5. Reasoning

2016 ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Richard Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Semantic System ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Verbal Problem ◽  
Executive System ◽  
Language Areas ◽  
Language Meaning

Why do different intellectual abilities tend to cluster together? Do we think in language? Why are human beings so intelligent? ‘Reasoning’ considers these questions by looking at the processes involved in non-verbal problem solving, spatial relations, thought, and language. Fluid reasoning, needed for IQ tests, depends on the dorsal executive system. Reasoning with verbal material involves the semantic system and also engages the parietal cortex. One reason for human intelligence is that humans are taught in a language, meaning that they inherit knowledge and understanding cumulatively. This is possible because of the expansion of non-primary areas in the human brain: the language areas, semantic system, and dorsal executive system, and in the prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence, Smart Contract and Islamic Finance

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Rohaya Mat Rahim ◽  
Zam Zuriyati Mohamad ◽  
Juliana Abu Bakar ◽  
Farhana Hanim Mohsin ◽  
Norhayati Md Isa
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Islamic Finance ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Finance Industry ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Block Chain

This study examines the two important aspect of latest technology issues in Islamic finance that related to artificial intelligence (AI) and smart contract. AI refers to the ability of machines to understand, think, and learn in a similar way to human beings, indicating the possibility of using computers to simulate human intelligence. Smart contract is a computer code running on top of a block-chain containing a set of rules under which the parties to that smart contract agree to interact with each other. The main objectives of this article are to evaluate the operations of AI and smart contract, to make comparison between the operations of AI and smart contract. This article concludes that AI and smart contract will have a huge impact in future for Islamic Finance industry.

scholarly journals Research on How Human Intelligence, Consciousness, and Cognitive Computing Affect the Development of Artificial Intelligence

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yanyan Dong ◽  
Jie Hou ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Maocong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Computing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Value Rationality

Artificial intelligence (AI) is essentially the simulation of human intelligence. Today’s AI can only simulate, replace, extend, or expand part of human intelligence. In the future, the research and development of cutting-edge technologies such as brain-computer interface (BCI) together with the development of the human brain will eventually usher in a strong AI era, when AI can simulate and replace human’s imagination, emotion, intuition, potential, tacit knowledge, and other kinds of personalized intelligence. Breakthroughs in algorithms represented by cognitive computing promote the continuous penetration of AI into fields such as education, commerce, and medical treatment to build up AI service space. As to human concern, namely, who controls whom between humankind and intelligent machines, the answer is that AI can only become a service provider for human beings, demonstrating the value rationality of following ethics.

Law, Religion and Human Dignity in the Muslim World Today: An Examination of OIC's Cairo Declaration of Human Rights

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah al-Ahsan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Civic Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Need

Human dignity is the recognition and respect of human need, desire and expectation one individual by another. This recognition is indispensable because no human being survives alone: Human dignity creates the foundation of society and civilization. Our knowledge of history suggests that religious ideas have provided this basic foundation of civilization. Describing the first recognized civilization in history one historian says, “Religion permeated Sumerian civic life.” According to another historian, “Religion dominated, suffused, and inspired all features of Near Eastern society—law, kingship, art, and science.” Based on these observations while defining civilization Samuel Huntington asserts, “Religion is a central defining characteristic of civilizations.”In Islam, the Qur’an declares that: “We have bestowed dignity on the progeny of Adam.” The verse then continues to remind the whole of mankind of God's special favor unto them with physical and intellectual abilities, natural resources and with superiority over most other creatures in the world. This dignity is bestowed through God's act of creating Adam and breathing into him His Own Spirit. Since all human beings originated from Adam and his spouse, every single human being possesses this dignity regardless of color, race, religion and tribe. The whole of mankind, as khalīfah (vice-resenf) is responsible for establishing peace on earth through divinely ordained values such as amānah (trust), ‘adālah (justice) and shūra (consultation).

Frames of reference and the encoding of spatial location in Mandarin Chinese

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-376
Author(s):  
Keding Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Reference Object ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Linguistic Representation

Abstract This article attempts to account for how the static spatial relations of location between objects are encoded in Mandarin Chinese with Levinson’s notions of frames of reference and Talmy’s concept of Figure-Ground relations as theoretical guidance. Space is relational in nature, and spatial relations are embodied concepts that are at the heart of our conceptual system. That’s why they cannot be seen in the way physical objects are observed. Accordingly, I am inclined to propose that spatial relations are not natural entities in the physical world, but abstract ones that are construed and conceptualized subjectively by human beings. In accordance with the relational nature of space, Mandarin Chinese speakers usually encode the abstract spatial relation X Spatially Relates To Y into a linguistic representation as X V Y (P) where P is optional, when a pure static spatial relation of location between objects is construed, or into a linguistic representation as X VP zài Y P where VP stands for verbs of posture, when the object being located is conceived as being spatially related in a certain manner with respect to the reference object. Usually, such linguistic representations as X V Y (P) and X VP zài Y P are usually realized in Mandarin Chinese as two types of locative constructions: spatial relation constructions of containment/enclosure and spatial relation constructions of proximity/adjacency. What’s more, though locative constructions are related in some way to existential constructions in Mandarin Chinese, they are actually distinct from each other in three ways from a cognitive linguistics perspective: (i) they encode different spatial relations, (ii) they reveal different Figure-Ground relations, and (iii) there is a difference in definiteness of the two nominals involved.

scholarly journals Perspectives on (A)symmetry of Arcuate Fasciculus. A Short Review About Anatomy, Tractography and TMS for Arcuate Fasciculus Reconstruction in Planning Surgery for Gliomas in Language Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Di Cristofori ◽  
Gianpaolo Basso ◽  
Camilla de Laurentis ◽  
Ilaria Mauri ◽  
Martina Andrea Sirtori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Arcuate Fasciculus ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Dominant Hemisphere ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Dti Tractography ◽  
Language Areas

Gliomas are brain tumors that are treated with surgical resection. Prognosis is influenced by the extent of resection and postoperative neurological status. As consequence, given the extreme interindividual and interhemispheric variability of subcortical white matter (WM) surgical planning requires to be patient's tailored. According to the “connectionist model,” there is a huge variability among both cortical areas and subcortical WM in all human beings, and it is known that brain is able to reorganize itself and to adapt to WM lesions. Brain magnetic resonance imaging diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography allows visualization of WM bundles. Nowadays DTI tractography is widely available in the clinical setting for presurgical planning. Arcuate fasciculus (AF) is a long WM bundle that connects the Broca's and Wernicke's regions with a complex anatomical architecture and important role in language functions. Thus, its preservation is important for the postoperative outcome, and DTI tractography is usually performed for planning surgery within the language-dominant hemisphere. High variability among individuals and an asymmetrical pattern has been reported for this WM bundle. However, the functional relevance of AF in the contralateral non-dominant hemisphere in case of tumoral or surgical lesion of the language-dominant AF is unclear. This review focuses on AF anatomy with special attention to its asymmetry in both normal and pathological conditions and how it may be explored with preoperative tools for planning surgery on gliomas in language areas. Based on the findings available in literature, we finally speculate about the potential role of preoperative evaluation of the WM contralateral to the surgical site.

scholarly journals Пространственная семантика послелога деер в калмыцком языке

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-614
Author(s):  
Liudmila L. Lidzhieva ◽  
◽  
Bamba E. Ubushieva ◽  
Zhanna A. Mukabenova
Keyword(s):  
Digital Library ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Event Space ◽  
Semantic System ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Close Vicinity ◽  
National Corpus

Introduction. The article examines spatial uses of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language. The semantic system of postpositions that form postpositional constructions comprises a complex area of various relations. A remarkable place in the Mongolic languages is occupied by spatial meanings of postpositions, the postposition деер being a most common and productive one therein. Goals. The research aims to describe spatial meanings of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language. Materials. The work analyzes data selected from various dictionaries, literary and journalistic texts included in the National Corpus of the Kalmyk Language, Kalmyk National Corpus, and the Kalmyk Digital Library. Results. This postposition is mentioned in all dictionaries of Mongolic languages and is a most common and productive lexical unit. It expresses a wide variety of relations resulting from its syntactic ties: spatial, temporal, comitative, target, and quantitative-restrictive values. Along with concrete, real relations this postposition in various speech situations acquires additional, sometimes very abstract meanings based its core seme. The spatial meanings of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language are considered in detail. In addition to its main meaning — location or movement on the surface — this postposition indicates movement or performing an action over the surface of an object without reaching contact, in close vicinity, near a landmark, and also shows the direction of action. This postposition can express ‘event space’. Conclusions. The analysis of spatial relations expressed by the postposition деер shows a variety of transmitted meanings in various speech situations, as well as features of its use in the Kalmyk language.

Evolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasana T. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Why Questions

The second chapter introduces the evolutionary perspective on social cognition, emphasizing the prioritorizing of survival and reproduction as basic human motives. It then describes an example of the interaction between genes and environment that directs evolution, before considering the universality of emotions as an example of the product of evolutionary pressures shaped by social motives that stem from the basic human motives. It then addresses the how and why questions surrounding humans’ advanced social and intellectual abilities, pinpointing spontaneous social cognition and gesture and language respectively. It then explores modern environmental pressures that continue to guide human beings’ social and intellectual evolution.

scholarly journals ¿Hay realmente inteligencia animal? Una revisión filosófica.

Sincronía ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol XXV (80) ◽  
pp. 225-247
Author(s):  
Víctor Hugo Gutiérrez Luna ◽  
◽  
Juan Reyes Juárez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Donald Davidson ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
John Mcdowell ◽  
Animal Intelligence ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

In the context of philosophical research on animal intelligence, there are different traditions that deny that nonhuman animals are intelligent. In this article we mention some of these traditions, such as Cartesian mechanism and behaviorism. However, we will focus our attention on the proposals of the analytical philosophers John McDowell and Donald Davidson as representative of this philosophical tradition. His main idea is that by not having a language like that of human beings, the rest of the animals cannot be rational and, therefore, not intelligent either. Our position is that such an analytical tradition flatly ignores the scientific and philosophical evidence against it. We will give some relevant data in favor of animal intelligence. In addition, we will give an account of a trend that is manifested with increasing force among ethologists according to which there is a continuity between animal and human intelligence, considering the latter as the result of an evolutionary process and, therefore, as a result of a series of skills acquired by different species at some point in their formation.

Ethics, Technology, and Posthuman Communities

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Benko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethical Evaluation ◽  
Good For

As long as technology has been interpreted as an expression of practical reasoning and an effort to alter the conditions of human existence, ethical language has been used to interpret and critique technology’s meaning. When this happens technology is more than implements that are expressions of human intelligence and used towards practical ends in the natural world.1 As Frederick Ferre points out, technology is always about knowledge and values—what people want and what they want to avoid—and to the extent that technology increases power, one has to ask whether technology and/or the use towards which it is put is ethical.2 The ethicality of technology is based on whether that technology threatens or enhances the good for human beings. Therefore, any understanding of technology is never removed from ethics. Beyond the ethical evaluation of technology, technology is critiqued in light of whether it enhances or diminishes what it means to be human.

scholarly journals The role of a language in the world’s conceptualization: the aspect of cultural linguistics

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina A Maslova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
World Picture ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Integrative Process ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cultural Linguistics ◽  
Language Meaning

The transition from actual knowledge to the deep one is an important characteristic of all modern humanities, including cognitive linguistics and cultural linguistics. Study of deep knowledge is urgent now. The purpose of the article is to show that the allocation of language categories is a complex integrative process, since the category itself includes both general conceptual bases for combining objects having common essential properties, and knowledge of the rules and mechanisms of such combination. The author concluded that the concept of “language and culture” converge the interests of all sciences that study human beings. Therefore, modern cultural linguistics should explore not only the interaction of language and culture, but also the relationship and interconnections of language and personality, its consciousness and thinking. The article shows certain examples of language meaning in world conceptualization and categorization. It attempts to establish objective and subjective factors shaping the national world picture. One of these factors is the metaphor, which clearly reflects the national specificity of the world perception.

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