◽  
Management Education ◽  
Business Schools ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Social

The aim of this paper is to understand the character and the role of higher education in business in relation to the wider institutional and structural contexts within which they function. Being loyal to that widespread background, business schools in Chile have become efficient providers of appropriate goods and services for their respective clients and consumers, behaving more like corporations and businesses rather than educational institutions. From this perspective, business education's alignment with the wider political and socio-economic shifts associated with the developments of market economies and economic globalization is a necessary reflection. In this paper we will provide an account of our problematization of management education practices in Chile. This practice was pictured as one of the main characters at the forefront of the Chilean neo-liberal revolution during the final years of the last century. In particular, we will unravel more closely the chain of signifiers articulating the meaning of Chilean higher business education. This articulation is recuperated mainly around how those involved in the management education practice talk about (our)themselves. As well as specialised press writings, some academic accounts and fragments from our own 'ethnographic' involvement are used for this purpose. Particular attention is paid to the social, political and fantasmatic logics (GLYNOS; HOWARTH, 2007) as key elements of our own explanation of this practice, which in turn informs our critical standpoint.

L'agricoltura legale: i terreni agricoli confiscati alla criminalitŕ organizzata

2009 ◽  
pp. 153-173
Author(s):  
Elisa Ascione ◽  
Manuela Scornaienghi
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Use ◽  
Agricultural Areas

- This paper examines the role of social agriculture in disseminating the culture of legality in agricultural areas fallen prey to organized crime. It also investigates the relations between corruption and crime, underlining their negative effects on the economic growth of areas, as well as their social implications, highlighting the positive role of the social farm. In this respect the confiscation of land belonging to criminal organizations and its social use is of key importance for the institutions in asserting the rule of law. Furthermore, the article analyzes the assignment and geographic range of lands, pointing out institutional problems and the role of local administrations.EconLit Classification: Q100, Q130, Q150, K400Keywords: Social Agriculture, Legality, Social FarmsParole chiave: Agricoltura sociale, Legalitŕ, Cooperative sociali

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF TV COMMERCIALISM ON THE SOCIAL NORMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafayat Ali ◽  
Dr. Zahid Yousaf
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Television Commercials ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The World ◽  
Chi Square Test

This research focuses on Television commercialism and its sound effects on the values and norms of society. As “Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, and services by an identified sponsor” It is described that, television commercials are altering the values of our society not only in Pakistan but also in the world. Correspondingly, the aim of the current research is to disclose the role of the commercials in people’s lives and the effects of ads on the norms of society. In this regard, quantitative research designs to investigate the problem. The research distributed the questionnaires to respondents himself for the collection of data. The population for the current study is comprised of 150 Television viewers from twin city i.e Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The data analyzed by applying statistics tools and the chi-square test. the research would be an incentive in revealing the effects of types of advertisements on media and TV audiences.

scholarly journals The evolving role of business in contributing to social justice in South Africa in terms of legislative measures

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karunanidhi Reddy
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Black People ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Legislative Measures

Apartheid in South Africa has burdened the nation with high levels of poverty, illiteracy and other forms of social and economic inequality. The resultant challenges included discrimination on grounds of race and gender, which prevented much of the population from fair opportunities for business ownership and management, and securing senior jobs, as well as obtaining access to goods and services. Many businesses were closed to Black people and separate and inferior facilities were provided for them. Further, workplace discrimination was supported by the law. This article uses a descriptive approach to reveal, particularly in terms of the legislative measures introduced, the social responsibility of business in a transforming society, more especially the transformation of the historically disadvantaged communities.

scholarly journals The Genesis of Advertising Communication in the Republic of Belarus: The Ontological Status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Solodovnikova
Keyword(s):  
Technological Factor ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Factor ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Advertising Communication

The paper presents the research based on the Belarus’s archival materials to trace the genesis of advertising communication starting from the 10th century to present-day Republic of Belarus. The work reveals that the formation and development of advertising communication evolved on the basis of European-wide traditions, but had a number of specific peculiarities. If the technological factor prevails to the forms of advertising communication and ways to reach the target audience, the social political factor has predetermined the content and role of advertising in modern Belarusian society: in the absence of a sovereign state and profound territorial fragmentation, advertising activities in Belarus appeared as a result of the manufacturers’ needs to promote their goods and services. The specifics of advertising communication in the Republic of Belarus are manifested in the slower rate of development progress in comparison to the European level and in the high sensitivity to the political context.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Beckert ◽  
Matías Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Tax Havens ◽  
Illegal Markets ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Systematic Overview ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

Taking an economic sociology perspective, this introduction offers a systematic overview of the social organization of arenas of exchange prohibited by state law. We first distinguish different types of illegal markets, examine their internal functioning, and address state and political reactions to them, paying particular attention to the selective enforcement of the law and the role of informal rules. Second, we introduce the distinction between illegality and legitimacy, which is crucial for an understanding of the prevalence and form of illegal markets, and address two sources of social acceptance of illegality: externalities and expectations of the future. Third, considering the completely transformed role of the state, we allude to the architecture of illegal markets, indicate actors’ specific coordination problems, and illustrate how actors cope with them using cases contained in this volume. Finally, we elucidate the role of tax havens and the role of illegality in capitalist dynamics.

The Architecture of Illegal Markets

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Sociology ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Illegal Markets ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Relationship

From illegal drugs, stolen artwork, and forged trademarks, to fraud on financial markets—the phenomenon of illegality in market exchanges is pervasive. Illegal markets have great economic significance, have relevant social and political consequences, and shape economic and political structures. Despite the importance of illegality in the economy, the field of economic sociology unquestioningly accepts the premise that the institutional structures and exchanges taking place in markets are law-abiding in nature. This volume seeks to challenge this. Questions that stand at the center of the chapters are: What are the interfaces between legal and illegal markets? How do demand and supply in illegal markets interact? What role do criminal organizations play in illegal markets? What is the relationship between illegality and governments? Is illegality a phenomenon central to capitalism? Anchored in economic sociology, this book contributes to the analysis and understanding of market exchanges in conditions of illegality from a perspective that focuses on the social organization of markets. Offering both theoretical reflections and case studies, the chapters assembled in the volume address the consequences of the illegal production, distribution, and consumption of products for the architecture of markets. It also focuses on the underlying causes and the political and social concerns stemming from the infringement of the law. This book provides insights into the trades in diamonds and counterfeit clothing, rhino horn and human organs, alcohol and doping products, marihuana and smuggled goods, stolen antiquities and personal information, and illegal practices in finance and price setting.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document