Antiblackness and the Adultification of Black Children in a U.S. Prison Nation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir A. Gilmore ◽  
Pamela J. Bettis
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Black People ◽  
Black Youth ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
White American ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Life

Discourses in the early 21st century surrounding the presumption of childhood innocence were undergirded by antiblackness. The theorization of antiblackness within the context of race, gender, and education has been beneficial to understanding how the mistreatment of Black children and the illegitimacy of Black childhoods within the white American racial imaginary is seemingly justified. Foundational to the United States, antiblackness is a race-based paradigm of racial othering and subjugation through a litany of organized structural violence against Black people. Structured outside the realms of humanity and civil society, Black life, through this paradigm, is regarded as other than human. Arguably, antiblackness shapes all racialized, gendered, sexualized conditions and experiences of all Black people, including the age compression of Black children. Antiblackness scholarship posits that there is an institutional unwillingness to see Black youth as children. Discourses on what it means to be a child, who can occupy that position, and when a particular stage of a child’s development is reached, are all structured against Black youth. Pathologized as deviant, adult-like problems, Black children occupy life in a liminal space, where they are denied childhood status but carry adult-like culpability. As adultified Black youth, they lack autonomy and are not granted leniency to learn from their mistakes like their white peers. With their actions and intentions perceived as deviant, ill-willed, or hypersexual, Black children are susceptible a wide range of violence from school punishment, the criminal justice system, sexual abuse and exploitation, and excessive police force.

scholarly journals Tree‐Based Machine Learning to Identify and Understand Major Determinants for Stroke at the Neighborhood Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangyuan Hu ◽  
Bian Liu ◽  
Jiayi Ji ◽  
Yan Li
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Background Stroke is a major cardiovascular disease that causes significant health and economic burden in the United States. Neighborhood community‐based interventions have been shown to be both effective and cost‐effective in preventing cardiovascular disease. There is a dearth of robust studies identifying the key determinants of cardiovascular disease and the underlying effect mechanisms at the neighborhood level. We aim to contribute to the evidence base for neighborhood cardiovascular health research. Methods and Results We created a new neighborhood health data set at the census tract level by integrating 4 types of potential predictors, including unhealthy behaviors, prevention measures, sociodemographic factors, and environmental measures from multiple data sources. We used 4 tree‐based machine learning techniques to identify the most critical neighborhood‐level factors in predicting the neighborhood‐level prevalence of stroke, and compared their predictive performance for variable selection. We further quantified the effects of the identified determinants on stroke prevalence using a Bayesian linear regression model. Of the 5 most important predictors identified by our method, higher prevalence of low physical activity, larger share of older adults, higher percentage of non‐Hispanic Black people, and higher ozone levels were associated with higher prevalence of stroke at the neighborhood level. Higher median household income was linked to lower prevalence. The most important interaction term showed an exacerbated adverse effect of aging and low physical activity on the neighborhood‐level prevalence of stroke. Conclusions Tree‐based machine learning provides insights into underlying drivers of neighborhood cardiovascular health by discovering the most important determinants from a wide range of factors in an agnostic, data‐driven, and reproducible way. The identified major determinants and the interactive mechanism can be used to prioritize and allocate resources to optimize community‐level interventions for stroke prevention.

Racialized Sexuality: From Colonial Product to Creative Practice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Creative Practice ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
Ethical Violations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Racialized Sexuality ◽  
Law And Science

Racialized sexuality is a term that describes the linking of racial attributes to sexual comportment. Racialized sexualities have been produced through colonial conquest in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. European discourses framed colonized subjects as racial and thus sexual others—as different kinds of human beings with deviant erotic practices. The colonial and racist underpinnings of religion, law, and science have produced pervasive tropes of, for example, the sexual excess of Native and African peoples and the sexual submissiveness of Asian peoples. These stereotypes have had an enduring impact on the representations of racialized people’s sexual subjectivities in art and media, in addition to academic knowledge production. Representations of the insatiable lust and spitfire of Black and Latina women, the sexual submissiveness of Asian women, the lack of Asian men and the predatory sexualities of Black men, stem from centuries of discursive circulation in fields ranging from biology to anthropology, which in turned shaped how such tropes have been taken up and reproduced in cultural production. With the understanding that racialized sexuality is a colonial product, scholars invested in anti-racism and queer politics have problematized the scientific racisms that have upheld dominant discourses of racialized sexualities by exposing their deficient methodologies, ethical violations, and often eugenicist agendas. Racialized sexualities have been lived by colonized subjects through a wide range of violences via chattel slavery, and in the early 21st century, through eroticized violence such as that inflicted on the Arab detainees of Abu Gharib prison by the United States military following 9/11. While acknowledging how racialized sexuality is intimately wedded to experiences of violation and injury, contemporary artists and scholars of sexuality have also worked to show how the very tropes that dehumanize people of color are also marked by ambivalence. These representations often present the possibilities of both pleasure and pain for racialized subjects and thus are in turns claimed, disavowed, and altered through art and scholarship in order to highlight the complexities of how racialized sexualities are experienced. Queer and trans artists of color are at the forefront of demonstrating the potential of transforming racialized sexualities from a colonial product to a creative practice.

American Elegy: A Triptych

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Mariner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Black Life ◽  
Interracial Violence

On March 26, 2018, Jennifer Hart drove her SUV off a cliff along the northern coast of California with her partner and at least five of their transracially adopted Black children inside. Their remains were recovered at the crash site. As of this writing, a sixth child, Devonte, remains missing and is presumed dead. Four years before the crash, Devonte was famously photographed at the age of twelve, tearfully hugging a white police officer at a Ferguson rally in Portland, Oregon. By simultaneously occupying the feel-good spectacle of interracial intimacy and the everyday tragedy of interracial violence, Devonte embodies and embodied the conditions of contemporary Black life and death in the United States. His disappearance is intimately linked to other forms and histories of American state violence. Through cultural analysis, autoethnography, and poetic intervention, this essay performs wake work as a method for living with the unmournable.

scholarly journals THE ABORTION‘S ACT AMONG BLACK AMERICAN IN THE UNITEDSTATES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Merissa Octora
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black American ◽  
White American ◽  
Library Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Descriptive Method

This research focuses on the act of abortion among Black People in the United States based on history, the society environment, and two big major issues regarding the abortion act such as Roe vs Wade, and Pro Choice - Pro Life. Black people become the central point on this research because the fact shows that the largest population which do the abortion act and mostly considered as Black American in the first plce and the second one is from Hispanic American rather  than any other minority groups or even the White American itself and this happened  based on the history of racial discrimination or segregation toward BlackPeople. This research uses library research in term of qualitative method, and applying  descriptive method in analyzing the data. The approaches which are used in this research are the approaches which have a great related with the society and social problem. This approaches well known with the term of interdispliner study which have main purpose to elaborate many perspectives to become primarysources. The different treatment toward Black People based on racial discrimination experienced becomes the trigger why do Black People placed the highest number in doing abortion act in the UnitedStates.    

Black and White Homicide Differentials

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
DARNELL F. HAWKINS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Life

Rates of homicide among blacks in the United States have been consistently higher than those of white Americans and of other American nonwhites. Subculture of violence theory has been the most widely accepted explanation for these differences. In this article, I argue that subculture theory ignores or underemphasizes a variety of historical-structural, situational, and economic factors that might explain high rates of black homicide. Seldom examined is the behavior of the law. Three theoretical propositions are offered as guides for future research. These propositions suggest that (1) the historical devaluing of black life, (2) official responses of the criminal justice system to prehomicide behavior among blacks, and (3) the direct effects of economic deprivation are important causal factors.

THE HISTORY AND PROGRESS OF BLACK CITIZENSHIP

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-277
Author(s):  
Leah Wright Rigueur ◽  
Anna Beshlian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Black People ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Black Life ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractThis paper offers a broad overview of Black citizenship within the United States, concentrating on the major shifts in Black life that have transpired since the classical phase of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. We examine several critical aspects of Black citizenship including economic status, education, criminal justice and mass incarceration, and political participation. Our report reveals that Black progress toward equal citizenship is inconsistent at best; at worst, it is stagnant and at times, regressive. As such, we conclude that dramatic solutions beyond traditional reformist approaches are needed in order to realize genuine citizenship and equal rights for Black people within the United States. In closing, we briefly highlight a specific example of a strategic approach to advancing substantive social and political change.

scholarly journals The Blue Eyes vs Untrue Ideas: A Postcolonial Critique of Pecola’s Persistence to Fit in the White American Society in The Bluest Eye

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
A.K.M. Aminur Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Character ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
White American ◽  
Bluest Eye ◽  
The North ◽  
Racial Tension ◽  
American Society ◽  
Blue Eyes

Set in Ohio, the north side of America, the tone in The Bluest Eye features post-colonial treatment to its central character, Pecola Breedlove. This paper discusses how she experiences a sense of being completely ruined after she is raped by her father, and her quest for the blue eyes meets merely untrue ideas. The plot, as described in the paper, provides a post-colonial background of two racial conflicts regarding the blackness, and the white beauty in America. This paper critically draws on the idea of physical whiteness as being the only American standard of beauty while Pecola’s physical ugliness draws on how black people get seriously marginalized for their blackness of their own bodies. The storyline progresses to show how Pecola‟s tragedy becomes the central theme regarding the issue of seeing, and of being seen. The paper presents a binary opposite through the portrayal of black Pecola on one side, and Mary Janes, or Shirley Temple on the other. Consequently, the conflicts meet hardly any positive solution. Pecola receives exactly the behavior that the black slaves were used to receive from the whites in the past. From the historical perspective, The United States experienced inequality between the whites, and the blacks at that time when Morrison wrote this novel. She saw that the black race got segregated from the whites in the case of superiority. Racial tension also influenced the children in the schools, where the black ones were ridiculed there. However, the acceptance of the fair skin, actually, tormented black people both psychologically, and left a scar on them like Pecola Breedlove experiences.

scholarly journals ENHANCING SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY MAKING: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-28
Author(s):  
T. Alekseeva ◽  
V. Nazarov ◽  
D. Afinogenov
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
National Security ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One

The article examines evolution of scholarly approaches towards the phenomenon of the “national security.” By the early 21st century this notion found its way in the official strategic documents of a wide range of states. The authors examine the Russian and international record of analysis in the field of national security, and assess the adequacy of existing views on this subject taking in the account emerging threats, risks and challenges, as well as the tasks of sustainable development of a country in the social, economic, political, information, spiritual and other areas. They start by presenting the early conceptualizations of this term in the debates of American experts in the 1950s and the 1960s. An important innovation of that period was disentanglement of the national security from purely territorial and military threat, by preparing for other types of contingencies. The article additionally examines the struggle between two alternative approaches towards protecting the national security in the United States: the one founded on unilateral domination and the other prioritizing collective actions. It demonstrates that the one important result of the Western debates was the emergence of a new field of study defined by policy relevant studies, which produce useful, original, and verifiable inferences, which are then injected in decision-making process. In order to promote a similar institutionalized expertise, the article suggests seceding the study of the national security in a separate discipline. This step will enable to further promote the training of specialists not only in the field of national security and strategic planning, but also political scientists and future specialists for the public service. The need for this is obviously related to the tasks of improving the quality of policy making and strategic planning in the Russian Federation, the implementation of national projects in an extremely complex international environment.

scholarly journals Race Has Always Mattered: An Intergeneration Look at Race, Space, Place, and Educational Experiences of Blacks

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise G. Yull
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Black People ◽  
Educational Experiences ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
School Settings ◽  
The Social

Within school settings race continues to be one of the most formidable obstacles for Black children in the United States (US) school system. This paper expands the discussions of race in education by exploring how the social links among race, space, and place provide a lens for understanding the persistence of racism in the educational experiences of Black children. This paper examines how differences in a rural versus urban geographical location influence a student’s experience with race, racism, and racial identity across four generations of Black people in the context of school and community. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE AMERICAN ENGLISH: SLANG EXPRESSIONS

LINGUISTICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
FIKRI MURTADHA ◽  
Meisuri Meisuri ◽  
Masitowarni Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Black People ◽  
American English ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black English ◽  
Black American ◽  
Morphological Process ◽  
White American ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Youtube Videos

This study deals with the differences between Black English and White American English based on the slang expressions as found in 10 songs by black and white rappers taken from YouTube videos. The analysis shows that the 5 songs by white rappers contain 394 sentences as compared with those of black rappers which is 493 sentences. The slang expressions are identified based on the existing theory and then they are categorized into the semantic change and morphological process  or formation of the expressions. It was found that there were more slang expressions in the Black English (39.95%) as compared with that of the White English (25.88%).There are more morphological processes in the black American English (6 of 8 types) compared with those of white American English (4 out of 8 types). The missing processes in black American English are borrowing and compounding whereas in the white American English are acronym, borrowing, backformation and conversion. The major or dominant processes in white American English are clipping (43.24%) and invention (41.44%) whereas in the black American English are clipping (30.02%) and invention (22.31%). At first sight it is difficult to understand the contents of the songs without referring to the explanations on the background and cultural values of the singers. The slang expressions which include a word, a phrase or a sentence contain the themes about sex, drugs and racialism among the black people in the United States. It is suggested that students who wanted to broaden their knowledge about English and its varieties should learn more about Black English. Keywords: morphological process; rappers; semantic changes; slang expression

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document