scholarly journals The Development of Integration in Marsupial and Placental Limbs

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Kelly ◽  
J D Marcot ◽  
L Selwood ◽  
K E Sears
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Important Branch

Abstract The morphological interdependence of traits, or their integration, is commonly thought to influence their evolution. As such, study of morphological integration and the factors responsible for its generation form an important branch of the field of morphological evolution. However, most research to date on post-cranial morphological integration has focused on adult patterns of integration. This study investigates patterns of correlation (i.e., morphological integration) among skeletal elements of the fore- and hind limbs of developing marsupial and placental mammals. The goals of this study are to establish how patterns of limb integration vary over development in marsupials and placentals, and identify factors that are likely responsible for their generation. Our results indicate that although the overall pattern of correlation among limb elements is consistent with adult integration throughout mammalian development, correlations vary at the level of the individual element and stage. As a result, the relative integration among fore- and hind limb elements varies dynamically between stages during development in both marsupial and placental mammals. Therefore, adult integration studies of the limbs may not be indicative of developmental integration. Results are also consistent with integration during early limb development being more heavily influenced by genetic and developmental factors, and later by function. Additionally, results are generally consistent with a constraint on marsupial forelimb evolution caused by the functional requirements of the crawl to the teat that operates by limiting morphological variation before and at the time of birth, and not after.

Morphological Evolution of French Military Personnels

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (38) ◽  
pp. 744-747
Author(s):  
Régis Mollard ◽  
Pierre Yves Hennion ◽  
Alex Coblentz
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Military Population ◽  
Morphological Modification ◽  
Human Body Models ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military

The survey realized in 1992 on a military population allowed to collect anthropometric data on 688 males and 328 females. Among 73 measurements and 3 index, 26 of them have been retained for the comparison with previous surveys. Generally used for dimensioning human body models these data represent somatic measurements of reference, as weight and stature and segmentary measurements of trunk and limbs. A comparison with previous data, collected on a equivalent military population in 1973, confirms the modifications along the time are so significant that they can be considered as a phenomenon of morphological evolution. Likewise, the modification of the academic levels, average age and socio-cultural structures in the populations are combined to increase the anthropometric variability. It appears the military population presents a morphological modification with an overall increase in weight, stature and correlated dimensions. Otherwise, a light decrease of the cormic index indicates that the morphological transformation influences on the body proportions, with an increase more notable for the lower limbs compared to the trunk. The collected anthropometric information allow to update the Individual Database of ERGODATA from which ergonomie recommendations and statistical and morphological models of the human body can be proposed.

Statistical Tolerance Analysis of Over-Constrained Mechanical Assemblies With Form Defects Considering Contact Types

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoh Goka ◽  
Lazhar Homri ◽  
Pierre Beaurepaire ◽  
Jean-Yves Dantan
Keyword(s):  
Tolerance Analysis ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Behavior Modeling ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Mechanical Assembly ◽  
Mechanical Assemblies ◽  
Statistical Tolerance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Statistical Tolerance Analysis

Tolerance analysis aims toward the verification impact of the individual tolerances on the assembly and functional requirements of a mechanism. The manufactured products have several types of contact and are inherent in imperfections, which often causes the failure of the assembly and its functioning. Tolerances are, therefore, allocated to each part of the mechanism in purpose to obtain an optimal quality of the final product. Three main issues are generally defined to realize the tolerance analysis of a mechanical assembly: the geometrical deviations modeling, the geometrical behavior modeling, and the tolerance analysis techniques. In this paper, a method is proposed to realize the tolerance analysis of an over-constrained mechanical assembly with form defects by considering the contacts nature (fixed, sliding, and floating contacts) in its geometrical behavior modeling. Different optimization methods are used to study the different contact types. The overall statistical tolerance analysis of the over-constrained mechanical assembly is carried out by determining the assembly and the functionality probabilities based on optimization techniques combined with a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). An application to an over-constrained mechanical assembly is given at the end.

Combined stiffness characteristic of metal rubber material under vibration loads

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (17) ◽  
pp. 6076-6088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Fu ◽  
Zhengli Hua ◽  
Longqing Zou ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Jianbin Ye
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Vibration Isolation ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
Rubber Material ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Metal Rubber ◽  
Vibration Loads ◽  
The Individual

Metal rubber is one kind of elastic cellular metal material, which is widely used in vibration isolation environment for its excellent properties of elasticity, energy dissipation, and environmental adaptability. However, the stiffness range of one single metal rubber is restricted, which limits its ability of vibration isolation, especially under the complex vibration loads. In this paper, a method of spatial overlay combination is presented to widen the range of the stiffness of metal rubber material. The contact behavior of the metal spiral rolls and the influence factors of manufacture to the stiffness are investigated according to the micro-spring theory and the energy dissipation theory. The static tests under cycling loading are conducted to obtain the average stiffness and the equivalent stiffness of the combined metal rubber. After the comparisons, the combined metal rubber has a better stiffness range than the individual element. The diameter of metal wire and the relative density of metal rubber are two important influence factors to the combined stiffness, which are verified by the experimental tests and finite element simulation.

Research on Urban Feminine Public Space

2013 ◽  
Vol 409-410 ◽  
pp. 362-365
Author(s):  
Chao Chao Chu ◽  
Chao Luo
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Cognitive Pattern ◽  
Bodily Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

There have made great progress in urban space research which based on the individual bodily difference in the context of postmodernism. Feminine space also has been focused in the Architecture. In China, women often are regarded as one unit of sub-groups, whose living condition and living space had undergone great changes. Based on the bodily difference, from the view of functional requirements, behavior needs, physical needs and psychological requirements of women, the paper discusses the major existing problems in four aspects, which concluding function layout, transport supply, service facilities and space identify. Combined architecture and geography, sociology, urban planning, the paper uses the method of cognitive map and preference method to explore feminine cognitive pattern and behavior model, thus construct the ideal paradigm of urban feminine public space.

A macro plane triangle element from the individual element test

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 422-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaesung Eom ◽  
Jinhwan Ko ◽  
Byung Chai Lee
Keyword(s):  
Individual Element ◽  
The Individual

Efficient GaN-based Micro-LED Arrays

2002 ◽  
Vol 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Choi ◽  
C. W. Jeon ◽  
M. D. Dawson ◽  
P. R. Edwards ◽  
R. W. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Light Output ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Step Height ◽  
Active Area ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Broad Area ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Led Arrays

ABSTRACTHighly efficient, two-dimensional arrays of parallel-addressed InGaN blue microLEDs with individual element diameters of 8, 12 and 20μm have been fabricated. In order to overcome the difficulty of interconnecting multiple device elements with sufficient step-height coverage for contact metallisation, a novel scheme involving the etching of sloped-sidewalls has been developed. The devices have I-V characteristics similar to those of broad-area reference LEDs fabricated from the same wafer, and give superior (3mW) light output in the forward direction to the reference LEDs, despite much lower active area. The external efficiencies of the micro-LED arrays improve as the dimensions of the individual elements are scaled down. This is attributed to scattering at the etched sidewalls of in-plane propagating photons into the forward direction.

Isotopic Chromatographic Spectral Analysis of Inorganic Gases

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 884-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery N. Funtov ◽  
Valeriy M. Nemets ◽  
Arcadiy A. Petrov ◽  
Anatoliy A. Soloviov
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Total Content ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Molecular Compound ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
Sample Composition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chromatographic Isolation ◽  
Reference Samples

The possibilities of the hyphenated isotopic chromatographic spectral method (ICSM) of inorganic gas analysis are considered. The technique allows detection of both the individual element and molecular admixtures. For evaluation of the total content of the element, isotope balancing and conversion of all components containing this element into a molecular compound more suitable for chromatographic isolation and spectroscopic detection are used. High sensitivity is achieved by preconcentration of admixtures with the simultaneous monitoring of possible distortions of the sample composition at all stages of analysis by means of the introduction of a rare stable isotope. The fields of application are the analysis of high-purity gases, evaluation of the total contents of individual elements, metrological tasks of apparatus calibration, and so on. The method does not need reference samples prepared from the analyzed gaseous matrices for the calibration itself.

Site-specific growth and nutrition of planted Piceamariana in the Ontario Clay Belt. III. Biomass and nutrient allocation

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1165-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison D. Munson ◽  
V. R. Timmer
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Allocation ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Multivariate Procedures ◽  
Nutrient Retranslocation ◽  
The Individual

First and second-season morphological responses of outplanted Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (black spruce) seedlings to site conditions of three cutover boreal ecosystems were analysed in terms of biomass and nutrient allocation to structural components (current shoots, previous year's shoots, stem, and roots). Improved N nutrition on an upland Feathermoss site had the greatest positive effect on biomass and nutrient allocation to current shoots, while allocation to other components was reduced. Seedlings on lowland Alnus – Herb poor and Ledum sites responded to site nutrient stress by allocating more biomass to the stem and roots. Multivariate procedures indicated that the overall pattern of biomass and nutrient allocation was significantly affected by site, and also differed depending on the individual element considered (N, P, K, Ca, Mg). Changes in nutrient-use efficiency with site were also investigated. With decreased seedling N uptake on the two lowland sites, biomass production per unit N increased, but specific absorption rate of roots decreased. Under N limitation, evidence for nutrient retranslocation was noted by decreases in nutrient content in the same component over 2 years and by lower concentrations in older shoots than in current growth. The alternative allocation of biomass and nutrients to seedling components with changes in site nutrition has implications for tree development on specific sites, and also for management of site nutrient regime to improve early seedling performance.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of a coping-focused prevention approach: A two-year longitudinal study

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Bodenmann ◽  
Meinrad Perrez ◽  
Annette Cina ◽  
Kathrin Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Coping Skills ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Personal Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Couples Coping ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Prevention Approach

This article focuses upon a new preventive approach designed to improve personal stress management skills. The Coping Enhancement Training (CET) is derived from the Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET) and encompasses both an individual and a dyadic aspect. In this study, only the individual element is described. The training is based upon the transactional stress concepts of Lazarus and his coworkers and the further development of this approach by Perrez and Reicherts (1992). Personal coping skills are practiced over a six-hour period by means of theoretical, diagnostic and practical work. This article presents the rationale and content of the program, as well as data concerning the effectiveness of this approach after a period of two years. The data shows that subjects participating in the program displayed better individual coping skills (e.g. active problem-solving and positive self-verbalization) after the training and that they relied upon dysfunctional coping strategies (e.g. rumination and blaming strategies) less often even after two years.

scholarly journals Functional coupling in the evolution of suction feeding and gill ventilation of sculpins (Perciformes: Cottoidei)

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Farina ◽  
M L Knope ◽  
K A Corn ◽  
A P Summers ◽  
W E Bemis
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Morphological Diversification ◽  
Gill Ventilation

Abstract Suction feeding and gill ventilation in teleosts are functionally coupled, meaning that there is an overlap in the structures involved with both functions. Functional coupling is one type of morphological integration, a term that broadly refers to any covariation, correlation, or coordination among structures. Suction feeding and gill ventilation exhibit other types of morphological integration, including functional coordination (a tendency of structures to work together to perform a function) and evolutionary integration (a tendency of structures to covary in size or shape across evolutionary history). Functional coupling, functional coordination, and evolutionary integration have each been proposed to limit morphological diversification to some extent. Yet teleosts show extraordinary cranial diversity, suggesting that there are mechanisms within some teleost clades that promote morphological diversification, even within the highly integrated suction feeding and gill ventilatory systems. To investigate this, we quantified evolutionary integration among four mechanical units associated with suction feeding and gill ventilation in a diverse clade of benthic, primarily suction-feeding fishes (Cottoidei; sculpins and relatives). We reconstructed cottoid phylogeny using molecular data from 108 species, and obtained 24 linear measurements of four mechanical units (jaws, hyoid, opercular bones, and branchiostegal rays) from micro-CT reconstructions of 44 cottoids and 1 outgroup taxon. We tested for evolutionary correlation and covariation among the four mechanical units using phylogenetically corrected principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of measurements for each unit, followed by correlating phylogenetically independent contrasts and computing phylogenetic generalized least squares models from the first principle component axis of each of the four mechanical units. The jaws, opercular bones, and branchiostegal rays show evolutionary integration, but the hyoid is not positively integrated with these units. To examine these results in an ecomorphological context, we used published ecological data in phylogenetic ANOVA models to demonstrate that the jaw is larger in fishes that eat elusive or grasping prey (e.g., prey that can easily escape or cling to the substrate) and that the hyoid is smaller in intertidal and hypoxia-tolerant sculpins. Within Cottoidei, the relatively independent evolution of the hyoid likely has reduced limitations on morphological evolution within the highly morphologically integrated suction feeding and gill ventilatory systems.

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