Fertility and Modernity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Spolaore ◽  
Romain Wacziarg
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
European Regions ◽  
Barriers To Learning ◽  
New Information ◽  
French Speaking

Abstract We investigate the determinants of the fertility decline in Europe from 1830 to 1970 using a newly constructed dataset of linguistic distances between European regions. The decline resulted from the gradual diffusion of new fertility behavior from French-speaking regions to the rest of Europe. Societies with higher education, lower infant mortality, higher urbanization, and higher population density had lower levels of fertility during the 19th and early 20th century. However, the fertility decline took place earlier in communities that were culturally closer to the French, while the fertility transition spread only later to societies that were more distant from the frontier. This is consistent with a process of social influence, whereby societies that were culturally closer to the French faced lower barriers to learning new information and adopting novel attitudes regarding fertility control.

scholarly journals PERIOD AND COHORT DYNAMICS IN FERTILITY NORMS AT THE ONSET OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN KENYA 1978–1998

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. WHITE ◽  
C. HALL ◽  
B. WOLFF
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Ideal Family Size ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
Rapid Fall

Summary.A characteristic of African pre-transitional fertility regimes is large ideal family size. This has been used to support claims of cultural entrenchment of high fertility. Yet in Kenya fertility rates have fallen. In this paper this fall is explored in relation to trends in fertility norms and attitudes using four sequential cross-sectional surveys spanning the fertility transition in Kenya (1978, 1984, 1989 and 1998). The most rapid fall in the reported ideal family size occurred between 1984 and 1989, whilst the most rapid fall in the total fertility rate occurred 5 to 10 years later, between 1989 and 1998. Thus these data, spanning the fertility transition in Kenya, support the traditional demographic model that demand for fertility limitation drives fertility decline. These data also suggest that the decline in fertility norms over time was partly a period effect, as the reported ideal family size was seen to fall simultaneously in all age cohorts, and partly a cohort effect, as older age cohorts reporting higher ideal family sizes were replaced by younger cohorts reporting lower ideal family sizes. These data also suggest that a new fertility norm of four children may have developed by 1989 and continued until 1998. This is consistent with, and perhaps could have been used to predict, the stall in the Kenyan fertility decline after 1998.

scholarly journals Eduards Volters and the Institutionalization of Book Science in the Early 20th Century

Knygotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 230-263
Author(s):  
Aušra Navickienė
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
European Region ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Eduardas Volteris (1856‒1941) is one of the first book theorists in the Eastern European region and developer of the most important memory and higher education institutions of independent Lithuania. This article analyzes the early 20th c. phenomenon of the institutionalization of book science. It attempts to answer the question of how Eduardas Volteris contributed to establishing the very first Eastern European societies of book researchers, to consolidating the sciences of bibliography, bibliology and book science within the realm of academia, and to professionalising of book scholarship. The sources for examination of the social aspects of book science are: documents belonging to the Russian Society of Bibliology, which was active in St. Petersburg in 1899–1931, materials in scholarly serial publications on book science of the early 20th c., theoretical papers published by E. Volteris, and the results of the historical studies on the history of European book science.

scholarly journals Regional quality of living in Europe

REGION ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piet Lagas ◽  
Frank Van Dongen ◽  
Frank Van Rijn ◽  
Hans Visser
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
European Regions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The North ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Quality Of Living ◽  
Per Capita

This article sets out the conceptual framework and results of Regional Quality of Living indicators that were developed in order to benchmark European NUTS2 regions. Nine non-business-related indicators are constructed to support the goal of policy makers to improve the attractiveness of regions and cities for people or companies to settle in, and by doing so create economic growth. Each of the constructed indicators represents a pillar of the Quality of Living. The highest indicator scores are found for regions within Switzerland, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands. Some countries show a wide divergence between regional scores. The southern regions of Italy and Spain, for example, have significantly lower scores than those in the north. In addition, capital city regions have better RQI scores. A positive correlation was found between the average RQI scores and both GDP per capita and weighted population density. Compared to GDP per capita, weighted population density has a modest influence on the RQI score. The European regions are divided into 11 clusters, based upon GDP per capita and weighted population density in order to benchmark a region with its peers.

scholarly journals Forward teaching: Recommendations for improving statistical literacy in psychological and behavioral sciences

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Ruggeri
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Statistics Education ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Barriers To Learning ◽  
Statistical Literacy ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Teaching In Higher Education

To improve outcomes in statistics education - namely the acquisition of statistical literacy - we need a new approach to how the subject is delivered in psychology and behavioral sciences. To do this, key indicators and impacts of barriers to learning statistics can be utilized from existing evidence from recent findings on statistical literacy. Using these, this paper proposes nine elements seen as critical for improving the delivery and associated outcomes for statistics teaching in higher education. Each of the nine elements may be systematically assessed and translated for wider use if effective.

Social Inclusion and Intercultural Values in a School of Education

2017 ◽  
pp. 518-531
Author(s):  
Olga M. Alegre de la Rosa ◽  
Luis M. Villar Angulo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Student Teachers ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
School Of Education ◽  
Barriers To Learning ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Positive Elements

The aim of the study was to analyze the contextual and personal factors associated with student teachers' inclusive and intercultural values to minimize barriers to learning and participation. It also examined the role higher education played as a facilitator of social inclusion. Method. The sample was comprised of 1234 university students. Researchers applied the Guide Index for Inclusion (Booth & Ainscow, 2000) composed of three dimensions: Culture, Politics and Inclusive Practices. Positive elements emphasized the gender variable with highly significant scores on all dimensions. Besides, younger students with no cooperation between teachers and families didn't collaborate between teachers and family to promote inclusive attitudes. Moreover, it was noted that experience increases to more predisposition to the inclusion and recognition of barriers to learning and participation. As a conclusion, it was recognized that the principles of social inclusion may be influenced by variables such as gender, age, cultural experience and experience with people.

Indian Fertility Transition

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-423
Author(s):  
Anjali Radkar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fertility Reduction ◽  
The Right

Fighting to curb the population growth, India’s reduction in fertility rate (58%) in 35 years is evident; total fertility rate (TFR) declined from 5.2 to 2.2 meaning three children less. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–2016, TFR has dropped to 2.18 from 3.39 in 1992 (NFHS-1). Proximate determinants indicate that over a period, index of marriage and contraception contribute lesser towards fertility, and postpartum amenorrhoea shows marginal variation. When total fecundity remains constant, share of abortion does not remain one but contribute towards fertility reduction. Benefits of fertility decline include lowering population growth and its positive effects on overall development. As fertility declines, maternal mortality declines; maternal mortality ratio (MRR) declined by 67 per cent in past 13 years. Sharp decline in fertility gives rise to demographic dividend. India is passing through it. Fertility drop is not without consequences. Fertility decline makes pregnancies precious; giving rise to upswing to C-section deliveries and hysterectomy even for a minor cause or is it a response to cancer threat? Preference for sons is universal here. With fertility reduction, it surfaces with unruly consequences of missing girls. Drop in fertility has changed the shape of the population pyramid. Share of elderly is reaching 10 per cent, of which share of women and more so share of oldest women is more. In the absence of social security and low rates of workforce participation, women are getting more dependent on the required care, increasing their vulnerability. Fertility reduction has achieved with moderate level of development. Now the right response to effects of fertility decline is the biggest social challenge.

FERTILITY DECLINE DRIVEN BY POVERTY: THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESHETU GURMU ◽  
RUTH MACE
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

SummaryDemographic transition theory states that fertility declines in response to development, thus wealth and fertility are negatively correlated. Evolutionary theory, however, suggests a positive relationship between wealth and fertility. Fertility transition as a result of industrialization and economic development started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western Europe; and it extended to some of the Asian and Latin American countries later on. However, economic crises since the 1980s have been co-incident with fertility decline in sub-Sahara Africa and other developing countries like Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh in the last decade of the 20th century. A very low level of fertility is observed in Addis Ababa (TFR=1·9) where contraceptive prevalence rate is modest and recurrent famine as well as drought have been major causes of economic crisis in the country for more than three consecutive decades, which is surprising given the high rural fertility. Detailed socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of 2976 women of reproductive age (i.e. 15–49 years) residing in Addis Ababa were collected during the first quarter of 2003 using an event history calendar and individual women questionnaire. Controlling for the confounding effects of maternal birth cohort, education, marital status and accessible income level, the poor (those who have access to less than a dollar per day or 250 birr a month) were observed to elongate the timing of having first and second births, while relatively better-off women were found to have shorter birth intervals. Results were also the same among the ever-married women only model. More than 50% of women currently in their 20s are also predicted to fail to reproduce as most of the unmarried men and women are ‘retreating from marriage’ due to economic stress. Qualitative information collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews also supports the statistical findings that poverty is at the root of this collapse in fertility. Whilst across countries wealth and fertility have been negatively correlated, this study shows that within one uniform population the relationship is clearly positive.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Transmission of Reproductive Behavior during the Demographic Transition

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A. Jennings ◽  
Allison R. Sullivan ◽  
J. David Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Population Database ◽  
Marriage Age ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Intergenerational Ties ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
New Evidence

New evidence from the Utah Population Database (updp) reveals that at the onset of the fertility transition, reproductive behavior was transmitted across generations—between women and their mothers, as well as between women and their husbands' family of origin. Age at marriage, age at last birth, and the number of children ever born are positively correlated in the data, most strongly among first-born daughters and among cohorts born later in the fertility transition. Intergenerational ties, including the presence of mothers and mothers-in-law, influenced the hazard of progressing to a next birth. The findings suggest that the practice of parity-dependent marital fertility control and inter-birth spacing behavior derived, in part, from the previous generation and that the potential for mothers and mothers-in-law to help in the rearing of children encouraged higher marital fertility.

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