scholarly journals EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF RURAL AND URBAN LIVING ON LONELINESS AND REINSTITUTIONALIZATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S533-S534
Author(s):  
Kaleigh Ligus ◽  
Alexandra Grimaldi ◽  
Julie Robison
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Urban Living ◽  
Rural And Urban

Abstract The following study employs secondary data from the Money Follows the Person Rebalancing Demonstration (MFP) in Connecticut (CT) to assess relationships between rural and urban living on loneliness and reinstitutionalization among an older adult (65+) sample. MFP is a federal initiative to help states transition people from institutional settings to the community. Older adults (n=1,301) who transitioned from institutional care to the community between 2009 and 2015 were surveyed 6, 12 and 24 months after transition. Rurality was determined according to the CT State Office of Rural Health and US Census Bureau definitions: urban area (UA), urban cluster (UC) and rural, utilizing 2017 CT Population data. SPSS was used to conduct chi-square tests and one-way ANOVAs to examine relationships. Almost half of participants (48%) resided in UAs, another 43% lived in UCs and 8% lived in rural towns. A statistically significant relationship was found between rural and UC groups and loneliness, indicated by a three-item modified version of the R-UCLA loneliness scale. Rural residents reported lower rates of loneliness (3.84 out of 9) than did UC (4.61) or UA (4.64) residents. However, a significantly higher percentage of rural residents (44%) reported at least one instance of reinstitutionalization at 24 months compared to UC (36%) or UA (30%) residents. Multivariate analyses seek to clarify these contradictory results. The findings of this study have the potential to further inform the literature regarding loneliness and connections between reinstitutionalization among older adults living in rural and urban environments.

scholarly journals Resistance Training Reduces Age- and Geography-Related Physical Function Discrepancies in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233372142199225
Author(s):  
Breanne S. Baker ◽  
Kristin Miller ◽  
Kelsey J. Weitzel ◽  
Dana L. Duren ◽  
Robin Gammon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural Living ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Improved Performance

Comorbidities affecting physical function increase with advanced-age and rural living. This study investigated the degree of benefit from resistance training (RT) in older adults based on age (50–89 years), location (urban vs. rural), and program duration (10 vs. 8-weeks). 260 participants completed pre- and post-program dynamic and static tasks and flexibility testing. Paired and independent t-tests and one-way and repeated measures ANOVAs were used to test group improvements. All ages improved performance (all p ≤ .002) but those in their 50’s improved flexibility the most and those in their 60’s improved 30STS more and tandem balance less than those in their 80’s. Both rural and urban participants improved in all areas (all p ≤ .002), but rural participants reported greater improvements in tandem balance. Both 10- and 8-week classes improved performance (all p ≤ .001), but 8-week participants improved dynamic tasks and tandem balance more. RT can reduce functional discrepancies in older adults and rural residents.

scholarly journals A multiethnic association analysis of hyperuricaemia with cardiovascular risk in rural and urban areas in Chinese adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilei Liu ◽  
Juan Lei ◽  
Linyuan Zhang ◽  
Nana Ma ◽  
Zixuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractComprehensive research on rural–urban disparities in the association of hyperuricaemia (HUA) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China, especially among minority groups, is limited. We explored the HUA-CVD relationship between rural and urban areas within ethnic Chinese groups. We included Dong, Miao, and Bouyei adults in Southwest China from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between HUA and CVD in both residences. We performed stratified analyses by sex and age. The study population included 16,618 people (37.48% Dong, 30.00% Miao, and 32.52% Bouyei) without a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate. We identified 476 (188 Dong, 119 Miao, and 169 Bouyei) and 175 (62 Dong, 77 Miao, and 36 Bouyei) CVD cases in rural and urban areas. Compared to urban residents, an at least 49% increased CVD risk (adjusted OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.06–2.08 for the Dong ethnic group; 1.55, 1.07–2.25 for the Bouyei ethnic group) and a 1.65-fold elevated coronary heart disease risk (1.65, 1.03–2.64) related to HUA was present in rural residents. Moreover, HUA was positively associated with increased risk of CVD and coronary heart disease in rural women (2.05, 1.26–3.31; 2.11, 1.19–3.75) and rural older adults (1.83, 1.22–2.75; 2.32, 1.39–3.87) among the Bouyei ethnic group, respectively. We found rural elderly individuals with HUA among the Dong ethnic group had a 52% elevated risk of CVD (1.52, 1.05–2.21); furthermore, an at least 79% increased risk of stroke related to HUA was observed in women (2.24, 1.09–4.62) and elderly people (1.79, 1.02–3.13) in rural areas among the Dong ethnic group. But a positive association was not found among the Miao ethnic group. Screening early-onset HUA patients may be helpful for the control and prevention of CVD in rural residents, especially for women and older adults living in a rural community, among the Dong and Bouyei ethnic groups in China.

scholarly journals Regional Trends in Financing and Growth of Indian MSMEs

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Medium Enterprises

The Indian MSME Sector is the major contributor to the national economy providing it resilience to ward off global economic stress and adversities. With around 60 million units of MSME across India, they promote entrepreneurship and boost employment on a large scale. But since Independence, the Small-Scale Industries didn’t get much attention by the Central Government or State Governments. It took almost five decades for the Govt. of India to realize the potential of MSMEs in economic development of the country. The MSMED Act was passed in Parliament in 2006 to enable vibrant growth of Indian MSMEs and separate Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises was created. The Reserve Bank of India has acted swiftly to improve the flow of credit to the MSME sector. Banks and NBFCs have come together in a great way to boost formal credit to MSMEs with all such loans qualifying for Priority Sector Lending classification. But still the growth of the MSME sector has not been uniform across different regions of the country. In this paper, we will try to analyze the regional trends in the financing and growth of MSMEs in India. Secondary data available from various Govt. sources are utilized to draw some conclusions regarding the current growth trends of the MSME units. Chi-square tests and correlation analysis are used to quantify the performance parameters of MSMEs. The paper brings out the figures pertaining to growth of MSMEs across rural and urban India. It concludes by emphasizing the need for enhanced growth opportunities for the MSME sector in low-performance states.

scholarly journals Behavioural Traits of Four Dogs Breeds in Czech Households

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Baranyiová ◽  
A. Holub ◽  
M. Tyrlík
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Behavioral Aspects ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Household Members

Our study was aimed at the behavioral aspects of coexistence with people of four canine breeds in Czech households. From the original set of data in 305 earlier analyzed dogs we selected 89 animals, i.e. those concerning the four most numerous breeds, (34 Dachshunds, 16 Schnauzers, 23 German Shepherd Dogs and 16 Poodles), and compared their 85 behavioural traits and interactions with their household members. The results were evaluated using the chi-square test. Dogs belonging to these four breeds differed significantly in only 28 (32.9%) of the indicators under study. Except for a few German Shepherd Dogs all members of our group were considered to be companion animals and household members. They were no longer used as earth dogs or hunting, guarding/herding dogs. Breed characteristics were taken into consideration only exceptionally. People kept them for pleasure and not for their original skills, once carefully selected for and modified. On the contrary, these skills became undesirable in urban environment. Despite that, dog breeds are designated by their original functions and use, even though the anthropomorphic selection pressures continue. People want their dogs to adapt more and more to the intimate co-existence in rural and urban environments. Thus, canine behaviour is under massive selection pressures.

scholarly journals Association of Family Type with Happiness Attributes Among Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Jeong Hwang ◽  
In Ok Sim
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Abstract Background: This study used secondary data from the 2017 Korean Community Health Survey to compare the associations between depressive symptoms, present health status, socio-physical environment, social support networks, and social activities with happiness among older adults from three different family types. Method: The study employed a non-experimental, cross-sectional research design. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and Logistic regression. Results: Findings revealed a significant difference in the happiness index among older adults living alone (6.22±2.11), older adults living with their spouse (6.76±1.99), and older adults living with their family (6.46±1.94) (F = 88.69, p < .001). As the result of logistic regression, older adults living alone (odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.57–0.99) and those living with their family (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65–0.99) demonstrated greater happiness as the frequency of contact with their family increased. Older adults living with their spouse indicated an increase in happiness when their contact with friends was higher (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.56–0.84). Conclusion: It was confirmed that factors influencing happiness differed according to older adults’ family type, thus suggesting that older adults’ happiness could be facilitated through interventions that consider their circumstances, including family type. Keywords: family type; happiness; older adult; social activities; socio-physical environment

An empirical study on consumer’s perception towards health insurance

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Dr. Sangamithirai
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Consumer's Perception

The paper attempts to know the perception of the exisitng customers of health insurance in aditya birla and to find out customers purpose, satisfaction and usage of modern technology with various factors for purchasing health insurance from aditya birla. The survey method is an structured questionnaire with descriptive research design,is used to find out the consumer perception and convenient random sampling was used from the population .data source is obtained from the primary and secondary data,in which primary data is collected through questionnaire and secondary data is collected through internet.statistical tools like percentage analysis,chi – square , correlation and ranking method was used to interpret the data.

scholarly journals Cats in Czech Rural and Urban Households

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Baranyiová ◽  
A. Holub ◽  
M. Tyrlík ◽  
M. Volfová
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Aggressive Behaviours

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of rural and urban environments on the coexistence of humans and their cats. From the obtained questionnaire data we selected the rural cats (R, n = 54) and compared them with urban cats (U, n = 144). The R group cats lived predominantly in family houses, U cats in urban apartments. The pressures of physical and social factors in the small niches of urban apartments (dwellings in Czech urban high-density living settings, though comfortable, are smaller than in numerous European countries; they prevailed in our U group) resulted in statistically significant differences in only 31 (51.7%) out of 60 traits under study. Among them, 15 (68.2%) out of 22 concerned the conduct of household members, and 16 (42.1%) out of 38 concerned the behaviour of their cats. Thus the conduct of people in U households showed relatively higher proportion of changes than the behaviour of their cats. U onwers more frequently purchased their cats (R = 24.1%, U = 48.6%, chi-square = 10.648, df = 4, p < 0.05), they kept the cat pedigrees (R = 37.0%, U = 75.4%, chisquare = 24.661, df = 1, p < 0.001), paid more attention to their cats ((R = 93.0%, U = 100.0%, chi-square = 8.950, df = 1, p < 0.005), talked to them daily (R = 87.0%, U = 98.6%, chi-square = 12.024, df = 1, p < 0.001), allowed them to use furniture (R = 77.8%, U = 100.0%, chi-square = 33.839, df = 1, p < 0.001), sleep in beds of family members (R = 61.1%, U = 95.1%, chi-square = 37.149, df = 1, p < 0.001), and celebrated their birthdays (R = 25.9%, U = 100.0%, chi-square = 7.014, df = 2, p < 0.05). Their cats were more destructive than R cats, hunted less and were less aggressive when stroked. However, they showed a slightly larger scope of aggressive behaviours and were more frequently described as nervous and restless. The nature of the significant differences found in this study indicates that the co-existence of cats with people in the urbanized world is becoming more intimate. More interactions occur between the two species. The relationships between people and their cats deserve further study not only in order to gain more insight but also for a practical application of this knowledge.

Abstract 006: Predictors Of Establishing Outpatient Care Following A Heart Failure Hospitalization In Rural And Urban Dwelling Underserved Populations

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Clarkson ◽  
Todd Brown ◽  
Erin Clarkson ◽  
Reid Eagleson ◽  
Connie White-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
Clinic Visit ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Area Classification ◽  
The University ◽  
Alcohol Users

Objective: The HRTSA (HeaRt Failure Transitional Services for Adults) clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital serves underinsured individuals with heart failure (HF). We examined the frequency and predictors of rural and urban dwelling individuals establishing care after a HF hospitalization. Methods: We included individuals ≥18 years of age referred to the HRTSA clinic after a HF hospitalization from 2016-2019. We used zip code of residence and the Rural-Urban Commuting Area classification system to define urban or rural. Urban zip codes have >30% of workers commuting to Census Bureau defined urbanized areas. We defined establishing care as attending the first clinic visit. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected at the time of referral and compared between groups using chi-square or t-tests as appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of establishing care separately in urban and rural dwelling individuals. Results: Of 855 individuals referred to the HRTSA clinic after a HF hospitalization, mean age was 50±11 years, 15% were rural dwelling, 59% were African American (AA), and 32% were female. Rural dwelling individuals were less likely to establish care than their urban counterparts, although not statistically significant (71% vs. 77%; p=0.16). In rural dwelling individuals, AAs (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04-0.31), those with diabetes (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.81), and current alcohol users (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.08-0.83) had lower odds of establishing care; whereas in urban dwelling individuals, AAs (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.65-4.59) and those with no insurance (OR 6.22, 95% CI 3.55-10.90) had higher odds of establishing care after multivariable adjustment (Table). Conclusions: We identified a significant disparity in AAs. Rural dwelling AAs with HF had lower odds of establishing care after a HF hospitalization, whereas urban dwelling AAs with HF had higher odds. Efforts to reduce this disparity are warranted to improve HF care in rural dwelling AAs.

scholarly journals Association of living arrangements with happiness attributes among older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Jeong Hwang ◽  
In Ok Sim
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background In Korea, along with the rapid aging of the population, older adults’ living arrangements have changed in various ways. In particularly, the happiness of older adults living alone warrants attention because they are more vulnerable to unhappiness than those living with families are. This study reports on the level of happiness among older adults in Korean and examines the potential mediating roles of depressive symptoms, present health status, socio-physical environment, social support networks, and social activities, and happiness in three different living arrangements, older adults living alone, with their spouse, or with their family. Method Data for this study were extracted from the secondary data from the 2017 Korean Community Health Survey, a non-experimental, cross-sectional survey conducted among Korean individuals that were aged 65 and above (n = 14,687). The chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and Logistic regression were used to explore the related factors of happiness among the three groups. Results Findings revealed a significant difference in the happiness index among older adults living alone (6.22 ± 2.11), older adults living with their spouse (6.76 ± 1.99), and older adults living with their family (6.46 ± 1.94) (F = 88.69, p < .001). As the result of logistic regression, older adults living alone (odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.57–0.99) and those living with their family (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65–0.99) demonstrated greater happiness as the frequency of contact with their family increased. Older adults living with their spouse indicated an increase in happiness when their contact with friends was higher (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.56–0.84). Conclusion It was recognized that factors influencing happiness differed according to older adults’ living arrangements, thus suggesting that older adults’ happiness could be facilitated through interventions that consider their circumstances, including living arrangements.

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