Critical Review of Methods for Analysis of Oleoresins

1965 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-521
Author(s):  
William H Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Component ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Instrumental Methods

Abstract Oleoresins represent a type of flavoring material that is being used in ever increasing quantities. On the other hand, it is a poorly defined group of products, and the majority of analytical methods used in characterizing them, such as volatile oil by steam distillation, refractive index, optical rotation, are relatively meaningless; additionally, some of the specific component analyses, such as “heat” and capsicum (organoleptic), piperine (calculated from analysis of nitrogen) in pepper, curciimin (color value) of the paprika, are inadequate in their precision and accuracy. Deficiencies of these methods are discussed, and the value of newer instrumental methods of analyses, such as infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectrometry, gas chromatography, and thinlayer chromatography, are illustrated.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical evaluation of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Atti-Santos ◽  
Marcelo Rossato ◽  
Gabriel Fernandes Pauletti ◽  
Luciana Duarte Rota ◽  
Juarez Ciro Rech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Chemical Evaluation ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis L

Nineteen samples of Rosmarinus officinalis were extracted by steam distillation in a pilot plant and evaluated in terms of chemical compositions and physico-chemical characteristics. The volatile oil yields ranged from 0.37% (1999 harvest) to 0.49% (1998 harvest). Twenty components were identified in the oils. The major components were alpha-pinene (40.55 to 45.10%), 1,8-cineole (17.40 to 19.35%), camphene (4.73 to 6.06%) and verbenone (2.32 to 3.86%). The physico-chemical parameters averaged 0.8887 g/cm³ for specific gravity, 1.4689 for refractive index, and +11.82° for optical rotation, and there were no significant variations in either the chemical or physico-chemical data in the different years.

scholarly journals The Needle Volatile Composition of Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold, P. sylvestris L., P. densiflora Siebold et Zucc. and P. thunbergiana Franco Trispecies Hybrids

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Pfeifhofer ◽  
M. Idžojtižć ◽  
M. Zebec
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Composition ◽  
Specific Component ◽  
Pine Hybrids ◽  
Qualitative Pattern ◽  
Hybrid Character

Abstract The needle volatile composition of two trispecies hard pine hybrids produced by the controlled hybridization and their parents was researched with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to confirm their hybridity. The analysed trispecies hybrids were: (Pinus nigra x P. sylvestris) x P. densiflora (= nisyde) and (P. nigra x P. sylvestris) x P. thunbergiana (= nisyth). A total of 59 compounds was identified. All identified compounds were terpenes, except one. The trispecies hybrids showed the same qualitative pattern of the needle volatile composition as their parental species. However, there were quantitative differences in several major terpenes. According to the needle volatile composition the hybrids nisyde were more similar to the female parent, whereas the hybrids nisyth were more similar to the male parent. The hybrids nisyth had a considerably higher content of β-pinene (specific component of P. thunbergiana) than the other analyzed groups. The content of thunbergol (specific component of P. densiflora) in the hybrids nisyde was not considerably different in relation to the other groups. The intermediary quality of the hybrids nisyde and nisyth for most components in relation to their parents, as well as the previous morphometric analysis, confirms their hybrid character.

scholarly journals VALIDATION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-FID METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF ETHANOL CONTENT IN VINEGAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Indah Noviyanti Ruhmana Pulungan ◽  
Sugijanto Kartosentono ◽  
Amirudin Prawita
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Ionization Detector ◽  
Injection Volume ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Split Ratio ◽  
Analysis Instrument ◽  
Precision And Accuracy

Production process of vinegar could be synthesized by chemical or microbiological. In Islam, vinegar must not be consumed if contains ethanol ≥ 1%, because it is categorized into khamr. The maximum concentration of vinegar fermentation is 1,0 %. This research was to analyze the alcohol compund that consist in vinegar. The validation method that used in this study are: selectivity, linearity, range, precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ. The analysis instrument was gas chromatography Agilent 6890 Series GC System, with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and a column HP-5 (5% Phenyl 95% Methyl Siloxane), and optimal conditions were obtained by using temperature of inlet and detector of 250°C whilst the temperature of oven programed initially at 40°C, hold for 5 minutes, and raised to 5°C/min to 200°C. were used in this study. For split ratio was achieved at 50:1 and the injection volume was 1.0µl. The methods were proven selective and demonstrated linearity, precision and accuracy with r = 0.9995; 5,63% and 101,25%, respectively. On the other hand, the methods were proven that the sample contains alcohol. Finally, the result of quantitative ethanol contents analysis in vinegar from Saudi Arabia is 2,28.10-2  % v/v; and vinegar brand “x” from market in Surabaya is 1,17.10-2 v/v.

scholarly journals Comparision of volatile oil constituen of two species of kunci pepet (Kaempferia angustifolia Roscue. and K. rotunda Linn.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
SRI BUDI SULIANTI ◽  
SOFNIE M. CHAIRUL
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Two species of kunci pepet, i.e. K. angustifolia and K. rotunda (Zingiberaceae), had different aromas. We had been analyzed volatile oils of two species by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatile oils had been got by water-steam distillation. The GC chromatograms of K. angustifolia showed 16 compounds, 5 compounds of them was main compounds, i.e. cycloproazulene (21.86%), alloaromadendrene (20.79%), cyclopropnaphtalene (11.02%), (-)β-elemenene (16.00%), caryophyllene (16.00%), and isobornyl acetate (11.02%). The GC chromatograms of K. rotunda showed 10 compounds, 2 compounds of them was main compound, i.e. tetradecane (26.85%) and benzylbenzoic (55.46%). Based on chemical constituent of volatile oils, the two species of Kaempferia had similarity of 25.00-37.50%. Alloaromadendrene of K. angustifolia and benzylbenzoic of K. rotunda could be used to distinguish the two species of Kaempferia.

scholarly journals ACTIVITY LARVICIDE OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM BLUME

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (31) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Barros GOMES ◽  
Dayara Pereira SANTOS ◽  
Victor Elias Mouchrek FILHO ◽  
Leandra Sofia dos Santos MENDES ◽  
Maria Alves FONTENELE
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum ◽  
Oil Density

The genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) consists of approximately 350 species, many of which are essential oil producers, with the most frequently used parts of the plants being dehydrated bark. Therefore, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, known popularly as cinnamon, has the following biological properties: analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, insecticidal, antifungal and antimicrobial. Thus, this work evaluates the physicochemical properties and larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume leaves that are found in the Municipality of São Luís, Maranhão. The essential oil was quantitatively extracted by hydrodistillation. The physicochemical properties of the essential oil (density, refractive index, solubility, color, and appearance) were determined. The oil was characterized analytically by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and the CL50 of the oil was calculated from the Reed-Muench Pizzi methods, respectively. The yield of the oil was 4.33% of mass per volume, which allowed the identification of 4 components, being the major presence of eugenol that soon was confirmed by the spectroscopic techniques. The essential oil obtained CL50 of 56.49 mg∙L-1. In the identification of the major component and the other components, as well as their quantifications, the techniques were precise and the methods efficient, providing a good analytical performance in the determinations.

Research on Multifunctional Gas Chromatography Sample Pretreatment Apparatus

2013 ◽  
Vol 347-350 ◽  
pp. 3440-3445
Author(s):  
Ri Jun Jin ◽  
Chao Qun Chu ◽  
Xiao Ping Wang ◽  
Dong Hao Li ◽  
Xiang Fan Piao
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Distillation Method ◽  
Gas Purge ◽  
High Enrichment

Multifunctional gas chromatography sample pretreatment apparatus (hereinafter referred to as pretreatment apparatus), which is developed on the basis of gas purge micro-syringe extraction (GP-MSE) technique, is a gas chromatography (GC) sample pretreatment apparatus that integrates extraction, purification, concentration and predissociation. The quantitative and qualitative analysis results analyzed by GC-MS for volatile oil that extracted from the plant samples by steam distillation method and pretreatment apparatus, show that the volatile components extracted by the apparatus outnumber the ones extracted by steam distillation method clearly, and the content of major constituents extracted by the apparatus is higher. The apparatus have advantages of low consumption of agentia, short extraction time, high enrichment efficiency, simple structure, convenience in usage and low operating costs. The apparatus can be widely used in the areas of medicine, agriculture, food, quality control to the sample pretreatment of solid or liquid sample.

Proximal chemical evaluation and fatty acid in the chicatana ant and jumile

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
V.A. Lopez-Morales ◽  
J.A. Ariza-Ortega ◽  
J. Díaz-Reyes ◽  
D. Castañeda-Antonio ◽  
M.E. Ramos-Cassellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Chemical Evaluation ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Instrumental Methods

In the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, the chicatana ant (Atta mexicana) and jumile (Edessa spp.) are foods that the population regularly consumes and are alternative sources of nutrients. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the proximal chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipids, ash and carbohydrates) and fatty acids (FA) in commercialised dehydrated chicatana ant and jumile using instrumental methods such as refractive index (RI) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Protein and lipids were predominant in chicatana ant and jumile (33.74% and 39.25%, and 32.00% and 39.00%, respectively). In insect oils, RI and GC-MS results demonstrated that chicatana ant oil contains a high saturated FA percentage (58.40%), with heneicosanoic acid (C21:0) being the predominant saturated FA (46.35%), while jumile oil presented a higher percentage of unsaturated acids (99.27%), with γ-linolenic acid being the predominant unsaturated FA (77.00%). Therefore, both insects are foods with important protein and FA percentage, with jumile containing a higher concentration of unsaturated FA, which is desirable in the diet.

Comparative crosstalk performance analysis of different configurations of heterogeneous multicore fiber

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Farooque ◽  
Rakesh Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Mode Coupling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heterogeneous Multicore ◽  
Coupled Mode ◽  
The Core ◽  
Bending Radius ◽  
Multicore Fiber ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Core Pitch

AbstractIn order to select the heterogeneous multicore fiber (MCF) configuration with ultra-low crosstalk and low peak bending radius, comparative crosstalk analysis have been done for the three possible core configurations, namely, Configuration 1 - different refractive index (R.I.) and different radius, Configuration 2 - different R.I., and Configuration 3 - different radius. Using the coupled mode equation and the simplified expressions of mode coupling coefficient (MCC) for different configurations of heterogeneous cores, the crosstalk performance of all the heterogeneous MCF configurations along with the homogeneous MCF have been investigated analytically with respect to core pitch (D) and fiber bending radius (${R}_{b}$). Further, these expressions of MCC have been extended to obtain the simplified expressions of MCC for the estimation of crosstalk levels in respective trench-assisted (TA) heterogeneous MCF configurations. It is observed from the analysis that in Configuration 1, crosstalk level is lowest and the rate of decrease in the crosstalk with respect to the core pitch is highest compared to the other configurations of heterogeneous MCF. The values of crosstalk obtained analytically have been validated by comparing it with the values obtained from finite element method (FEM) based numerical simulation results. Further, we have investigated the impact of a fixed percent change (5%) in the core parameters (radius and/or R.I.) of one of the core of a homogeneous MCF, to realize the different heterogeneous MCF configurations, on the variations in crosstalk levels, difference in the mode effective refractive index of the core 1 and core 2 ($\Delta {n}_{eff}={n}_{eff1}-{n}_{eff2}$), and the peak bending radius (${R}_{pk}$). For the same percent variations (5%) in the core parameters (radius and/or R.I.) of different configurations of cores (Config. 1-Config. 3), Config. 1 MCF has highest variation in $\Delta {n}_{eff}$ value compared to other configurations of MCF. Further, this highest variation in $\Delta {n}_{eff}$ value of Config. 1 MCF results in smallest peak bending radius. The smaller value of peak bending radius allows MCF to bend into smaller radius. Therefore, Configuration 1 is the potential choice for the design of MCF with smaller peak bending radius and ultra-low crosstalk level compared to the other configurations of SI-heterogeneous MCF.

Behavioral flexibility in Belief-Desire- Intention (BDI) architectures

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-377
Author(s):  
Adel Saadi ◽  
Ramdane Maamri ◽  
Zaidi Sahnoun
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Bdi Agents ◽  
Popular Approach ◽  
Other Hand

The Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model is a popular approach to design flexible agents. The key ingredient of BDI model, that contributed to concretize behavioral flexibility, is the inclusion of the practical reasoning. On the other hand, researchers signaled some missing flexibility’s ingredient, in BDI model, essentially the lack of learning. Therefore, an extensive research was conducted in order to extend BDI agents with learning. Although this latter body of research is important, the key contribution of BDI model, i.e., practical reasoning, did not receive a sufficient attention. For instance, for performance reasons, some of the concepts included in the BDI model are neglected by BDI architectures. Neglecting these concepts was criticized by some researchers, as the ability of the agent to reason will be limited, which eventually leads to a more or less flexible reasoning, depending on the concepts explicitly included. The current paper aims to stimulate the researchers to re-explore the concretization of practical reasoning in BDI architectures. Concretely, this paper aims to stimulate a critical review of BDI architectures regarding the flexibility, inherent from the practical reasoning, in the context of single agents, situated in an environment which is not associated with uncertainty. Based on this review, we sketch a new orientation and some suggested improvements for the design of BDI agents. Finally, a simple experiment on a specific case study is carried out to evaluate some suggested improvements, namely the contribution of the agent’s “well-informedness” in the enhancement of the behavioral flexibility.

scholarly journals Volatile Constituents of Trifolium Pratense and T. Repens from N.E. Italian Alpine Pastures

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0900400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo Tava ◽  
Daniele Ramella ◽  
Maris Grecchi ◽  
Paolo Aceto ◽  
Renato Paoletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

The composition of the volatile fraction of two important forage legumes from Italian sub-alpine N.E. pastureland, namely Trifolium pratense L. subsp. pratense (red clover) and T. repens subsp. repens (white clover) were investigated. The volatile oil was obtained from the fresh aerial parts by steam distillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The oil yield was 0.018 and 0.021% (weight/fresh weight basis) for T. pratense and T. repens, respectively. Several classes of compounds were found in both the oils, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, esters, hydrocarbons, phenolics and acids. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found.

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