Enzymes: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Engel
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Many

Enzymes: A Very Short Introduction explores enzymes, the tiny molecular machines that make life possible. These proteins speed up chemical reactions inside a living organism many millionfold. Working together, teams of enzymes carry out all the processes that can be collectively recognized as life, from making DNA to digesting food. This VSI explains how this works, before going on to reveal how these catalysts of such extraordinary power and exquisite selectivity have evolved. It also examines the many varied ways in which individual enzymes are used nowadays as tools—in medical diagnosis and therapy, washing powders, food production, waste treatment, and chemical synthesis. New vistas have opened up through application of molecular genetics, not only allowing cheap, large-scale production of pure enzymes but also making possible new, tailor-made enzymes.

scholarly journals Land Use Transitions and Farm Performance in China: A Perspective of Land Fragmentation

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Shukun Wang ◽  
Dengwang Li ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Changquan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Land Fragmentation ◽  
Land Transfer ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Farm Performance ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
The Relationship

Land fragmentation (LF) is widespread worldwide and affects farmers’ decision-making and, thus, farm performance. We used detailed household survey data at the crop level from ten provinces in China to construct four LF indicators and six farm performance indicators. We ran a set of regression models using OLS methods to analyse the relationship between LF and farm performance. The results showed that (1) LF increased the input of production material and labour costs; (2) LF reduced farmers’ purchasing of mechanical services and the efficiency of ploughing; and (3) LF may increase technical efficiency (this result, however, was not sufficiently robust and had no effect on yield). Generally speaking, LF was negatively related to farm performance. To improve farm performance, it is recommended that decision-makers speed up land transfer and land consolidation, stabilise land property rights, establish land-transfer intermediary organisations and promote large-scale production.

scholarly journals Polyester Polymeric Nanoparticles as Platforms in the Development of Novel Nanomedicines for Cancer Treatment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3387
Author(s):  
Enrique Niza ◽  
Alberto Ocaña ◽  
José Antonio Castro-Osma ◽  
Iván Bravo ◽  
Carlos Alonso-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticle ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Many

Many therapeutic agents have failed in their clinical development, due to the toxic effects associated with non-transformed tissues. In this context, nanotechnology has been exploited to overcome such limitations, and also improve navigation across biological barriers. Amongst the many materials used in nanomedicine, with promising properties as therapeutic carriers, the following one stands out: biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. Polymeric nanoparticles are ideal candidates for drug delivery, given the versatility of raw materials and their feasibility in large-scale production. Furthermore, polymeric nanoparticles show great potential for easy surface modifications to optimize pharmacokinetics, including the half-life in circulation and targeted tissue delivery. Herein, we provide an overview of the current applications of polymeric nanoparticles as platforms in the development of novel nanomedicines for cancer treatment. In particular, we will focus on the raw materials that are widely used for polymeric nanoparticle generation, current methods for formulation, mechanism of action, and clinical investigations.

scholarly journals Reserves for improving the efficiency of integrated formations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamil M. Gazetdinov ◽  
Mirsharip Kh. Gazetdinov ◽  
Olga S. Semicheva ◽  
Farida F. Gatina ◽  
Almaz A. Nigmetzynov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Management Quality ◽  
Specialized Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic

The article analyzes the experience and development of agricultural formations in the Republic of Tatarstan. Many of them have achieved good results during the period of operation, which confirms the advantages of large-scale production. It is argued that the problem of further development of integrated formations can be solved within the framework of the scientific concept, according to which the integrated formation is a modern form of concentration of production, which most fully meets the requirement of accelerated transfer of agriculture to the intensive development path. The implementation of this concept allows one to mobilize organizational reserves of efficiency growth of integrated formations. The main tools of the mechanism of its implementation are considered: increasing the level of cooperation and concentration, the creation of service centers and specialized production units, reducing the number of middle managers, improving the level of labor organization and management quality due to the informatization of management work. It is proposed to speed up the pace of creation of integrated units and enhance their inherent reserves to establish certain financial benefits, to revise the procedure for allocation to local budgets, to ensure the development and examination of projects for the creation and development of new integrated units.

scholarly journals Microbiological Production of Polyhydroxbutyrates From Renewable Sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Rysbek ◽  
A.A. Kurmanbayev
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Distribution Studies

Plastics play an important role in our daily lives and are used for various purposes. The industry of environmentally friendly products is actively developing in our time, including bioplastics, and much attention of scientists is attracted by biodegradable polymers such as polyhydroxyalacanoates or its subspecies polyhydroxybutyrates, which are synthesized by various microorganisms as a reserve substance, and are also the most acceptable replacement for conventional synthetic plastics. However, the cost of large-scale production of such a biodegradable polymer is not competitive with its wide distribution. Studies of the microbial production of polyhydroxybutyrates should be aimed at identifying cost-effective substrates, as well as determining the appropriate strain of the body for production. These biopolymers have a number of specific properties, such as biodegradability and compatibility with living body tissue, which opens up great opportunities for their use in practice. The final product of polyhydroxybutyrates biodegradation in the environment is water and carbon dioxide, and in a living organism 3-butobutyric acid. The main focus of this review was the production of bioplastics from various economical substrates using various types of bacteria.

I. S. A. Baud. Forms of Production and Women's Labour: Gender Aspects of Industrialisation in India and Mexico. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1992. 321 pp.Hardbound. Price: Indian Rs 295.00.

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Naureen Talha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
Small Production

The literature on female labour in Third World countries has become quite extensive. India, being comparatively more advanced industrially, and in view of its size and population, presents a pictures of multiplicity of problems which face the female labour market. However, the author has also included Mexico in this analytical study. It is interesting to see the characteristics of developing industrialisation in two different societies: the Indian society, which is conservative, and the Mexican society, which is progressive. In the first chapter of the book, the author explains that he is not concerned with the process of industrialisation and female labour employed at different levels of work, but that he is interested in forms of production and women's employment in large-scale production, petty commodity production, marginal small production, and self-employment in the informal sector. It is only by analysis of these forms that the picture of females having a lower status is understood in its social and political setting.

An Efficient and Improved Process for the Synthesis of Itopride Hydrochloride and Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnusamy Kannan ◽  
Samuel I.D. Presley ◽  
Pallikondaperumal Shanmugasundaram ◽  
Nagapillai Prakash ◽  
Deivanayagam Easwaramoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Hydrochloride Salt ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Non Ulcer Dyspepsia ◽  
Itopride Hydrochloride ◽  
Yield And Purity

Aim and Objective: Itopride is a prokinetic agent used for treating conditions like non-ulcer dyspepsia. Itopride is administered as its hydrochloride salt. Trimethobenzamide is used for treating nausea and vomiting and administered as its hydrochloride salt. The aim is to develop a novel and environmental friendly method for large-scale production of itopride and trimethobenzamide. Materials and Methods: Itopride and trimethobenzamide can be prepared from a common intermediate 4- (dimethylaminoethoxy) benzyl amine. The intermediate is prepared from one pot synthesis using Phyrdroxybenzaldehye and zinc dust and further reaction of the intermediate with substituted methoxy benzoic acid along with boric acid and PEG gives itopride and trimethobenzamide. Results: The intermediate 4-(dimethylaminoethoxy) benzylamine is prepared by treating p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride. The aldehyde formed is treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The intermediate is confirmed by NMR and the purity is analysed by HPLC. Conclusion: Both itopride and trimethobenzamide were successfully synthesized by this method. The developed method is environmental friendly, economical for large-scale production with good yield and purity.

scholarly journals Cyanobacteria—From the Oceans to the Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Shaden A. M. Khalifa ◽  
Eslam S. Shedid ◽  
Essa M. Saied ◽  
Amir Reza Jassbi ◽  
Fatemeh H. Jamebozorgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Successful Phase

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms which represent a significant source of novel, bioactive, secondary metabolites, and they are also considered an abundant source of bioactive compounds/drugs, such as dolastatin, cryptophycin 1, curacin toyocamycin, phytoalexin, cyanovirin-N and phycocyanin. Some of these compounds have displayed promising results in successful Phase I, II, III and IV clinical trials. Additionally, the cyanobacterial compounds applied to medical research have demonstrated an exciting future with great potential to be developed into new medicines. Most of these compounds have exhibited strong pharmacological activities, including neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, HHV-6 and HIV-1, so these metabolites could be promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, the effective large-scale production of natural marine products through synthesis is important for resolving the existing issues associated with chemical isolation, including small yields, and may be necessary to better investigate their biological activities. Herein, we highlight the total synthesized and stereochemical determinations of the cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Furthermore, this review primarily focuses on the biotechnological applications of cyanobacteria, including applications as cosmetics, food supplements, and the nanobiotechnological applications of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds in potential medicinal applications for various human diseases are discussed.

scholarly journals A Review on Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for Electrical Machines

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Naseer ◽  
Ants Kallaste ◽  
Bilal Asad ◽  
Toomas Vaimann ◽  
Anton Rassõlkin
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
One Step ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

This paper presents current research trends and prospects of utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to manufacture electrical machines. Modern-day machine applications require extraordinary performance parameters such as high power-density, integrated functionalities, improved thermal, mechanical & electromagnetic properties. AM offers a higher degree of design flexibility to achieve these performance parameters, which is impossible to realize through conventional manufacturing techniques. AM has a lot to offer in every aspect of machine fabrication, such that from size/weight reduction to the realization of complex geometric designs. However, some practical limitations of existing AM techniques restrict their utilization in large scale production industry. The introduction of three-dimensional asymmetry in machine design is an aspect that can be exploited most with the prevalent level of research in AM. In order to take one step further towards the enablement of large-scale production of AM-built electrical machines, this paper also discusses some machine types which can best utilize existing developments in the field of AM.

scholarly journals Stabilized Hydroxide-Mediated Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for High-Current-Density Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Luo ◽  
Zhiyuan Zhang ◽  
Fengning Yang ◽  
Jiong Li ◽  
Zhibo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Critical Energy ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
High Current ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Electrochemical Water Splitting

Large-scale production of green hydrogen by electrochemical water splitting is considered as a promising technology to address critical energy challenges caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels. Although nonprecious...

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