Telecommunication Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahulena Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Telecommunication Services ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Broad Complex

Telecommunication law is a broad complex of legal rules, the aim of which is to regulate telecommunication services—the conveyance of signals by means of telecommunication networks; it also covers satellite and space research services. The utmost purpose of these norms is to enable an interference-free transmission of signals, both on a domestic and an international scale. Telecommunication law is composed of three levels of regulations: international, regional, and domestic. The international regulation is performed traditionally by states organized in the International Telecommunication Union on the basis of the ITU Constitution, Convention, and Radio Regulations; trade aspects of telecommunications are regulated by the World Trade Organization. There are several regional cooperation structures dealing with telecommunications; the telecommunication framework of the European Union can serve as an example of a highly harmonized regional regulation based on the Electronic Communication Code. Domestic telecommunication laws are adopted by sovereign states; however, the international rules and regional regulations influence their content and structure. These legal mechanisms are very useful regulatory frameworks that guarantee that telecommunication signals are conveyed to their consumers without administrative and factual obstacles. They have functioned for decades on a pragmatic basis driven mostly by technical and economic needs.

International Telecommunication Union

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-278
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Social Council

The annual report of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to the Economic and Social Council for the year 1953 stated that considerable progress had been made by the various countries during the year in developing or modernizing existing telecommunication networks, within the limits of technical and scientific progress and of credit available for investment in communications. The grid of telegraph and telephone circuits criss-crossing frontiers had been considerably tightened up and reinforced during 1953, important research work had been carried on, certain practical steps had been taken with a view to providing the public with semi-automatic international telephone service and a direct international telegraph subscribers' service, and the national broadcasting networks and television transmittal services had been expanded and improved. While the credit for these achievements, the report stated, was above all due to the specialists, no extension of telecommunication networks would have been possible without the intervention of the organs of ITU in the coordination of projects and in organizing cooperation between the various countries. The report contained information on ITU membership and on the organization and operation of the permanent organs of ITU, as well as a detailed summary of ITU activities during the year 1953, its relations with the United Nations and other international organizations, and its budgets for 1953 and 1954, for which the overall figures were respectively 6,225,100 and 6,367,500 Swiss francs, exclusive of United Nations technical assistance funds.

International Telecommunication Union

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-632
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Financial Regulations ◽  
Traditional Work

The sixteenth session of the Administrative Council of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was held in Geneva from April 22 to May 20, 1961, under the chairmanship of Mr. Vladimir Senk (Yugoslavia). Mr. Šenk spoke of some of the more important matters which the sixteenth session would have to discuss. He stressed that as the Union came to include more developing countries, technical assistance became increasingly important. He pointed out that, in addition to the help of experts and assistance in the training of their staff, these countries needed aid in obtaining essential materials for the development of their telecommunication networks. He stated that technical assistance in all its forms has gradually become a part of the traditional work of the Union. Turning to financial matters, Mr. Šenk mentioned that it would be necessary to revise the financial regulations of the union.

scholarly journals PROTECTION OF CHILDREN’S PERSONAL DATA IN THE DIGITAL WORLD BASED ON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Bismo Jiwo Agung
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Government ◽  
Legal Frameworks

The crime of children’s data in the digital world is one of the causes of the rampant crime of bullying, fraud, theft, sexual harassment, exploitation and abduction which leads to the trafficking of people who make children victims. The method used in this paper is a juridical-normative comparative legal research method. The result shows that the Convention on the Rights of Child Convention 1989 (CORC) does not regulate the personal data in the digital world comprehensively. So far, countries in the world, including Indonesia, have only relied on the international legal framework. It is recommended, including international guidelines issued by several international organizations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the International Telecommunication Union regarding the guidelines for parents and children in 2016. Indonesia already has a set of legal rules that are used as a basis for protecting children’s rights in the digital world. Based on these rules, the protection of children’s data in the digital world is included in the private and criminal domain. These Legal Frameworks show that the government is passive in protecting children’s data in the digital world because the responsibility of child safety and security when online is still focused on the parents or guardians of the child.

scholarly journals E-learning Skill and Use in EU Countries – A Statistical Analysis

2013 ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
Anikó Petákné Balogh
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Learning Skill ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Ict Development ◽  
Real Picture

The article investigates the division between member states of the European Union considering the aspect of their level of information and communication technology (ICT) development focusing on e-learning. With the help of discriminant analysis the countries are categorized into groups based on their ICT maturity and e-learning literacy level of development. Making a comparison with a benchmarking tool, the ITU (International Telecommunication Union)’s ICT Development Index (IDI) the results are confirmed partly correct. The article tries to find economical explanations for the re-grouping of the countries ranking. Finally the author examines the reliability of Hungary’s ranking results and the factors which may affect this divergence from the real picture.

scholarly journals APPROACHING TRUSTED TESTING OF NETWORKS WITH THE USE OF PROBES

Telecom IT ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
R. Pirmagomedov
Keyword(s):  
Black Box ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
System Level ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Study Group ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Ongoing Work

This paper presents a system-level architecture and signaling procedures of the system enabling trusted testing of telecommunication networks utilizing probes. The described system relies on the ongoing work of Study Group 11 at the International Telecommunication Union. The paper also includes testing profiles description, results storing, and users’ access to the results. In a nutshell the considered approach allows for the testing system to operate as a “black box” recording all required network events on the user side. The results of such testing can be further used for resolving disputes between stakeholders. The system discussed in this paper is rely on current work items of Q9/11 of International Telecommunication Union (Standardization sector).

Considering the Sub-Regional Cooperation in East-Central Europe – Some Conclusions on Integrating and Disintegrating Tendencies in the Sub-Regional Dialogue

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Wieclawski
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Regional Interests ◽  
Visegrad Group ◽  
East Central European

This article discusses the problems of the sub-regional cooperation in East-Central Europe. It formulates the general conclusions and examines the specific case of the Visegrad Group as the most advanced example of this cooperation. The article identifies the integrating and disintegrating tendencies that have so far accompanied the sub-regional dialogue in East-Central Europe. Yet it claims that the disintegrating impulses prevail over the integrating impulses. EastCentral Europe remains diversified and it has not developed a single platform of the sub-regional dialogue. The common experience of the communist period gives way to the growing difference of the sub-regional interests and the ability of the East-Central European members to coordinate their positions in the European Union is limited. The Visegrad Group is no exception in this regard despite its rich agenda of social and cultural contacts. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict confirms a deep divergence of interests among the Visegrad states that seems more important for the future of the Visegrad cooperation than the recent attempts to mark the Visegrad unity in the European refugee crisis. Finally, the Ukrainian crisis and the strengthening of the NATO’s “Eastern flank” may contribute to some new ideas of the sub-regional cooperation in East-Central Europe, to include the Polish-Baltic rapprochement or the closer dialogue between Poland and Romania. Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v10i1.251  

Engagement and Disengagement with International Institutions

2019 ◽  
pp. 391-410
Author(s):  
Paul Craig
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
International Organization ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Constitutional Constraints ◽  
Engagement And Disengagement

This chapter analyzes engagement and disengagement with international institutions from the perspective of U.K. law. The first part of the chapter considers the relevant legal rules that pertain to engagement by the United Kingdom in international institutions. It is divided into three sections. The first section is directed toward dualism as understood in U.K. constitutional law, whereby an international treaty cannot take effect in national law unless it has been transformed or adopted into domestic law, thereby preventing the executive from undertaking obligations without the imprimatur of the U.K. legislature. The second section explains the U.K. constitutional rules designed to prevent the executive from ratifying an international treaty, and hence committing the United Kingdom at the international level, before Parliament has had the opportunity to consider the treaty. This area is interesting, since it reveals a shift from practice, to a convention, and then to a statutory obligation. The third part investigates the limits of dualism, connoting in this respect that the doctrinal rules explicated here apply to formal treaties, but do not cover all global regulatory rules, which can impact, de jure or de facto, on the United Kingdom. The focus in the second section of the chapter shifts to the constitutional constraints that limit the national applicability of a treaty regime that the United Kingdom has ratified. Parliament may impose constraints on delegation, which condition the legal reception in U.K. law of changes made by an international organization. There are, in addition, constitutional constraints fashioned by the courts, which can affect the acceptance of rules or decisions made by an international organization, to which the United Kingdom is a party, within the U.K. legal order, more especially where U.K. courts feel that such a rule of decision can impact adversely on U.K. constitutional identity. These judicially created constraints can be interpretive or substantive. The final part of the chapter is concerned with disengagement from international institutions. The relevant legal precepts are, to a certain degree, symmetrical with those that govern initial engagement. The basic starting point is that the executive, acting pursuant to prerogative power, negotiates withdrawal or disengagement from an international organization, and Parliament then enacts or repeals the requisite legislation to make this a legal reality in national law. Matters can, however, be more complex, as exemplified by the litigation concerning the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union.

scholarly journals The graph neural networking challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
José Suárez-Varela ◽  
Miquel Ferriol-Galmés ◽  
Albert López ◽  
Paul Almasan ◽  
Guillermo Bernárdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Broad Audience

During the last decade, Machine Learning (ML) has increasingly become a hot topic in the field of Computer Networks and is expected to be gradually adopted for a plethora of control, monitoring and management tasks in real-world deployments. This poses the need to count on new generations of students, researchers and practitioners with a solid background in ML applied to networks. During 2020, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has organized the "ITU AI/ML in 5G challenge", an open global competition that has introduced to a broad audience some of the current main challenges in ML for networks. This large-scale initiative has gathered 23 different challenges proposed by network operators, equipment manufacturers and academia, and has attracted a total of 1300+ participants from 60+ countries. This paper narrates our experience organizing one of the proposed challenges: the "Graph Neural Networking Challenge 2020". We describe the problem presented to participants, the tools and resources provided, some organization aspects and participation statistics, an outline of the top-3 awarded solutions, and a summary with some lessons learned during all this journey. As a result, this challenge leaves a curated set of educational resources openly available to anyone interested in the topic.

scholarly journals A line-of-sight channel model for the 100–450 gigahertz frequency band

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonas Kokkoniemi ◽  
Janne Lehtomäki ◽  
Markku Juntti
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Absorption Loss ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Actual Response

AbstractThis paper documents a simple parametric polynomial line-of-sight channel model for 100–450 GHz band. The band comprises two popular beyond fifth generation (B5G) frequency bands, namely, the D band (110–170 GHz) and the low-THz band (around 275–325 GHz). The main focus herein is to derive a simple, compact, and accurate molecular absorption loss model for the 100–450 GHz band. The derived model relies on simple absorption line shape functions that are fitted to the actual response given by complex but exact database approach. The model is also reducible for particular sub-bands within the full range of 100–450 GHz, further simplifying the absorption loss estimate. The proposed model is shown to be very accurate by benchmarking it against the exact response and the similar models given by International Telecommunication Union Radio Communication Sector. The loss is shown to be within ±2 dBs from the exact response for one kilometer link in highly humid environment. Therefore, its accuracy is even much better in the case of usually considered shorter range future B5G wireless systems.

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