4. The condition of England

Author(s):  
Robert C. Allen

‘The condition of England’ considers why the upswing in technological progress caused such widespread suffering for so many people for so long. It begins with a broad question: how did the technological revolution change the structure of society? It looks at social tables, dividing the population into six social classes—the landed classes, bourgeoisie, lower middle class, farmers, workers, and cottagers and paupers—and how they changed from 1688 to 1867. It is no surprise that the share of national income going to farmers and land owners declined during the Industrial Revolution, but why did workers fall behind capitalists and why did some workers do so much better than others?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ghada M. Chehimi

This is a study of high school students’ attitudes toward the English language in Lebanon. The purpose of this research is to assess the extent of use of English inside and outside the schools taking into consideration the attitude towards the language. Two schools were selected, one upper middle class and one lower middle class. This selection of different social classes aims at finding whether a student’s socio- economical background affects his/ her attitude toward the English language. The sample of respondents returned 52 questionnaires from the two schools. Although this sample was a modest one, it highlighted the differences in attitudes towards the English language, but these attitudes did not relate much to the socioeconomic class as much as personal preferences. However, what was salient in this research is how students from the lower middle class were more inclined to use English to raise their social status and both groups agreed that English is essential to their progress in life.


1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 295-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet W. Salaff

Borrowing concepts from the study of work and occupations as well as gender studies, this paper considers the social organization of migration as gendered work. It explores women's and men's contribution to two aspects of family resources needed to migrate: (a) jobs and the non-market exchanges involved in obtaining work, and (b) the support of kin. The data come from a study of 30 emigrant and non-emigrant families representing three social classes in Hong Kong. We find their “migration work” varies by social class and gender. Since the working class families depend on kin to get resources to emigrate, their “migration work” involves maintaining these kin ties, mainly in the job area. The lower middle class proffer advice to kin, and they view kin as an information source on topics including migration. For the affluent, middle-class who negotiate independently to emigrate, their “migration work” involves linking colleagues to the family.


2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Espen Moe

The article looks at Schumpeterian growth. What makes nations rise is their ability to use technological progress to create growth industries. But industrial leadership does not automatically translate into future industrial leadership, as technological progress means that the key industries never remain the same. I compare Britain, France, Germany, the U.S. and Japan during five periods of industrial leadership, from the Industrial Revolution until today, to analyze why certain nations have been better able to rise to industrial leadership, and stay there, than others. The theoretical framework blends Joseph Schumpeter and Mancur Olson’s work to yield three theoretical propositions which receive broad empirical support. First, human capital is crucial. Second, the state must prevent vested interests from blocking structural economic change. Third, the states that have managed to do so have been characterized by political consensus and social cohesion. This is because consensus and cohesion provides the state with more autonomy for independent policy-making.


THE BULLETIN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (387) ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Amrekul Abuov ◽  
◽  
Bakhytzhan Orazaliyev ◽  
Aktoty Raimkulova ◽  
◽  
...  

Geographical migration, intercultural and inter-civilizational interactions are not the only phenomena of the last decade of the XX century. The search for knowledge and the spread of the teachings of Allah (Christianity, Islam or Buddhism) and the search for livelihoods are among the reasons that trade and migration inevitably lead people to interact with one another. Wars and political arrogance, aimed at expanding the borders of the empire, and the constant attempt to rule the world are another factor in the reorganization of power to create global alliances. Given this, we can say that globalization is not a new phenomenon. After the Industrial Revolution and the rise of world capitalism, with the advent of lighter and faster communications, transport and other infrastructure, relations between the peoples of the world, cultural dialogue, interaction have grown and become more and more new every year. began to happen. To get an idea of the main features of modernization, it is necessary to refer to the experience of industrial societies in Europe and North America. Historical, scientific and technological progress has played a key role in the transformation of traditional European feudal society into a modern capitalist society. As a result of this progress, developing on the basis of pragmatism, the relations between new social classes, individuals and groups were reorganized, which underwent significant changes.


Author(s):  
Mohan Lal Jat ◽  
P.S. Shekhawat ◽  
Sonu Jain

The study was conducted in Jaipur district of Rajasthan to know the socio-economic status of small and marginal farmers. A total of 60 farmers (30 farmers in each small and marginal category) were selected for the present investigation. The primary data relating to various socioeconomic variables were collected from the sample farmers by personal interview method using semistructured schedules and questionnaires for the purpose. Composite scales analysis like Udai Pareek revised scale-2019 and Modified BG Prasad scale-2019 were used to analyze the socio-economic status of small and marginal farmers, which have combinations of social and economic variables. The study revealed that, the socio-economic condition of small farmers was better than socio-economic condition of marginal farmers, according to composite scales analysis. On the basis of Udai Pareek revised scale, majority of marginal farmers (about 47.00%) belonged to lower middle class whereas, majority of small farmers (about 53.00%) belonged to middle class. Study further found that, in both categories of farmers, no farmer belonged to the lower and upper class. As per BG Prasad modified scale which is based on monthly income of household, majority of marginal farmers (50.00%) belonged to upper middle class while, majority of small farmers (60.00%) belonged to upper class. In both categories of sample farmers, no farmer belonged to lower and lower middle class.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Derri Ris Riana

Abstract Dewi Anggraeni’s World View in My Pain My Country: Lucien Goldmann Genetic Structuralism Study. This research aims to uncover human facts, collective subject, the structure of the novel My Pain My Country, which illustrates the character's problems, both concerning other characters and the environment, and the worldview expressed by the author as part of a social class group supported by Dewi Anggraeni's authorship helped to reconstruct the author's worldview. The analysis uses genetic structuralism with a dialectical method based on the concept of understanding and explanation in finding coherence of meaning. The data source is Dewi Anggraeni’s novel ”My Pain My Country”. The results showed that the author described “My Pain My Country” as human facts through geographical, sociological, psychological, historical, and ideological facts. Dewi Anggraeni describes the collective subject in two different social classes, namely the Chinese ethnic group to be described as the capitalists and indigenous people as the proletarians. The structure of “My Pain My Country” was constructed by relating the characters and the environment. The author represented the relationship between the characters in human opposition. Meanwhile, the relationship between the characters and the environment were represented through natural, social and cultural oppositions. The structure of the novel reflected the Dewi Anggraeni’s worldview as a form of sympathy, not only towards the victims of the 1998 tragedy from Chinese but also towards the lower middle class of indigenous people; and world views on nationalism, justice, and Chinese integration. Key words: genetic structuralism, human fact, world view Abstrak Pandangan Dunia Dewi Anggraeni dalam Novel My Pain My Country: Kajian Strukturalisme Genetik Lucien Goldmann. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap fakta kemanusiaan; subjek kolektif; struktur novel My Pain My Country yang menggambarkan permasalahan tokoh, baik dalam hubungannya dengan tokoh lain maupun dengan lingkungannya; dan pandangan dunia yang diekspresikan pengarang sebagai bagian dari kelas sosial yang didukung oleh jejak kepengarangan yang turut merekonstruksi pandangan dunia Dewi Anggraeni. Analisis menggunakan strukturalisme genetik dengan metode dialektik yang berdasarkan pada konsep pemahaman dan penjelasan dalam menemukan koherensi makna. Sumber data adalah novel My Pain My Country karya Dewi Anggraeni. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa novel My Pain My Country sebagai fakta kemanusiaan digambarkan pengarang melalui fakta geografis, sosiologis, psikologis, historis, dan ideologis. Subjek kolektif dimunculkan Dewi Anggraeni dalam dua kelas sosial yang berbeda, yaitu kelompok etnis Tionghoa yang digambarkan sebagai kaum kapitalis dan pribumi sebagai proletar. Struktur novel My Pain My Country dibangun oleh hubungan antartokoh, serta tokoh dan lingkungan. Hubungan tokoh dan tokoh digambarkan dalam oposisi manusia. Sementara itu, hubungan tokoh dan lingkungan digambarkan melalui oposisi alamiah, sosial, dan kultural. Struktur novel itu merefleksikan pandangan dunia Dewi Anggraeni sebagai wujud keprihatinan, baik terhadap korban tragedi 1998 dari Tionghoa maupun kelompok menengah ke bawah, serta pandangan tentang nasionalisme, keadilan, dan integrasi Tionghoa. Kata-kata kunci: strukturalisme genetik, fakta kemanusiaan, pandangan dunia


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Saba Zaidi ◽  
Saman Salah ◽  
Anisa Tul Mehdi ◽  
Mehwish Sahibzada ◽  
Durdana Rafiq ◽  
...  

The current study aims to identify particular ways through which social actors are represented by Pakistani media such as MCB (Muslim Commercial Bank) Ladies Account (2017). This study is only limited to two Pakistani advertisements as a sample of study. The research design is qualitative content analysis. The study seeks to examine the propagation of class differences for the sake of gaining viewer’s empathy in order to achieve marketing purposes. The researchers have applied Leeuwen’s (2008) framework of Visual Representation of Social Actor for the analysis of data. The analysis of data has provided an insight into different ways class differences are showcased. It has further provided an insight that notion of lower/middle class is constructed and represented as “others” in the particular advertisements with the help of Visual Representation of Social Actors. The result of study validates that lower/middle class is particularly marginalized in the mentioned advertisements, whereas it has become a general practice of Pakistani media to project such kind of class dichotomy. The study has further incorporated the idea that through such kind of projections the capitalists propagate the purchase of unwanted items. Wherein, regardless of any use the viewers while empathizing with the social actors purchase the advertised items.


Author(s):  
Gleb A. Maslov

The article is devoted to the main approaches of Soviet economists to the issue of introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress into production related to the experience of economic development of the USSR. Among the research provisions, general economic planning stands out as a key tool for the balanced dissemination of the elements of scientific and technological revolution in the interests of the entire population. Practice showed the validity of the advantages of socialism noted by researchers in a number of spheres. However, there were also significant imbalances in economic development, which were insufficiently worked out theoretically. The successes were concentrated mainly in the important strategic industries, while the production of consumer goods faced systemic difficulties. Ultimately, these imbalances started growing, and the intensive component of economic growth began declining. This tendency is substantiated by a system of motivations at different management levels, among employees. Public enthusiasm and intangible motives were substantial but limited, while economic incentives were insufficient. Nevertheless, despite the current dominance of an economic system being fundamentally different from the Soviet model, there are prerequisites of the growing relevance of turning to Soviet theories and practices in economic development based on advanced technologies. This is due to a significant degree of similar content of technologies attributed to the fourth industrial revolution, compared with the post-war stage of scientific and technological revolution. The new nature of technologies presupposes greater calculation possibilities in planning, the prospects for widespread automation of production, coupled with the need to form new, non-economic motives of work. Similar problems were widely discussed in the Soviet academic sources.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
By Nicholas Crafts

abstract I examine the implications of technological change for productivity, real wages and factor shares during the industrial revolution using recently available data. This shows that real GDP per worker grew faster than real consumption earnings but labour’s share of national income changed little as real product wages grew at a similar rate to labour productivity in the medium term. The period saw modest total factor productivity growth which limited the growth both of real wages and of labour productivity. Economists looking for an historical example of rapid labour-saving technological progress having a seriously adverse impact on labour’s share must look elsewhere.


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