Reasoning Abilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick C. Kyllonen
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Related Idea ◽  
Cognitive Education

Reasoning ability refers to the power and effectiveness of the processes and strategies used in drawing inferences, reaching conclusions, arriving at solutions, and making decisions based on available evidence. The topic of reasoning abilities is multidisciplinary—it is studied in psychology (differential and cognitive), education, neuroscience, genetics, philosophy, and artificial intelligence. There are several distinct forms of reasoning, implicating different reasoning abilities. Deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions from a set of given premises in the form of categorical syllogisms (e.g., all x are y) or symbolic logic (e.g., if p then q). Inductive reasoning involves the use of examples to suggest a rule that can be applied to new instances, invoked, for example, when drawing inferences about a rule that explains a series (of numbers, letters, events, etc.). Abductive reasoning involves arriving at the most likely explanation for a set of facts, such as a medical diagnosis to explain a set of symptoms, or a scientific theory to explain a set of empirical findings. Bayesian reasoning involves computing probabilities on conclusions based on prior information. Analogical reasoning involves coming to an understanding of a new entity through how it relates to an already familiar one. The related idea of case-based reasoning involves solving a problem (a new case) by recalling similar problems encountered in the past (past cases or stored cases) and using what worked for those similar problems to help solve the current one. Some of the key findings on reasoning abilities are that (a) they are important in school, the workplace, and life, (b) there is not a single reasoning ability but multiple reasoning abilities, (c) the ability to reason is affected by the content and context of reasoning, (d) it is difficult to accelerate the development of reasoning ability, and (e) reasoning ability is limited by working memory capacity, and sometimes by heuristics and strategies that are often useful but that can occasionally lead to distorted reasoning. Several topics related to reasoning abilities appear under different headings, such as problem solving, judgment and decision-making, and critical thinking. Increased attention is being paid to reasoning about emotions and reasoning speed. Reasoning ability is and will remain an important topic in education.

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN MATEMATIK SISWA MTs

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Mochamad Try Suharto ◽  
Siti Chotimah
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Mathematical Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Analytical Reasoning ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Research Students

The reasoning is the ability to find a way to get the truth. In terminology, logic is the science that governs the process of human thinking so that the results presented can reach the truth. So it can be concluded also that by reasoning, humans can make an argument that is absolute and can be accepted by others through logical thinking. This research was conducted to determine the mathematical reasoning ability of MTs class 8 students on Triangle and Quadrilateral material based on indicators of mathematical reasoning ability that is to draw a logical conclusion and compose an argument, analogical reasoning, transductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, generalization and estimate answers, solutions or tendency with non-routine troubleshooting. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data to be analyzed is qualitative data in the form of written and oral answers obtained from the written test. This research was conducted in MTs PPI 38 Padalarang with the subject of this research is class VIII-A which amounted to 31 people. Based on the results of research, students' mathematical reasoning abilities on MTs PPI 38 Padalarang are classified as sufficient. This is because there are some reasoning indicators that still need to be improved especially on analytical reasoning and generalization indicator as stated in the table which has been described.

Towards a Comprehensive Test of Qualitative Reasoning Skill in Design

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Khorshidi ◽  
Jay Woodward ◽  
Jami J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Qualitative Reasoning ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Reasoning Skill

A battery of tests for assessing the cognitive skills needed for the conceptual design is being developed. Divergent thinking and visual thinking tests were fully developed and validated previously. This paper focuses on the development of a test on qualitative reasoning skill. Indicators of qualitative reasoning are identified and categorized as: deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, analogical reasoning, abductive reasoning, and intuitive physics; the derivation of each is based on both cognitive science and empirical studies of design. The paper also considers the metrics for measuring skill levels in different individuals and candidate test items and grading rubric for each skill.

scholarly journals PROFIL ANALOGICAL REASONING SISWA SMA

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyadhotus Sholihah
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Analogous Reasoning

<p>Analogical reasoning is the ability to solve problems by finding similarities between two objects, namely source and target objects. The purpose of this study was to determine the analogical reasoning profile of students at SMA N 16 Semarang. This study is included in a qualitative study with data collection techniques used in surveys by working on analogical reasoning problems. The research subjects were 100 students of class X. The results found in this study were the category of analogical reasoning ability of students of SMA N 16 Semarang low with a frequency of 74 and a percentage of 73.6%. The low ability of analogical reasoning students is influenced by the lack of learning methods that encourage students in problem-solving using analogies, besides analogies have two sides if understood will facilitate students' understanding of concepts, but if it cannot be understood misconceptions occur so teachers rarely use analogous reasoning in explaining material abstract. Therefore it is necessary to have an understanding and experience of the teacher to build this ability by using learning methods that support analogical reasoning abilities.</p>

Rethinking the Comprehensive Test on Qualitative Reasoning for Designers

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Khorshidi ◽  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
Jay Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Qualitative Reasoning ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Technical Problems

A battery of tests assessing the cognitive skills needed for the conceptual design is being developed. Tests on Divergent thinking and visual thinking are fully developed and validated. The first version of the qualitative reasoning test has also been developed; this paper focuses on the lessons learned from testing of the first version of the test (alpha version) and the improvements made to it since then. A number of problems were developed for each indicator of the qualitative reasoning skill (deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, analogical reasoning, and abductive reasoning). Later, a protocol study was done with the problems to make sure that the problems assess the desired skills. The problems were also given to a randomly chosen population of undergraduate senior-level or graduate-level engineering students. Data was collected from the test results on the possible correlations between the problems (e.g. technical and non-technical problems); feedback on clarity, time allocation, and difficulty for each problem was also collected. Based on all of the observed correlations, the average performance of the test takers, and test parameters such as validity, reliability, etc. the beta version of the test is constructed.

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN ANALOGIS SANTRI DALAM GEOMETRI: PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DI SEBUAH PONDOK PESANTREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-396
Author(s):  
Sendi Ramdhani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Pythagorean Theorem ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Pythagoras Theorem ◽  
The Law

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki kemampuan penalaran analogis santri dalam geometri dan mengidentifikasi kesulitan dan hambatan mereka. Penulis mendeskripsikan bagaimana kemampuan analogis dalam pemahaman konsep geometri, kemampuan penalaran analogis dalam teorema dan sifat, dan kemampunan penalaran analogis dalam masalah geometri. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari pengembangan bahan ajar geometri untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penalaran analogis santri. Adapun metode penelitiannya menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dalam materi teorema Pythagoras, aturan kosinus, dan teorema garis tinggi segitiga yang melibatkan 80 santri di sebuah Pondok Pesantren di Bandung, Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kemampuan penalaran analogis santri berada di kategori rendah dan cukup. Berdasarkan hasil tes dan wawancara menunjukkan santri kesulitan menuliskan persamaan Pythagoras berdasarkan gambar segitiga siku-siku dalam berbagai konteks, menuliskan persamaan kosinus berdasarkan definisi verbal dan gambar, melukis segitiga siku-siku berdasarkan persamaan Pythagoras, melakukan penalaran analogis antara teorema Pythagoras dan aturan kosinus, dan melakukan penalaran analogis berdasarkan teorema. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini berupa kesulitan-kesulitan dan kelemahan-kelemahan santri dalam kemampuan penalaran analogis yang akan menjadi landasan untuk mengembangan bahan ajar geometri. AbstractThis study aims to investigate the analogical reasoning ability of santri in geometry and identify their difficulties and constraints. The author describes how analogical reasoning in understanding the concepts of geometry, analogical reasoning in theorems and properties, and the use of analogical reasoning in geometry problems. This research is part of the development of geometry teaching materials to improve the analogical reasoning ability of santri. The research method uses qualitative research in the material of Pythagoras theorem, the law of cosine, and triangle altitude theorem that involves 80 santri at a Pondok Pesantren in Bandung, Indonesia. The results of this study found that the santri's analogical reasoning abilities were in the low and sufficient category. Based on the results of the tests and interviews it is difficult for students to write Pythagoras equations based on right triangle images in various contexts, writing cosine equations based on verbal definitions and drawings, painting right triangles based on Pythagoras equations, analogical reasoning between Pythagorean theorem and cosine rules; doing analogical reasoning based on the theorem. The recommendation of this research is the difficulties and weaknesses of santri in analogical reasoning ability that will be the basis for developing geometry teaching materials.

scholarly journals The hitchhikers' guide to reading and writing health research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arindam Basu
Keyword(s):  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
General Term ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Best Fit

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of critically reading research papers and writing of research proposals and reports. Research methods is a general term that includes the processes of observation of the world around the researcher, linking background knowledge with foreground questions, drafting a plan of collection of data and framing theories and hypotheses, testing the hypotheses, and finally, drafting or writing the research to evoke new knowledge. These processes vary with the themes and disciplines that the researcher engages in; nevertheless, common motifs can be found. In this paper, we propose three methods are interlinked: a deductive reasoning process where the structure of the thought can be captured critically; an inductive reasoning method where the researcher can appraise and generate generalisable ideas from observations of the world; and finally, abductive reasoning method where the world can be explained or the phenomena observed can be explained or be accounted for. This step or reasoning is also about framing theories, testing and challenging established knowledge or finding best theories and how theories best fit the observations. We start with a discussion of the different types of statements that one can come across in any scholarly literature or even in lay or semi-serious literature, appraise them, and identify arguments from non-arguments, and explanations from non-explanations. Then we outline three strategies to appraise and identify reasonings in explanations and arguments. We end with a discussion on how to draft a research proposal and a reading/archiving strategy of research.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN INDUKTIF MATEMATIS MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA UNIVERSITAS PAPUA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Septian Woro Drupadi ◽  
Jeinne Mumu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Mathematical Reasoning ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Reasoning Skills

This research was conducted to analyze the mathematical Inductive reasoning abilities of students’ mathematics education UNIPA. Research on inductive mathematical reasoning skills using qualitative methods using observation techniques, tests and interviews. The results showed that the mathematical inductive reasoning abilities of mathematics education students UNIPA were mostly in the moderate category. Students' inductive reasoning ability on each indicator is the ability to present mathematical statements in writing or drawings of 66.66%, the ability to submit suspicions by 26.66%, mathematical manipulation ability of 29.44%, ability to compile evidence, provide reasons or evidence for some solutions of 5.82%, finding patterns or traits of mathematical symptoms to generalize of 30.27%, examining validity of arguments 11.32% and drawing conclusions from statements of 5.27%.

Life forms

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Helmreich ◽  
Sophia Roosth
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
Contested Meanings ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Natural Philosophers

This chapter examines how natural philosophers and scientists in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries employed the term “life form.” It asks how life came to have a form, where the term “life form” came from, and what “life form” has come to mean in the contemporary moment, when it is possible to use the term to refer to as-yet-conjectural manifestations that may redefine the very referent of life itself. To map the historical transformation of the term “life form,” the chapter draws on Raymond Williams's 1976 Keywords, in which Williams offered histories of keywords in social theory, detailing the shifting, contested meanings of such terms as “culture,” “nature,” and “ideology.” Using this approach, the chapter identifies a move from deductive reasoning to inductive reasoning to abductive reasoning.

Analogical reasoning in schizophrenic delusions

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Simpson ◽  
D. John Done
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Schizophrenic Group ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Reasoning Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Problems

AbstractPurposeReasoning ability has often been argued to be impaired in people with schizophrenic delusions, although evidence for this is far from convincing. This experiment examined the analogical reasoning abilities of several groups of patients, including non-deluded and deluded schizophrenics, to test the hypothesis that performance by the deluded schizophrenic group would be impaired.Subjects/materialsEleven deluded schizophrenics, 10 depressed subjects, seven non-deluded schizophrenics and 16 matched non-psychiatric controls, who were matched on a number of key variables, were asked to solve an analogical reasoning task.ResultsPerformance by the deluded schizophrenic group was certainly impaired when compared with the depressed and non-psychiatric control groups though less convincingly so when compared with the non-deluded schizophrenic group. The impairment shown by the deluded schizophrenic group seemed to occur at the initial stage of the reasoning task.DiscussionThe particular type of impairment shown by the deluded subjects was assessed in relation to other cognitive problems already researched and the implications of these problems on reasoning tasks and theories of delusions was discussed.

scholarly journals RELATION BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND REASONING ABILITY OF HIGHER SECONDARY STUDENTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (5SE) ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
Daisy Nambikkai ◽  
A. Veliappan
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The present study aims to find out the relationship between emotional intelligence and reasoning ability of the higher secondary students. Among the population, 724 samples of higher secondary students were selected randomly from Puducherry region. Findings of the study were i) significant difference is found between male and female higher secondary students in their reasoning ability in science on analogical reasoning, classification as reasoning, eclectic reasoning, deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.ii) Significant difference is found between male and female higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal awareness. iii) Significant difference is found among government, aided and unaided schools of higher secondary students in their reasoning ability in science on classification as reasoning and eclectic reasoning. iv) Significant difference is found among government, aided and unaided schools of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management and interpersonal management. v) there exists significant positive relationship between reasoning ability in science and emotional intelligence of higher secondary students.

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