Site-specific growth and nutrition of planted Piceamariana in the Ontario Clay Belt. III. Biomass and nutrient allocation

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1165-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison D. Munson ◽  
V. R. Timmer
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Allocation ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Multivariate Procedures ◽  
Nutrient Retranslocation ◽  
The Individual

First and second-season morphological responses of outplanted Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (black spruce) seedlings to site conditions of three cutover boreal ecosystems were analysed in terms of biomass and nutrient allocation to structural components (current shoots, previous year's shoots, stem, and roots). Improved N nutrition on an upland Feathermoss site had the greatest positive effect on biomass and nutrient allocation to current shoots, while allocation to other components was reduced. Seedlings on lowland Alnus – Herb poor and Ledum sites responded to site nutrient stress by allocating more biomass to the stem and roots. Multivariate procedures indicated that the overall pattern of biomass and nutrient allocation was significantly affected by site, and also differed depending on the individual element considered (N, P, K, Ca, Mg). Changes in nutrient-use efficiency with site were also investigated. With decreased seedling N uptake on the two lowland sites, biomass production per unit N increased, but specific absorption rate of roots decreased. Under N limitation, evidence for nutrient retranslocation was noted by decreases in nutrient content in the same component over 2 years and by lower concentrations in older shoots than in current growth. The alternative allocation of biomass and nutrients to seedling components with changes in site nutrition has implications for tree development on specific sites, and also for management of site nutrient regime to improve early seedling performance.

Biomass partitioning and nitrogen retranslocation in black spruce seedlings on competitive mixedwood sites: a bioassay study

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Malik ◽  
V R Timmer
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Nursery Culture ◽  
Nitrogen Retranslocation ◽  
Nutrient Retranslocation ◽  
Herbicide Effects ◽  
Nutrient Reserves

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings were exponentially nutrient loaded by applying 3 or 6 times more fertilizer than recommended for conventional seedling production in the nursery. Loaded seedlings were similar in height and biomass to nonloaded seedlings after nursery culture, but their tissue N, P, and K content was almost twice as much as that of nonloaded seedlings. The seedlings were transplanted on intact potted substrates (bioassays) retrieved with natural vegetation from two boreal mixedwood sites and grown for one season in a greenhouse to study early- and late-season growth and nutrient dynamics, and nutrient loading and herbicide effects on N retranslocation processes. After transplanting, height and biomass growth of loaded seedlings were, respectively, 9-14% and 24-49% more than nonloaded seedlings in herbicide-treated plots, and 14-32% and 42-85% more in untreated plots, resulting in 32-39% biomass reduction in natural vegetation. The effect of nutrient loading on growth was attributed to earlier and greater biomass and N partitioning to current needles and roots that promoted N uptake (up to 20.9 ± 1.7 mg) compared with nonloaded seedlings (up to 11.8 ± 1.2 mg). Although both loading and herbicide treatments stimulated seedling growth and N uptake, N retranslocation from older to actively growing tissues was promoted by loading but reduced by herbicide treatment. The results demonstrate the high dependence of seedlings on internal nutrient reserves when planted in competitive environments, and that nutrient retranslocation is mainly driven by current growth, nutrient uptake, and internal nutrient reserves.

scholarly journals Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth, and soil properties under conditions of salinity

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khaled ◽  
H.A. Fawy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
A Minor

In this study, the effects were investigated of salinity, foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the growth and mineral nutrients uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10), and the comparison was carried out of the soil and foliar applications of humic acid treatments at different NaCl levels. Soil organic contents are one of the most important parts that they directly affect the soil fertility and textures with their complex and heterogenous structures although they occupy a minor percentage of the soil weight. Humic acids are an important soil component that can improve nutrient availability and impact on other important chemical, biological, and physical properties of soils. The effects of foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the plant growth and some nutrient elements uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10) grown at various salt concentrations were examined. Sodium chloride was added to the soil to obtain 20 and 60mM saline conditions. Solid humus was applied to the soil one month before planting and liquid humic acids were sprayed on the leaves twice on 20<sup>th</sup> and 40<sup>th</sup> day after seedling emergence. The application doses of solid humus were 0, 2 and 4 g/kg and those of liquid humic acids were 0, 0.1 and 0.2%. Salinity negatively affected the growth of corn; it also decreased the dry weight and the uptake of nutrient elements except for Na and Mn. Soil application of humus increased the N uptake of corn while foliar application of humic acids increased the uptake of P, K, Mg,Na,Cu and Zn. Although the effect of interaction between salt and soil humus application was found statistically significant, the interaction effect between salt and foliar humic acids treatment was not found significant. Under salt stress, the first doses of both soil and foliar application of humic substances increased the uptake of nutrients.

scholarly journals Nutrient cycling in a RRIM 600 clone rubber plantation

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Roberto Murbach ◽  
Antonio Enedi Boaretto ◽  
Takashi Muraoka ◽  
Euclides Caxambu Alexandrino de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Nutrient Retranslocation ◽  
One Year ◽  
K Fertilization

Few reports have been presented on nutrient cycling in rubber tree plantations (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). This experiment was carried out to evaluate: the effect of K rates on the amount of nutrients transfered to the soil in a 13-year old Hevea brasilensis RRIM 600 clone plantation, nutrient retranslocation from the leaves before falling to the soil, and nutrient loss by dry rubber export. The experiment started in 1998 and potassium was applied at the rates of 0, 40, 80 and 160 kg ha-1 of K2O under the crowns of 40 rubber trees of each plot. Literfall collectors, five per plot, were randomly distributed within the plots under the trees. The accumulated literfall was collected monthly during one year. The coagulated rubber latex from each plot was weighed, and samples were analyzed for nutrient content. Increasing K fertilization rates also increased the K content in leaf literfall. Calcium and N were the most recycled leaf nutrients to the soil via litterfall. Potassium, followed by P were the nutrients with the highest retranslocation rates. Potassium was the most exported nutrient by the harvested rubber, and this amount was higher than that transfered to the soil by the leaf literfall.

Fine root biomass and nutrient content in a black spruce peat soil with and without alder

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Bhatti ◽  
N. W. Foster ◽  
P. W. Hazlett
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Boreal Peatlands ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship

Vertical distribution of fine root biomass and nutrient content was examined within a black spruce (Picea mariana) stand growing on a boreal peat soil in northeastern Ontario. The influence of site physical and chemical properties on fine root biomass production was assessed. More then 80% of the fine roots were present in moss plus the top 10 cm of peat where nutrients and aeration are most favourable. The fine root biomass (W/V) was significantly higher with alder (5.9 kg m−3) (Alnus rugosa) as understory vegetation compared to non-alder locations (2.9 kg m−3). Total nutrient content in fine roots was 54, 3.2, 5.4, 63 and 5.7 kg ha−1 on the alder site and 20, 1.4, 2.3, 28 and 4.2 kg ha−1 of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg on the non-alder site, respectively. The mass (W/V) of nutrients in fine roots was strongly dependent upon the availability of nutrients in the peat. Fine root content had a strong positive relationship with peat available P and exchangeable K contents suggesting that P and K may be limiting nutrients for black spruce in this peat soil. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boreal peatlands, aeration, water table

scholarly journals Species Interactions Improve Above-Ground Biomass and Land Use Efficiency in Intercropped Wheat and Chickpea under Low Soil Inputs

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latati ◽  
Dokukin ◽  
Aouiche ◽  
Rebouh ◽  
Takouachet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Land Use Efficiency ◽  
Sole Cropping ◽  
Use Efficiency

Little is known about how the performance of legumes symbiosis affects biomass and nutrient accumulation by intercropped cereals under the field condition. To assess the agricultural services of an intercropping system; durum wheat (Triticum turgidum durum L.cv. VITRON) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.cv. FLIP 90/13 C) were cultivated as both intercrops and sole cropping during two growing seasons under the field trial, to compare plant biomass, nodulation, N and phosphorus (P) uptake, and N nutrition index. Both the above-ground biomass and grain yield and consequently, the amount of N taken up by intercropped durum wheat increased significantly (44%, 48%, and 30%, respectively) compared with sole cropping during the two seasons. However, intercropping decreased P uptake by both durum wheat and chickpea. The efficiency in use of rhizobial symbiosis (EURS) for intercropped chickpea was significantly higher than for chickpea grown as sole cropping. The intercropped chickpea considerably increased N (49%) and P (75%) availability in durum wheat rhizosphere. In the case of chickpea shoot, the N nutrition (defined by the ratio between actual and critical N uptake by crop) and acquisition were higher in intercropping during only the first year of cropping. Moreover, biomass, grin yield, and resource (N and P) use efficiency were significantly improved, as indicated by higher land equivalent ratio (LER > 1) in intercropping over sole cropping treatments. Our findings suggest that change in the intercropped chickpea rhizosphere-induced parameters facilitated P and N uptake, above-ground biomass, grain yield, and land use efficiency for wheat crop.

Combined stiffness characteristic of metal rubber material under vibration loads

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (17) ◽  
pp. 6076-6088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Fu ◽  
Zhengli Hua ◽  
Longqing Zou ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Jianbin Ye
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Vibration Isolation ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
Rubber Material ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Metal Rubber ◽  
Vibration Loads ◽  
The Individual

Metal rubber is one kind of elastic cellular metal material, which is widely used in vibration isolation environment for its excellent properties of elasticity, energy dissipation, and environmental adaptability. However, the stiffness range of one single metal rubber is restricted, which limits its ability of vibration isolation, especially under the complex vibration loads. In this paper, a method of spatial overlay combination is presented to widen the range of the stiffness of metal rubber material. The contact behavior of the metal spiral rolls and the influence factors of manufacture to the stiffness are investigated according to the micro-spring theory and the energy dissipation theory. The static tests under cycling loading are conducted to obtain the average stiffness and the equivalent stiffness of the combined metal rubber. After the comparisons, the combined metal rubber has a better stiffness range than the individual element. The diameter of metal wire and the relative density of metal rubber are two important influence factors to the combined stiffness, which are verified by the experimental tests and finite element simulation.

Bioassay of forest floor nitrogen supply for plant growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1320-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Cleve ◽  
O. W. Heal ◽  
D. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Forest Floors ◽  
P Supply

Using a bioassay approach, this paper considers the nitrogen-supplying power of forest floors from examples of the major forest types in interior Alaska. Yield and net N uptake by paper birch seedlings grown in standardized mixtures of quartz sand and forest floor organic matter, and separate incubation estimates of N mineralization and nitrification for the forest floors, were employed to evaluate potential N supply. Black spruce and floodplain white spruce forest floors supplied only one-fifth the amount of N taken up by seedlings growing in other forest floors. Incubation estimates showed these forest floors yielded 4 and 15 times less extractable N, respectively, than the more fertile birch forest floors. In comparison with earlier estimates of P supply from these same forest floors, the upland types showed greater deficiency of N whereas floodplain types showed greater deficiency of P in control of seedling yield. The latter condition is attributed to the highly calcareous nature of the floodplain mineral soil, the consequent potential for P fixation, and hence greater potential deficiency of the element compared with N in mineralizing forest floors. Nitrogen concentration of the forest floors was the best predictor of bioassay response.

Total growth of a black spruce (Picea mariana) tree at Chalk River, Ontario, Canada

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Fraser ◽  
D. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Root Formation ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Grand Total ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
The Individual

Apical and radial growth in trunk, branches, and roots, together with needle and cone distribution, were studied in a black spruce tree 31 years old and [Formula: see text] high. Growth of aerial parts was summarized as follows: (1) according to years of formation (oblique summation); (2) transversely on trunk inter-nodes (horizontal summation); and (3) according to the position of the annual rings, and the branch internodes (and needles) in relation to the pith or trunk (vertical summation). Root segments were classified on the basis of their diameter and distance from the trunk. Calculated on a dry-weight basis, the trunk accounted for 37%, the branches for 24%, the roots for 21%, and the needles for 18% of the grand total of 81 kg.The tree had 7.8 million needles when sampled in the fall of 1963, one-quarter of which were formed during the last 2 years of growth. Dry weight of individual needles varied with both position and age. While needles of the same season from the lower part of the crown exceeded those from the upper part in length, the reverse was true for the individual dry-weight content.In black spruce, cone periodicity, while distinct, is not as pronounced as in white spruce. The productive capacity of one "average" needle was estimated in terms of apical growth, trunk wood, and needle and root formation.

scholarly journals Variations in biomass, nutrient contents and nutrient use efficiency among Chinese fir provenances

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Wu ◽  
Mulualem Tigabu ◽  
Xiangqing Ma ◽  
Per Christer Odén ◽  
Youlan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Abstract A provenance trial involving 16 Chinese fir provenances was established in southern China in 1979, and biomass, nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency were assessed at the age of 23. One-way analysis of variance revealed significant inter-provenance variation (p<0.0001) in measured variables. The mean total biomass ranged from 98.8±5.3 to 163.3±4.2 t ha−1, and the stemwood accounted for 47–65% of the total biomass, followed by roots (11–24%), stembark (7.4–13.7%), and needles and branches (< 10 %). Much of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were stored in the needles, although the concentration varies among provenances. Whole-tree nutrient use efficiency varied from 115.4±2.1 to 180.2±1.02 g g−1, while efficiency in stemwood production ranged from 53.9±3.1 to 106.3±1.1 g g−1. Provenances did not display consistent variation in all measured variables, suggesting the need for multiple criteria for selection in future tree improvement program. In conclusion, the study reveals the existence of considerable variation in biomass production and nutrient use efficiency among Chinese fir provenances that can be exploited for selecting desirable genotypes for enhancing productivity of Chinese fir plantations.

A macro plane triangle element from the individual element test

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 422-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaesung Eom ◽  
Jinhwan Ko ◽  
Byung Chai Lee
Keyword(s):  
Individual Element ◽  
The Individual
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