1. Becoming those who served

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Michael Wert
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Status Group ◽  
Warrior Class

This chapter defines what is meant by “warrior” in early Japanese history, describes the different possible origins of the warrior class, and the interaction between elite warrior-nobles and non-warrior nobility. In this early period, from prehistory to the ninth century, there was no well-defined warrior class or status group. Warriors across Japan did not think of themselves as belonging to a single group, nor did they have much political power except for the warrior-noble elite, like the Taira and Minamoto clans.

scholarly journals Condições históricas e sociais que regulam o acesso a terra no espaço agrário brasileiro

GeoTextos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiomar Inez Germani
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Rural Space ◽  
Space Settlement

Este artigo tem como objetivo traçar a trajetória histórica e social que forjou as bases para o estabelecimento da estrutura e organização do espaço rural no Brasil. Destaca as condições históricas e sociais que regulam o acesso a terra e como estas orientaram o processo de apropriação privada das terras livres em muito poucas mãos desde o período inicial da colonização portuguesa. Analisa, também, como este processo teve continuidade nos períodos posteriores, garantindo e fortalecendo a concentração da estrutura fundiária, como monopólio de classe, enquanto o número de trabalhadores rurais sem terra continua a crescer. É uma tentativa de entender como, em diferentes momentos da história, as relações sociais estabelecidas foram conformando a apropriação privada da natureza e, ao mesmo tempo, a organização do espaço rural, sendo legitimada pelo poder político através de uma legislação que é sempre usada para por obstáculos e dificultar o acesso a terra a amplas camadas da população. Em tempos mais recentes, os trabalhadores rurais sem terra opõem resistência a esta situação. De forma organizada, agem em todo o território nacional tentando por um fim a esta pesada herança e a escrever uma história em novas bases e com novas regras para o acesso a terra. Abstract This paper is meant to trace the historical and social trajectory that launched the bases for the Brazilian rural space settlement. It analyses the different forms of access to the land as well as the process which has lead to the capture of the “free lands” in very few hands during the early period of the Portuguese colonization. It also describes how this process has shaped and strengthened the structure of the land monopoly, concentrated and violent by it-self while the number of landless peasants continues to increase. It is an attempt to understand how in different moments of the history, this process was legitimated by the political power through laws that although not always permanent on the paper, were always used to oppose obstacles against the access to the land. Recently, the rural landless workers began to fight this situation. In an organized way, they are acting on the whole national territory with the hope that they will put an end to this heavy heritage and write a new history by themselves with new bases and new rules for the access to the land.

Endogenous Formation and Development of Capitalism in Japan

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasukazu Takenaka
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tokugawa Period ◽  
Warrior Class ◽  
Endogenous Formation

Japanese historians have characterized the Tokugawa period (1600–1868) as an “early modern feudal system” (kinsei hòken seido). While there is disagreement on the nature of feudalism in general, and the form of feudalism in the Tokugawa period in particular, I believe that Tokugawa society does include the essential elements of a feudal system so as to justify this label. What is particularly conspicuous is that Japan, like Europe, experienced feudalism before the birth of the modern age. In the case of Japan, as Professor E. O. Reischauer has pointed out, feudalism permitted the development of a goal-oriented ethic, rather than a status-oriented ethic, a strong sense of duty and obligation, and excluded the non warrior class from political power. Professor R. N. Bellah has differentiated the social values of Japan's feudalism from those of European feudalism by stressing the element of “loyalty” in the former and identifying this value as a key to the modernization of Japan. Whatever the special characteristics of feudalism in Japan may be, all analysts agree that the term “feudalism” is appropriate as a description of Tokugawa society.

scholarly journals CULTURE IN DA'WA SONGO WALI

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Abdul Mujib
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Economic Aspects

The growth and development of Islam in the early period marked the findings of the tomb of Nisan Fatimah binti Maemun (died 1082 A.D.), in Leran, Gresik, East Java. Estafeta Da'wa Islamiyah unrelenting until the change of the birth of a number of reliable figures, among others, Wali Songo, they are Maulana Malik Ibrahim in Gresik, Sunan Ampel in Surabaya, Sunan Giri in Gresik, Sunan Bonang in Tuban, Sunan Drajat in Lamongan, Sunan Kudus in Kudus, Sunan Muria in Kudus, Sunan Kalijaga in Kadilangu Demak, and Sunan Gunung Jati in Cirebon. The great success of Da'wa Islamiyah has given such an example in the economic aspects. Through economic strength, Islam in Java Island emerged to give birth to political power in the form of Demak Sultanate. The presence of Demak Sultanate is not separated from the role of Wali Songo which is considered as the leader of a large number of Islamic Muballigh in Da'wa Islamiyah in areas in the island of Java.

Islamic Studies of Korea in Medieval Scripts: Medieval Muslims’ perception of Korea “as a Muslims’ Paradise” and the Influence of Ancient Civilizations’ Golden Island in the Sea East of the Eastern End of the World

2021 ◽  
pp. 323-333
Author(s):  
Jin Han Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
Definition Of

Silla was one of two places in East Asia frequently described by medieval Muslim writers from the mid ninth-century onwards. The earliest study of Silla in antique documents can be traced back to eighteenth-century Arabists who attached a short note to the word “Sīlā” when editing or translating manuscripts.1 From the nineteenth century, not only in quantitative terms but also qualitatively, Muslim authors’ eagerness to catalogue their knowledge about Silla caught the attention of contemporary scholars in both the East and West. In addition to Europeans, Japanese academics attempted to study the definition of Silla at this time, and owing to the colonization of Korea, Silla came to be considered not only as part of Korean, but also Japanese “history.” From the early twentieth century, pioneering Korean scholars were also challenged by the task of deciphering medieval Muslim knowledge of Silla, often in conjunction with Arabic researchers.

South Slavic Lands

2021 ◽  
pp. 234-252
Author(s):  
Ljubomir Milanović
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
Byzantine Art ◽  
State Administration ◽  
South Slavs ◽  
Art Production

The reception of Byzantine art among the South Slavs began with their conversion to Christianity in the ninth century. Bulgaria and Serbia were the largest medieval states, covering most of the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. With the development and strengthening of political power of these kingdoms, more influences from Byzantium penetrated the state administration and society. Art production mostly relied on the patronage of local rulers, nobles, or prelates, who were able to bring the best artists from Byzantine centers or those trained in Byzantine workshops. This resulted in the intermingling of Byzantine traditions and skills and local patrons’ desires for creating artistic programs and objects with political and national content.

Introduction

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
Direct Reflection ◽  
The Middle Ages

The aim of this book is to examine some of the ways in which people in medieval Britain presented themselves. It is primarily about small artefacts, especially jewellery. It says little about costume, although that provided the immediate setting for many of the objects discussed; nor is it a study of buildings, although those provided the backdrop for the people wearing the costume. Nor is it a catalogue. Instead, it considers the reasons for people’s decisions to acquire, display, conceal, and discard some of the things that were important to them, and examines how much the wish to acquire, retain, and pass such things on to heirs explains behaviour in the Middle Ages. The book’s approach is chronological, to explore the changes and the reasons for them during the whole of the Middle Ages. It is not restricted to the study of a single group of people, but explores the significance to the whole of society of some of the things available at various times, and the restrictions that limited their acquisition and use. Many of the objects considered and the documents cited relate to the richest or most powerful people, but one of the aims of the book is to consider whether theirs was an example that others invariably sought to follow, or whether at different times different aspirations were expressed, showing social disharmony and disunity. Because the emphasis of the book is on the artefacts that people used in order to show their affiliations and status, it says little about such things as household items. Locks and keys, for instance, were in most periods primarily functional; important as they are for showing the need for security in medieval buildings, they were rarely made with an eye on what people were going to think of those who turned them—except in the early period, they do not seem to have been regarded as things that served to define their owners’ social place or aspirations. Details of weapons, armour, and horse trappings do not get much attention either, since their finer points would have mattered only to a very privileged few. On the other hand, drinking-vessels and tableware are included, because they were very often used in ways that made them visible and a direct reflection of social standing.

‘Great Men’, Churchmen, and the Others

2020 ◽  
pp. 178-189
Author(s):  
Arietta Papaconstantinou
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Christian Population ◽  
The Church

This article argues that in the early period after the Arab conquest, the primary communal self-ascription of the rural Christian population was to their village communities, and that authority was still firmly in the hands of secular elites. Based on evidence from papyri, this contradicts the later narrative sources which give the church a preponderant position in communal leadership – a reality they retroject from the ninth century and later, when they were composed.

Landlords and Rural Capitalists in the Modernization of Japan

1956 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
Authoritarian Government ◽  
Warrior Class ◽  
A Share ◽  
The Revolution

There is impressive evidence that wealthy peasants contributed significantly to the success of the Meiji Restoration, the political revolution that launched Japan on her career of modernization. These rural capitalists, for such they were, helped to give the revolution direction as well as power. How otherwise is one to account for a government dominated by samurai, the elite carriers of tradition, following policies that did great violence to Japan's past and destroyed the privileged status of the warrior class? But if the influence of the representatives of rural wealth was so strong, why did they consent to a clique of warriors holding political power almost as a private prerogative for a generation after the Restoration? Despite the demand for a share in power in the eighties, they did consent and weakly accepted the Meiji constitution which sanctified authoritarian government.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

Image quality vs data obtainment in biological electron microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
J. E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
Embedding Medium

In the early years of biological electron microscopy, scientists had their hands full attempting to describe the cellular microcosm that was suddenly before them on the fluorescent screen. Mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and other myriad organelles were being examined, micrographed, and documented in the literature. A major problem of that early period was the development of methods to cut sections thin enough to study under the electron beam. A microtome designed in 1943 moved the specimen toward a rotary “Cyclone” knife revolving at 12,500 RPM, or 1000 times as fast as an ordinary microtome. It was claimed that no embedding medium was necessary or that soft embedding media could be used. Collecting the sections thus cut sounded a little precarious: “The 0.1 micron sections cut with the high speed knife fly out at a tangent and are dispersed in the air. They may be collected... on... screens held near the knife“.

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