291 Weaned Holstein Calves Fed an Experimental Botanical Extract Alone or in Combination with an Eubiotic Product

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 156-156
Author(s):  
David P Casper ◽  
Michael Officer ◽  
Keith Klanderman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Control Calf ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Botanical Extract

Abstract A botanical extract (BE; garlic oil, anise oil, cinnamaldehyde, rosemary, and thyme blend) has been shown to enhance dry matter intake (DMI) and gut health, while eubiotics (EU; lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product), has been shown to improve gut health and growth performance of growing Holstein calves. The hypothesis was the combination BE and EU could be synergistic to post-weaning neonatal calf growth performance. Seventy-seven (77) Holstein bull calves from a previous milk replacer trial were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments using a 3 wk experimental period. Treatments were: 1) Control: Calf starter (CS) without BE or EU; 2) BE: CS with 275.6 g/ton of an experimental BE (Adisseo North America, Alpharetta, GA); 3) EU: CS with 0.22% EU (RumaCell DF 5G; Pacer Technology, Murtaugh, ID); and 4) BE&EU: CS with added BE and EU. The 22% crude protein CS was a mini-pellet and fed for ad-libitum consumption with amounts fed and orts recorded daily. Calves fed EU demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) body weight (BW; 81.3, 80.8, 84.8, and 84.2 kg for Control, BE, EU, and BE&EU, respectively) compared with calves fed Control and BE with calves fed BE&EU being intermediate and similar (P > 0.10). Calves fed BE demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) average daily gains (ADG; 965.5, 984.3, 1052.8 and 989.1 g/d) compared with calves fed Control with calves fed BE and BE&EU being intermediate and similar (P > 0.10). The DMI (2.19, 2.18, 2.31, and 2.14 kg/d) and feed conversions (0.45, 0.46, 0.45, and 0.45 kg BW gain/kg DMI) were similar (P > 0.10) among calves fed all treatments. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations (14.7, 14.6, 14.9, and 13.4 mg/dL) were similar (P > 0.10) among calves fed all treatments. Feeding a EU improved BW of weaned growing Holstein bull calves, but the BE and EU combination was not beneficial for enhancing growth performance.

290 Encapsulated Sodium Butyrate (Ultramix GF) for Transitioning Neonatal Calves from Milk to Calf Starter

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 155-156
Author(s):  
David P Casper ◽  
Keith Klanderman ◽  
Steven Moreland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Neonatal Calves

Abstract Butyrate (UltraMix GF; Adisseo) is known to enhance ruminal papillae development for transitioning calves to dry feed. The hypothesis was that butyrate would be beneficial to neonatal calf growth performance. Eighty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were assigned to one of 2 treatments using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) control: no butyrate; or 2) butyrate: 0.3% butyrate added to milk replacer (MR). Calves were fed 2x/d at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice water and a 22% CP mini-pelleted calf starter (CS). The MR was fed at 0.567 kg/d for d 1–14, then increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15–42, and feeding reduced to 1x/d for d 42–49 with weaning occurring after the 49-d experimental period. Calves fed butyrate demonstrated greater (P < 0.04) ending body weight (BW; 54.7 and 56.2 kg, for control and butyrate, respectively), BW gain (29.0 and 31.7 kg), and average daily gains (ADG; 591.3 and 647.7 g/d), compared with calves fed control. Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P > 0.10) for both treatments, but the number of d required for calves to consume 0.9 kg CS for 3 consecutive days (47.3 and 45.7 d) was lower (P < 0.05) for calves fed butyrate compared with calves fed control. Feed conversions were improved (P < 0.05) for calves fed butyrate (0.53 and 0.58 kg/kg) compared with calves fed control. At the end of the 49-d study, withers height tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for calves fed butyrate (85.2 and 86.0 cm) compared with calves fed control, while the remaining frame measurements (hip height, hip width, body length, and heart girth) and fecal scores were similar (P > 0.10) for calves fed both treatments. Feeding neonatal calves butyrate in the MR improved growth performance and reduced the days to transition calves to CS.

scholarly journals Feeding a calf starter containing monensin alone or in combination with an oregano, and cobalt blend to Holstein calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Wu ◽  
Jinsheng Guo ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Yan Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Gut health is critically important for growing neonatal calves, and nutritional technologies are needed to prevent disease and stress challenges. Previous work feeding monensin (MON) in combination with an oregano, prebiotic, and cobalt-lactate (EOC) blend had demonstrated improved calf gut health and growth performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of calves fed MON and EOC alone or in combination. Eighty (80) newborn Holstein (37) female and (43) male calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial (MON and EOC). Treatments were: 1) Control: without MON or EOC added to the calf starter (CS); 2) MON: 50.8 mg/kg CS (Elanco, Greenfield, IN); 3) EOC: 44.1 mg/kg CS (Rum-A-Fresh, Ralco Inc. Marshall, MN); 4) MON + EOC: MON and EOC added to CS. Calves were fed colostrum followed by whole milk through weaning at 42 d, while CS was fed ad libitum through the 70-d experimental period. The MON by EOC interaction was found to be nonsignificant (P > 0.41) for growth performance. Calves fed without or with MON demonstrated similar (P > 0.70) body weight (BW; 68.7 and 68.9 kg without and with MON, respectively), while calves fed EOC demonstrated greater (P < 0.01) BW (67.3 and 70.4 kg without and with EOC, respectively) compared with calves fed without EOC. Calves fed a CS containing MON were similar (P > 0.47) in average daily gain (ADG; 0.88 and 0.91 kg/d) compared with calves fed without MON; however, feeding calves a CS with EOC increased (P < 0.01) ADG (0.84 and 0.95 kg/d) by 13% through the 70-d experimental period compared with calves not fed EOC. Frame measurements indicated that the greater ADG was due to increased (P < 0.10) frame growth for calves fed essential oils (EO) compared with calves fed without EO. A MON by EOC interaction (P < 0.01) for serum propionate concentration demonstrated calves fed MON + EOC and EOC were greater (P < 0.05) compared with calves fed Control, while calves fed MON were intermediate and different (P < 0.05). Feeding calves a CS with EOC increased (P < 0.04) immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M concentrations compared with calves fed without EOC. A MON by EOC interaction was detected (P < 0.01) for total tract starch digestibility for calves fed EOC or MON + EOC demonstrating greater (P < 0.05) starch digestibilities than Control-fed calves. These data demonstrate that EOC and MON fed in combination was not beneficial for enhancing the growth performance, but that calf growth performance can be improved with EOC compared with MON.

scholarly journals 203 Feeding a calf starter containing monensin alone or in combination with a blend of essential oils and a proprietary cobalt source to Holstein calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
Jianping Wu ◽  
Jinsheng Guo ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Yan Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Stress Prevention ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Gut health is critical for neonatal calves, and nutritional technologies are needed for disease and stress prevention. Previous work feeding Monensin (MON) in combination with a blend of essential oils and a proprietary cobalt source (EOC) blend had demonstrated improved calf gut health and growth performance. The objective was to evaluate MON and EOC alone or in combination on calf growth performance. Eighty (80) new born Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial (MON and EOC). Treatments were: 1) Control without MON or EOC added to the calf starter (CS); 2) MON: 50.8 mg/kg CS (Norvikon Biotechnology Co., Hunan, China); 3) EOC: 44.1 mg/kg CS (Rum-A-Fresh, Ralco Inc. Marshall, MN); 4) MON+EOC: MON and EOC added to CS. Calves were fed colostrum followed by whole milk through weaning at 42 d, while CS was fed ad libitum through the 70-d experimental period. The MON by EOC interaction was found to be nonsignificant (P > 0.41) for growth performance. Calves fed without or with MON demonstrated similar (P > 0.70) body weight (BW; 68.7 and 68.9 kg without and with MON, respectively), while calves fed EOC demonstrated greater (P < 0.01) BW (67.3 and 70.4 kg without and with EOC, respectively) compared with calves fed without EOC. Calves fed a CS containing MON were similar (P > 0.47) in ADG (0.88 and 0.91 kg/d) compared with calves fed without MON; however, calves fed a CS with EOC increased (P < 0.01) ADG (0.84 and 0.95 kg/d) 13% through the 70 d experimental period compared with calves not fed EOC. These data demonstrate that EOC and MON fed in combination was not beneficial for enhancing growth performance, but that calf growth performance can be improved with EOC compared to MON.

scholarly journals Feeding an amino acid formulated milk replacer for Holstein calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Bai ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Kayla Hultquist ◽  
Jianping Wu ◽  
David P Casper
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Similar Growth

Abstract The milk-fed calf has a requirement for amino acids (AA) instead of crude protein (CP); however, most milk replacers (MR) are still formulated for CP concentrations. Previous work has demonstrated that feeding a modified MR (24:20; CP:fat @ 0.64 kg/d) improved calf growth performance compared with standard (20:20 @ 0.57 kg/d) and accelerated MR (26:16 @ 0.78 kg/d). The 56-d study objective was to determine if feeding an MR formulated using synthetic AA to achieve the AA concentrations of a 24:20 MR while reducing CP results in similar or enhanced growth performance and/or reduce cost compared with standard MR formulations. Eighty 3- to 5-d-old Holstein bull calves received in two lots (40) within the same week were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to one of four MR treatments consisting of 20:20 (20), 22:20 (22), 24:20 (24), and a 22:20 having the AA concentrations of the 24, but with reduced CP (22AA). All MR contain decoquinate and were fed at 0.57 kg/calf daily split into 2×/d feeding for 14 d via bucket, increased to 0.85 kg/calf daily in two feedings until 35 d, and then fed 1×/d at 0.41 kg/calf daily with weaning after day 42. Calves were housed in straw-bedded hutches with ad libitum access to water and pelleted calf starter (CS). All data were statistically analyzed as a randomized complete block design with block considered random with week as a repeated measurement. Initial BW was similar (P > 0.10) across all treatments (42.4 ± 2.2 kg). Calves fed 22AA MR demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) BW compared with calves fed the 24 MR, and calves fed the 20 and 22 MR being intermediate and similar (P > 0.10; 78.7, 78.8, 76.5, and 81.8 kg for 20, 22, 24, and 22AA, respectively). CS intake was greater (P < 0.05) for calves fed 22AA (0.74, 0.78, 0.65, and 0.81 kg/d) compared with calves fed the 20 and 24, but similar (P > 0.10) to calves fed 22. Calves fed 24 MR demonstrated the lowest CS intake. This study demonstrates that similar growth performance can be achieved by feeding an AA fortified MR having a lesser CP concentration, which might reduce feed costs.

195 Does Feeding a Protease and Probiotic (Bacillus Subtilis) Combination (Syncra® SWI) Result in Improved Growth Performance and Mortality in a Commercial Wean-to-finish Swine Feeding Program?

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 77-78
Author(s):  
Trey A Kellner ◽  
Josh Ellingson ◽  
Ana L P de Souza ◽  
Janet C Remus
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Combined Feed

Abstract The response to probiotics and enzymes is often documented in research facilities with a high degree of control and via pigs with no insults to health or feed intake. However, in commercial conditions, the response to feed additives promoting advanced gut health and improved digestion must be consistent and defined over a wide range of health statuses, stocking densities, feed intakes, environments, and diet formulations. The objective of this experiment was to determine if a combined feed protease and probiotic system (Syncra® SWI 201, DuPont, Wilmington, DE) would improve growth performance and mortality under commercial conditions. A total of 127,092 pigs (6.0 ± 0.1 kg; PIC 337 sired, Hendersonville, TN) from a sow farm producing porcine reproductive and respiratory virus and rotavirus positive weaned pigs were placed in 53 2,400-head commercial wean-to-finish barns that were alternated to 1 of 2 treatments (a control treatment without Syncra® SWI (SSWI) or with SSWI included at 72.6 g/ton of finished feed from 22.7 kg of BW to harvest) in a rolling allotment over a 12-month period. Pigs were on the experiment for an average of 162 ± 1.0 days (until harvest). Throughout the 12-month experimental period, diets (outside of the SSWI inclusion) could change in order to maximize return over feed costs. Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with treatment as the main effect and barn as the experimental unit. Compared to the control, adding SSWI improved mortality by 1.9% and percent grade 1 marketed pigs by 2.2% (P ≤ 0.025). Compared to the control, SSWI did not improve ADG (control = 0.75 vs. SSWI = 0.78 kg) or gain:feed (control = 0.401 vs. SSWI = 0.396). In conclusion, the inclusion of the SSWI combined feed protease and probiotic system can improve mortality and grade 1 marketed pigs, but not growth performance under commercial conditions.

EFFICACY AND STRESS OF CHEMICAL VERSUS SURGICAL CASTRATION OF CATTLE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. H. COHEN ◽  
B. D. KING ◽  
L. R. THOMAS ◽  
E. D. JANZEN
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Chemical Castration ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Hydroxypropionic Acid

Blood was collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h postcastration and then daily for a further 6 d to determine the degree of stress following surgical or chemical castration (Chem-cast; α-hydroxypropionic acid) of Holstein calves. Stress indicators (plasma cortisol, packed cell volume, glucose, proteins, free fatty acids, creatinine, urea nitrogen and rectal temperature) were measured for all castrates and compared with entire bull calves. There were no effects on stress indicators except plasma cortisol. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated at 3 and 6 h postcastration in castrated compared with in-tact cattle (P < 0.05). At these times, plasma cortisol concentrations in surgical castrates were greater than chemical castrates (P < 0.05). Greatest concentrations of cortisol were measured at 6 h following surgical castration (23.2 ± 0.64 μg L−1) and at 3 h following chemical castration (16.8 ± 0.49 μg L−1). Mean cortisol concentration in calves not castrated was 7.1 ± 0.26 μg L−1. From 12 h to 7 d postcastration, differences between groups for plasma cortisol were not significant. It was concluded that acute stress occurred for 6–12 h following castration and that surgical castration caused greater stress than chemical castration. There was an immediate decline in plasma testosterone levels in surgically castrated calves and these remained at undetectable levels throughout a 63-d postcastration period. Testosterone levels of chemically castrated calves declined immediately following the injection of Chem-cast but there was a gradual increase to, and long term maintenance of, low levels of testosterone which were greater than those of surgical castrates (P < 0.01) but less than those of entire males (P < 0.01). Palpation indicated severe testicular degeneration in chemically castrated males. The average daily gains (ADG) over the entire experimental period of 133 d did not differ between the entire males (1.1 ± 0.11 kg d−1) and surgical castrates (0.9 ± 0.05 kg d−1) or between the entire males and chemical castrates (1.2 ± 0.04 kg d−1) but ADG for chemical castrates was greater than that for surgical castrates (P < 0.05). Key words: Castration, Chem-cast®, stress, cattle, cortisol, testosterone

scholarly journals Effects of dietary supplementation of alfalfa meal and rice bran on growth performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal microbiota in broilers

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
I. Varzaru ◽  
T.D. Panaite ◽  
A.E. Untea
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Caecal Content ◽  
Alfalfa Meal

Abstract The composition of gastrointestinal tract microbiota can be changed by dietary manipulation, to prevent gut health issues and to promote animal performance. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rice bran and alfalfa meal on growth performance and intestinal microbiota in broilers. A total of 252 Cobb 500 broilers, aged 14 days, were randomly assigned into 3 groups: control (CON), 5 % rice bran (RB), 5 % alfalfa meal (AM), and housed in an environment-controlled hall 42 days. Throughout the experimental period, grow performance parameters were monitored and at the end relative weights of internal organs were measured. Samples of intestinal content were collected for bacteriological determinations. Feed intake, daily weight gain and viability were not significantly affected by the dietary supplements. Alfalfa meal and rice bran decreased the populations of Escherichia coli and staphylococci in small intestine content, and Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli and staphylococci in caecal content of broilers. The count of lactobacilli in both small intestine and caecal content registered a significantly increase in experimental groups, compared to CON group. Supplementation of diets with rice bran and alfalfa meal tended to increase the population of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the potential pathogens.

RESPONSE TO WEANING AT TWO TO FIVE WEEKS OF AGE BY THE YOUNG DAIRY CALF

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. WINTER
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Dairy Calf ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Holstein Calves

In two experiments Ayrshire and Holstein bull calves were weaned off whole milk onto dry feed at various ages, ranging from 14 to 35 days, to determine the earliest age at which calves may be weaned successfully. Ayrshire calves were weaned at 14, 21 and 35 days with no significant differences in weight gains or feed intake to 15 wk of age. Holstein calves were weaned off whole milk or fermented colostrum at 17, 21, 24, 28 and 35 days of age with no significant differences in weight gains and feed intake to 12 wk of age. Also, the feeding of either fresh whole milk or fermented colostrum did not sigificantly affect animal performance. Several calves weaned at less than 21 days, in each experiment, refused to eat dry feed. Post-weaning deaths of several calves weaned at 21 days were attributed to prolonged pre-weaning scours or illness at time of weaning. It was concluded that healthy male calves may be weaned successfully at 21 days of age but weaning should be delayed for calves afflicted with scours or other illness. Agressive eaters may be weaned as early as 14 days of age but some calves weaned at less than 21 days of age may encounter problems in adapting to dry feed.

RESPONSE OF MALE HOLSTEIN CALVES FROM SEVEN SIRES TO FOUR MANAGEMENT STRESSES AS MEASURED BY PLASMA CORTICOID LEVELS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. JOHNSTON ◽  
R. B. BUCKLAND
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Significant Response ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Transportation Stress

A total of 42 Holstein bull calves from 7 sires were used over three replicates, each lasting for 5 mo, to examine the adrenal cortex response, as measured by plasma corticoid level, to four environmental stresses. The four stresses examined were (1) transportation within the 1st wk of life, (2) water withdrawal for 48 h at 3 mo, (3) castration and dehorning at 4 mo, and (4) transportation at 5 mo of age. Blood samples were taken just prior to each stress (resting), immediately after (except 2), 24 h after (1, 2, 3 and 4) and 48 h after for 3 and 4. Additional resting samples were collected at 1 and 2 mo of age. The average resting plasma adrenal corticoid level was 4.11 ± 0.47 ng/ml, while the average peak plasma corticoid values for the four stresses were 21.77 ± 1.78 ng/ml, 9.61 ± 1.13 ng/ml, 10.11 ± 1.36 ng/ml, and 19.63 ± 2.10 ng/ml, respectively. The adrenal cortex response was significant in the case of both transportation stresses (P < 0.01) and for the castration and dehorning stress (P < 0.05). Forty-eight hours of water withdrawal did not elicit a significant response. Replicate had a significant effect on corticoid levels (P < 0.01), while sire had a significant effect only on the values associated with the second transportation stress (P < 0.01).

524 Late-Breaking: Growth Performance of Neonatal Calves Fed Milk Replacer 2 versus 3 Times per Day

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
David P Casper ◽  
Lydia Olagunju ◽  
Uchenna Anele ◽  
Abigayle Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Fecal Score

Abstract Several calf studies demonstrate advantages when feeding greater protein and/or milk solids amounts, however studies comparing 2x/d versus 3x/d feeding are limited. Forty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. Treatments were: 1) 2X: milk replacer (MR) fed 2x/d; and 2) 3X: MR fed 3x/d. The MR was fed at 15% solids at 0630 and 1800 h and the 3rd 3X feeding was at 1200 h. 2X calves were fed MR at 0.567 kg/d for d 1–14, increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15–35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36–42 for the 42 d study. 3X calves were fed MR 0.851 kg/d for d 1–14, increased to 1.275 kg/d for d 15–35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36–42. Calf starter (CS) and water were free choice. Initial BW was a significant (P &lt; 0.01) covariate and BW (55.6 and 57.3 kg for 2X and 3X, respectively) tended (P &lt; 0.09) to be greater for calves fed 3X compared with 2X fed calves, but BW gains (25.5 and 27.7 kg) were similar (P &gt; 0.10). A treatment by week interaction (P &lt; 0.01) demonstrated variable BW gains. Intake of CS (0.28 and 0.13 kg/d) was approximately 63% lower (P &lt; 0.04) for calves fed 3X compared with calves fed 2X. Feed conversions (0.65 and 0.60 kg/kg) were greater (P &lt; 0.04) for calves fed 2X compared with calves fed 3X. Calves fed 2X had less scours (fecal score=0; 34.3 and 29.7 d) compared with 3X fed calves. Providing an additional MR feeding demonstrated minimal BW gains. Providing a 3rd daily feeding greatly reduces CS intake and inhibits the transition needed for weaning calves.

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