Within-person compensation for snack energy by US adults, NHANES 2007–2014

ABSTRACT Background Most Americans snack and some snack several times a day; however, compensatory dietary and eating behaviors associated with snacking in free-living individuals are poorly understood. Objective The aim of the study was to examine within-person differences in reported energy intake and eating patterns on a snack day relative to a no-snack day. Methods We used 2 d of dietary recall data from the NHANES 2007–2014 to replicate the crossover nutrition study paradigm in a natural setting. Respondents reporting a snack episode in only one of two available dietary recalls were eligible for inclusion in the study (n = 1,917 men and 1,860 women). We used multivariable regression methods to compare within-person differences in quantitative, qualitative, and eating pattern outcomes between the snack and no-snack recall days. Results On the snack day, snack episodes provided (mean difference and 95% CI) 493 (454, 532) kcal of energy in men and 360 (328, 392) kcal in women. The 24-h energy intake on snack day was higher by 239 (140, 337) kcal in men and 219 (164, 273) kcal in women (P < 0.0001). On the snack day, both men and women were more likely to skip main meals and reported lower energy intake from main meals (P < 0.0001); however, the energy density of foods or beverages reported on the snack compared with no-snack days were not different. Fruit servings were higher on the snack day (P ≤ 0.0004), but intakes of vegetables and key micronutrients did not differ. The 24-h ingestive period was longer on the snack day (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Free-living men and women partially compensated for snack energy by decreasing energy intake from main meals without adverse associations with qualitative dietary characteristics or time of meal consumption. Women compensated to a smaller extent than men. Thus, over the long term, snack episodes may contribute to positive energy balance, and the risk may be higher in women.

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Energy intake underreporting of adults in a household survey: the impact of using a population specific basal metabolic rate equation

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-31x00052214 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 777-786 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Danielle Ribeiro de Souza ◽

Luiz Antonio Anjos ◽

Vivian Wahrlich ◽

Mauricio Teixeira Leite de Vasconcellos

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Basal Metabolic Rate ◽

Adult Population ◽

Household Survey ◽

Men And Women ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Specific Equation ◽

The Impact ◽

Janeiro State

The purpose of the present study was to identify energy intake (EI) underreporting and to estimate the impact of using a population specific equation for the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in a probability sample of adults from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. A sample of 1,726 subjects participated in the study. EI was assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall and EI/BMR was computed with BMR estimated using internationally recommended equations as well as specific equations developed for the adult population of Niterói. Mean EI was 1,570.9 and 2,188.8kcal.day-1 for women and men, respectively. EI decreased with increasing age in both men and women. BMR estimated by the Brazilian equation was significantly lower than the values estimated by the international equation for all age, sex and nutritional status groups. In general, EI underreporting was found in at least 50% of the population, higher in women, and increased with increasing age and body mass index (BMI). The results of the present study confirm that EI is underreported, even when BMR is estimated using population-specific equations.

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Energy intake and expenditure of free-living, pregnant Colombian women in an urban setting

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn.70.2.269 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 269-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Darna L Dufour ◽

Julio C Reina ◽

GB Spurr

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Free Living ◽

Colombian Women

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Analysis of the health effects of the transition of traditional Chinese food on the emergence of nontraditional eating behaviors

Journal of Ethnic Foods ◽

10.1186/s42779-021-00087-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdelhadi Halawa

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Effects ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Healthy Diet ◽

Snack Food ◽

Food History ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eating Pattern ◽

Analyze Data ◽

Chinese Food

Abstract Background Traditional Chinese food has been believed to be closely associated with affecting salubrious health outcomes, enhancing longevity, and interoperating with traditional Chinese medicine. Over the past several decades, traditional Chinese food has been going through significant evolution and qualitative transition of nontraditional eating behaviors. This food transition and eating pattern transformation are propelled by China’s vast population size, rapid socioeconomic development, lifestyle changes, and global influence. Inevitably, these dietary shifts are having a considerable impact not only on public health in China but also globally. Purpose The purpose of the present study is to examine the socioeconomic and health effects of the shift from consuming traditional Chinese food into increasingly consuming Western-style processed foods, fast foods, saturated fats, snacks, sugary beverages, and eating out more often than the traditional home cooking. This study also investigates the prevalence, health effects, and sociodemographic implications of food transition and adopting Western-style eating patterns. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of primary data collected from 1292 adult male and female participants was performed. Participants responded to a cross-sectional self-administered paper-and-pencil-based food history and beverage intake questionnaire. Chi-square analyses were employed to analyze data obtained from the nonparametric variables, whereas t tests were performed to analyze data obtained from the parametric variables. Results There were significant differences in snack food shopping distributions between gender and marital status factors. Females were more likely to purchase more snacks than males, whereas singles were more likely to purchase more snacks than married. Pooled data suggest that 79.67% of the respondents consumed fast food with wide-ranging frequencies. There were significant differences between water and all other typical drinks, as water recorded the highest consumption rate by 65.31%. There were significant differences between the three meal-eating locations, as 48.45% of the respondents were more likely to consume most of their daily meals at home, whereas, combined, 51.55% were more likely to consume most of their daily meals out-of-home. Baking food scored 77.94% compared with all other food preparation methods. Overall healthy eating behaviors results indicated that 49.67% of the respondents consumed a healthy diet most of the time, whereas combined, 50.33% either consumed a healthy diet sometimes or not at all. Conclusions Traditional Chinese eating practices have been transitioning into nontraditional eating behaviors that may be associated with a multitude of chronic non-communicable diseases and high mortality rates. As these rates have been projected to continue rising, there is a need to focus on introducing public health promotion policies, including health education and lifestyle-enhancing initiatives aimed at promoting nutritive balance and adopting healthier eating behaviors. These policies can be tailored to support the most affected groups among the lower- and middle-income Chinese, as well as similar populations in developing countries.

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The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665115004243 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 319-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

David J. Clayton ◽

Lewis J. James

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Precise Determination ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Energy Balance ◽

The Impact

The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management.

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Trends in Americans’ food-related time use: 1975–2006

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009992138 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1064-1072 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Cathleen D Zick ◽

Robert B Stevens

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Time Use ◽

Food Preparation ◽

Future Research ◽

Historical Period ◽

Grocery Shopping ◽

Obesity Risk ◽

Eating Time ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Past

AbstractObjectiveTo describe how the time spent in food-related activities by Americans has changed over the past 30 years.DesignData from four national time diary surveys, spanning 1975–2006, are used to construct estimates of trends in American adults’ time spent in food-related activities. Multivariate Tobits assess how food-related activities have changed over time controlling for sociodemographic and economic covariates.ResultsBoth bivariate and multivariate estimates reveal that between 1975 and 2006, American women’s time spent in food preparation declined substantially, whereas the time spent in these activities by American men changed very little. On the contrary, grocery shopping time increased modestly for both men and women. The primary eating time (i.e. time when eating/drinking was the respondent’s main focus) declined for both men and women over this historical period, and the composition of this time changed with less primary eating time being done alone. Concurrently, secondary eating time (i.e. time when something else had the respondent’s primary attention, but eating/drinking simultaneously occurred) rose precipitously for both women and men between 1975 and 1998.ConclusionsThe total time spent in eating (i.e. primary plus secondary eating time) has increased over the past 30 years, and the composition of this time has shifted from situations in which energy intake can be easily monitored to those in which energy intake may be more difficult to gauge. Less time is also being spent in food preparation and clean-up activities. Future research should explore possible links between these trends and Americans’ growing obesity risk.

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Energy Balance Coexists With Disproportionate Macronutrient Consumption Across Pretraining, During Training, and Posttraining Among Indian Junior Soccer Players

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2017-0276 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 506-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Keren Susan Cherian ◽

Ashok Sainoji ◽

Balakrishna Nagalla ◽

Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Nutrient Adequacy ◽

Food Records ◽

Significant Difference

Purpose: To evaluate energy expenditure, energy intake, and nutrient adequacy of Indian junior soccer players. Method: Forty junior national-level soccer players (Under-12 and Under-16 age groups) were assessed for 3-day weighed food records and 3-day energy expenditure. Energy and nutrient intake was analyzed from food records, and energy expenditure was measured using a portable metabolic analyzer and activity records. Nutrient adequacy was determined by comparing intake with prevailing recommendations. Results: Players exhibited no significant difference between energy intake (boys = 3062 [340.9] and girls = 2243 [320.3] kcal·d−1) and expenditure (boys = 2875 [717.3] and girls = 2442 [350.3] kcal·d−1). Across age groups, the Under-12 boys showed positive energy balance as against energy deficits in Under-16. Girls showed energy deficits, although not significant. There were 58% of girls showing energy availability <30 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass, of which 37% were Under-16 players. Carbohydrates contributed to >60% of energy expenditure among 95.2% boys and 73.7% girls. Among 52.4% boys and 47.4% girls, <25% of energy expenditure was contributed by fat. More than 95% players consumed <1 g·kg−1 carbohydrates pretraining and 100% of them consumed >1.2 g·kg−1 carbohydrates posttraining. Conclusion: Junior soccer players consumed more than recommended carbohydrates in the diet, although not aligning with the pretraining, during training, and posttraining meal requirements. Considering the energy deficits observed among Under-16 players, a suitable dietary modification is warranted.

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PO-085 Investigation and assessment of nutritional status among Chinese elite artistic swimming athletes

Exercise Biochemistry Review ◽

10.14428/ebr.v1i3.11463 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Liang Li ◽

Jianfang Xu ◽

Huayu Fang ◽

Xiaojing Wang

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Early Morning ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Food Material ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Waist Hip Ratio

Objective The sport of artistic swimming is unique which requires a mixture of endurance, power, acrobatics, ﬂexibility, and eurhythmics to produce an artistic performance. Optimal nutrition plays an important role in attaining high level of achievements for artistic swimming athletes, a poor nutritional status will significantly affect their health, athletic performance and post-exercise recovery. However, the assessment of nutritional status among artistic swimming athletes is very lack. The purpose of present study was to assess the nutritional status of Chinese elite artistic swimming athletes and provide suggestions for them to modify their dietary structures. Methods During the summer training season before the 17th FINA World Championships, 17 Chinese elite artistic swimming female athletes participated in this study. After an overnight fast, the anthropometric data including height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), and waist/hip ratio were collected in the early morning around 7 a.m. before breakfast. The 24 hours dietary recall was used to collect dietary intake data of individuals, the athletes were required to record their daily dietary intake in the structured questionnaire for 2 work days and 1 weekend day. During data processing, the cooked foods were converted into raw amounts of each food material by standardized recipe method, and the nutritive value was calculated by using a dietary nutrients analysis software. Results The athletes were 19.6±1.7 years old and their training age was 10-12 years. The athletes’ BMI was 18.3±1.4 kg/m2, their BF% and waist/hip ratio was 16.6±2.6% and 0.85±0.02 respectively. Even the athletes’ body composition level was in the normal range, the BMI and BF% were lower than Russia and Spain artistic swimming athletes. The daily energy intake was 1528±276 kcal which was composed of 435±50 kcal breakfast, 477±62 kcal lunch, 402±49 kcal supper, and 214±22 kcal snacks. However, the energy intake was much lower than the recommendation of 3500 kcal/day. Carbohydrates provided approximately 51% of total energy which was lower than the practical demands, but both fats and proteins provided more energy (31.3% and 17% respectively) than the recommendations. In addition, the supplementation of many important vitamins and minerals, except vitamin E and sodium, were not reached the recommended level, for example, the consumption of vitamin C and calcium was only 46±12 mg and 430±72 mg per day. Conclusions The data showed that the nutritional status was unsatisfactory among Chinese elite artistic swimming female athletes, the dietary energy intake and many important vitamins and minerals were much lower than the recommendations. In order to keep healthy and increase the exercise performance, it was suggested that the artistic swimming athletes should modify their dietary structures to supply more energies, vitamins and minerals according to their physical conditions and training arrangements.

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Abstract 035: Chronic Mild Sleep Restriction Leads To Increased Sedentary Time And Reductions In Physical Activity

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.143.suppl_1.035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Faris M Zuraikat ◽

Samantha Scaccia ◽

Keith M Diaz ◽

Justin Cochran ◽

Arindam RoyChoudhury ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Full Sample ◽

Men And Women ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Wrist Actigraphy ◽

Positive Energy Balance

Background: Sleeping less than 7 h per night is a risk factor for positive energy balance and weight gain. While the effect of short sleep on energy intake has been extensively studied, its influence on physical activity (PA), a key determinant of energy expenditure, is not well characterized. To date, no study has evaluated sedentary and PA patterns in response to chronic mild short sleep, which is experienced by up to one-third of US adults. Hypothesis: Sedentary behavior will be higher and PA (light intensity [LIPA] and moderate-vigorous intensity [MVPA]) will be lower during 6 wk of mild sleep restriction (SR) relative to maintenance of adequate sleep (AS). Methods: Data are presented from 76 participants (age: 34.2±12.4 y; BMI: 25.6±3.4 kg/m 2 ; n=55 women) from two randomized crossover trials with identical sleep interventions. Men and women with adequate habitual sleep duration ≥7 h/ night underwent two 6-wk sleep conditions, AS and SR, separated by a 6-wk washout period. During AS, participants were instructed to maintain average nightly bed and wake times determined from 2 wk screening with wrist-actigraphy and sleep logs. In SR, total sleep time was curtailed by 1.5 h per night by delaying bedtimes. Nightly sleep diaries and 24-h wrist actigraphy confirmed adherence to the protocol, which was verified weekly. Daily wrist actigraphy data were used to determine time spent in sedentary behavior and PA. Linear mixed models were used to test whether sleep condition (SR vs AS) influenced sedentary behavior or PA, adjusting for time in bed. Results: Across the full sample, sedentary time was significantly greater in SR than in AS (39.8±13.6 min/d, P<0.01). Similar results were observed in analyses stratified by sex; compared to AS, in SR, sedentary time was 53.0±16.5 min/d higher in women (P=0.001) with a trend towards significance in men (20.3±11.3, P=0.07). Although a slight increase in LIPA over 6 wk was observed in SR relative to AS in the full sample (2.9±0.8 min/d, P<0.001) and in men (3.7±1.2 min/d, P<0.01), overall, time spent in LIPA across weeks was significantly lower in SR relative to AS. This main effect of SR on LIPA was observed in the full sample (SR vs AS: -44.6±3.3 min/d, P<0.0001) and separately in women (SR vs AS: -38.2±10.5 min/d, P<0.001) and men (SR vs AS: -9.4±4.6 min/d, P=0.04). In men only, the slope of change in MVPA over 6 wk differed slightly in SR vs AS (2.6±1.1, P=0.02). However, across weeks, time in MVPA was significantly lower in SR compared to HS (-12.4±4.2 min/d, P=0.003). Conclusions: We provide some of the first evidence of an adverse impact of chronic short sleep on PA patterns in men and women. Greater sedentary time and lower PA levels can promote positive energy balance and may underlie associations of short sleep with risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Results further highlight the importance of achieving adequate sleep to promote cardiovascular health.

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Urinary flavanone concentrations as biomarkers of dietary flavanone intakes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519003131 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (6) ◽

pp. 691-698

Author(s):

Iasim Tahiri ◽

Yaiza Garro-Aguilar ◽

Valerie Cayssials ◽

David Achaintre ◽

Francesca Romana Mancini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Excretion ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

European Population ◽

Food Sources ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Nutrition Study ◽

Partial Correlations ◽

Inaccurate Estimation ◽

Prospective Investigation

AbstractIn the present study, the aim was to investigate the correlation between the acute and habitual dietary intake of flavanones, their main food sources and the concentrations of aglycones naringenin and hesperetin in 24 h urine in a European population. A 24-h dietary recall (24-HDR) and a 24-h urine sample were collected the same day from a subsample of 475 people from four different countries of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Acute and habitual dietary data were captured through a standardised 24-HDR and a country/centre-specific validated dietary questionnaire (DQ). The intake of dietary flavanones was estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database. Urinary flavanones (naringenin and hesperetin) were analysed using tandem MS with a previous enzymatic hydrolysis. Weak partial correlation coefficients were found between urinary flavanone concentrations and both acute and habitual dietary flavanone intakes (Rpartial = 0·14–0·17). Partial correlations were stronger between urinary excretions and acute intakes of citrus fruit and juices (Rpartial ∼ 0·6) than with habitual intakes of citrus fruit and juices (Rpartial ∼ 0·24). In conclusion, according to our results, urinary excretion of flavanones can be considered a good biomarker of acute citrus intake. However, low associations between habitual flavanone intake and urinary excretion suggest a possible inaccurate estimation of their intake or a too sporadic intake. For assessing habitual exposures, multiple urinary collections may be needed. These results show that none of the approaches tested is ideal, and the use of both DQ and biomarkers can be recommended.

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