scholarly journals 374 Metabolic response of pigs to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus infection and nutrient restriction

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 57-57
Author(s):  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Shelby Curry ◽  
Wesley Schweer ◽  
Carson De Mille ◽  
Eric R Burrough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Tissue Accretion

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pig pathogens worldwide. The virus infects pigs at all production stages and significantly reduces the tissue accretion of growing pigs. However, the metabolic explanation for these reductions in tissue accretion remain poorly defined. Additionally, PRRS virus infection is often accompanied by reductions in feed intake, making it difficult to discern which effects are virus versus feed intake driven. To account for this, a pair-fed model was employed to examine the effects of PRRS infection and nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle and liver metabolism. Forty-eight pigs were randomly selected (11.34 ± 1.54 kg BW) and allotted to 3 treatments (n = 16 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRS naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRS naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS-inoculated pigs’ daily feed intake (PF). At dpi 10 and dpi 17, 8 pigs per treatment were euthanized and tissues collected. Tissues were assayed for markers of proteolysis [longissimus skeletal muscle (LM) only], oxidative stress (LM only), and glycogen levels (LM and liver). Markers of LM proteolysis (calpain, 20s proteasome, caspase 3/7 activities) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatment groups at either timepoint. Liver glycogen stores were reduced (P < 0.001) in PRRS+ pigs compared with both Ad and PF pigs, which did not differ from each other. Muscle glycogen did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatment groups. However, liver glycogen stores were completely depleted due to PRRS+, but not pair-feeding, indicating that liver glycogen stores and glucose are preferentially utilized by pigs to produce and support immune components. These data suggest that even under severe viral challenge and feed restriction, the pig does not upregulate LM proteolysis to re-allocate nutrients to fuel the immune response.

scholarly journals Impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on muscle metabolism of growing pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3213-3227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Shelby M Curry ◽  
Carson M De Mille ◽  
Wesley P Schweer ◽  
Eric R Burrough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Viral Challenge ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pig pathogens worldwide. However, the metabolic explanation for reductions in tissue accretion observed in growing pigs remains poorly defined. Additionally, PRRS virus challenge is often accompanied by reduced feed intake, making it difficult to discern which effects are virus vs. feed intake driven. To account for this, a pair-fed model was employed to examine the effects of PRRS challenge and nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle and liver metabolism. Forty-eight pigs were randomly selected (13.1 ± 1.97 kg BW) and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 16 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRS naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRS naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS-inoculated pigs’ daily feed intake (PF). At days postinoculation (dpi) 10 and 17, 8 pigs per treatment were euthanized and tissues collected. Tissues were assayed for markers of proteolysis (LM only), protein synthesis (LM only), oxidative stress (LM only), gluconeogenesis (liver), and glycogen concentrations (LM and liver). Growth performance, feed intake, and feed efficiency were all reduced in both PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, growth performance and feed efficiency were additionally reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs (P < 0.05). Activity of most markers of LM proteolysis (μ-calpain, 20S proteasome, and caspase 3/7) was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs, although activity of m-calpain was increased in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs (P = 0.025) at dpi 17. Muscle reactive oxygen species production was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs. However, phosphorylation of protein synthesis markers was decreased in PRRS+ pigs compared with both Ad (P < 0.05) and PF (P < 0.05) pigs. Liver gluconeogenesis was not increased as a result of PRRS; however, liver glycogen was decreased (P < 0.01) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad and PF pigs at both time points. Taken together, this work demonstrates the differential impact a viral challenge and nutrient restriction have on metabolism of growing pigs. Although markers of skeletal muscle proteolysis showed limited evidence of increase, markers of skeletal muscle synthesis were reduced during PRRS viral challenge. Furthermore, liver glycogenolysis seems to provide PRRS+ pigs with glucose needed to fuel the immune response during viral challenge.

Influence of parasitism on plasma concentrations of growth hormone, somatomedin-C and somatomedin-binding proteins in calves

1988 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Elsasser ◽  
T. S. Rumsey ◽  
A. C. Hammond ◽  
R. Fayer
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Somatomedin C ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT A parasitic disease model (sarcocystosis) was used to study the effects of infection and associated plane of nutrition on GH and somatomedin-C (SM-C) patterns in plasma, and SM-C binding protein patterns in plasma from 4-month-old male Holstein calves. Calves, matched by age and rate of growth before the experiment, were divided into three treatment groups (n = 7). In the first (control), animals were uninfected and food was available ad libitum; in the second, animals were infected with Sarcocystis cruzi and food was available ad libitum. The third group consisted of uninfected animals pair-fed to the level of feed intake of the infected animals. Blood samples were obtained at various times after infection for analysis of the secretory patterns of GH (day 27 after infection, samples every 10 min for 6 h), SM-C (days 27, 35 and 58 after infection) or binding protein (day 42 after infection). Samples were analysed for GH and SM-C by radioimmunoassay. Relative molecular weights of binding proteins were assessed by elution patterns from gel permeation columns. Clinical signs of infection were manifest abruptly on day 26 after infection. Voluntary feed intakes of infected calves as a per cent of control calves were 18, 46 and 78 on days 27, 35 and 58 after infection respectively. Plasma GH concentrations were lower in infected and pair-fed than in control calves (P < 0·05). Plasma SM-C concentrations were reduced in calves with diminished feed intakes and lower still in infected calves (P < 0·05). Plasma SM-C was positively correlated with nitrogen retention across treatment groups (r = 0·81). Two classes of binding proteins differing in molecular weight were identified. The relative amounts of each binding protein in plasma were reduced during low feed intake with some differences in the endogenous saturation affected by infection. These data suggest that altered growth and metabolism in parasitized calves may arise in part from both nutritional and infection-mediated effects on the regulation of GH, SM-C and SM-C binding proteins. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 191–200

The level of tree legumes required to meet the maintenance energy requirements of Ongole (Bos indicus) cows fed rice straw in Indonesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Syahniar ◽  
R. Antari ◽  
D. Pamungkas ◽  
Marsetyo ◽  
D. E. Mayberry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tree Legumes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Improving the productivity and profitability of smallholder cattle enterprises in Indonesia requires greater and more efficient utilisation of underutilised feed resources such as rice straw. The experiment tested the hypothesis that an Ongole cow with low energy requirements can maintain weight (W) on a rice straw-based diet with the addition of a small amount of tree legumes. Thirty-two Ongole cross (Bos indicus) cows were allocated to one of four treatments in a randomised block design with eight cows per treatment. Cows were offered untreated rice straw ad libitum with four levels of tree legumes (0, 11, 21, and 42 g DM/kg W0.75.day) for 20 weeks. Feed intake was determined daily and liveweight was measured every second week. There was no difference in total feed intake between the treatment groups (P > 0.05). Intake of tree legumes was higher when more was offered (P < 0.05), but cows did not consume all of the legumes offered to them. The inclusion of tree legumes in the diet had no effect on organic matter digestibility, ME content of the diet, liveweight gain or estimated energy balance of the cows (P > 0.05). Rice straw alone contained insufficient ME and rumen-degradable N to meet the maintenance requirements of the cows. From the regression relating liveweight change and ME intake for all cows across all diets, the inclusion of tree legumes in the diet at ~12 g DM/kg W0.75.day or 2.8 g DM/kg W.day was enough to meet the energy requirements for maintenance of Ongole cows fed rice straw ad libitum.

Resistance of hepatic glycogen to depletion in obese Zucker rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Koubi ◽  
Claude Duchamp ◽  
Alain Géloën ◽  
Alain Fréminet ◽  
Yves Minaire
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Store ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
Fasting And Refeeding ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Glycogen Stores

Glycogen stores (liver and carcass) have been studied in lean and obese Zucker rats. The animals were submitted to one of three feeding conditions: ad libitum, a 48-h fast, or a 48-h fast and food ad libitum for 24 h, and to two environmental conditions, either thermoneutrality or an acute cold exposure (2 days at 4–7 °C). After a 2-day fast at 25 °C, the liver glycogen store was reduced by 45 times in the lean rats, while it was decreased by only 3 times in the obese rats. Under these conditions, the liver glycogen store was 45 times higher in the obese than in the lean rats. After 2 days in the cold, liver glycogen store was 4.4 times higher in obese rats than in lean rats. After a 2-day fast in the cold, the liver glycogen store in the obese rats was 30 times higher than in the lean rats. In comparison to fasting at thermoneutrality, fasting in the cold did not lead to a further reduction in hepatic glycogen in obese Zucker rats. The differences observed in the mobilization of the hepatic glycogen store between obese and lean rats have not been found in the mobilization of the carcass glycogen store. Drastic conditions, such as a 2-day fast in the cold, did not exhaust the glycogen store in obese Zucker rats. The present observations point out that obese Zucker rats cannot mobilize the entire hepatic glycogen store, as seen in lean control rats. The role of this abnormality in the high hyperlipogenesis that maintains the obese state is still to be evaluated.Key words: glycogen, fasting and refeeding, cold exposure, obesity, liver.

Aberrant insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation predicts glucose intolerance in the offspring of a diabetic mother

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (5) ◽  
pp. E901-E914 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Thamotharan ◽  
Robert A. McKnight ◽  
Shanthie Thamotharan ◽  
Doris J. Kao ◽  
Sherin U. Devaskar
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Maternal Diabetes ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Diabetic Mother ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Ad Libitum

We examined the long-term effect of in utero exposure to streptozotocin-induced maternal diabetes on the progeny that postnatally received either ad libitum access to milk by being fed by control mothers (CM/DP) or were subjected to relative nutrient restriction by being fed by diabetic mothers (DM/DP) compared with the control progeny fed by control mothers (CM/CP). There was increased food intake, glucose intolerance, and obesity in the CM/DP group and diminished food intake, glucose tolerance, and postnatal growth restriction in the DM/DP group, persisting in the adult. These changes were associated with aberrations in hormonal and metabolic profiles and alterations in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations. By use of subfractionation and Western blot analysis techniques, the CM/DP group demonstrated a higher skeletal muscle sarcolemma-associated ( days 1 and 60) and white adipose tissue plasma membrane-associated ( day 60) GLUT4 in the basal state with a lack of insulin-induced translocation. The DM/DP group demonstrated a partial amelioration of this change observed in the CM/DP group. We conclude that the offspring of a diabetic mother with ad libitum postnatal nutrition demonstrates increased food intake and resistance to insulin-induced translocation of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue. This in turn leads to glucose intolerance and obesity at a later stage ( day 180). Postnatal nutrient restriction results in reversal of this adult phenotype, thereby explaining the phenotypic heterogeneity that exists in this population.

Feed intake and growth rate in growing and finishing steers offered a diet of silage plus concentrates with varying levels of ardacin.

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 70-70
Author(s):  
M.G. Keane ◽  
M.P. Read
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dose Levels

Ardacin is an antibacterial glycopeptide effective against gram positive bacteria. Research elsewhere has shown that in growing calves, it increased the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and protein flow to the duodenum. In goats it reduced methane production but did not affect the site or extent of organic matter digestion. Results on its effects on feed intake are equivocal but it has been shown to increase liveweight gain in finishing cattle. The objective of the present study was to ascertain the effects of Ardacin on feed intake and growth rate of growing and finishing steers.Two experiments were carried out simultaneously using the same feeds and Ardacin dose levels. In Experiment 1, 72 Friesian and Charolais x Friesian growing steers (8 months old and 240 kg initial weight) were blocked to 4 treatment groups, tied in individual stalls, and offered grass silage ad libitum plus 1 kg ground barley containing Ardacin per head daily.

scholarly journals The Effect of Various Legume Herbs Supplementation on Intake, Digestibility and Growth of Fat-tailed Lambs Given Mulato Grass

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Marsetyo Marsetyo ◽  
Muhammad Ilyas Mumu ◽  
Muhamad Basri
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Measurement Period

This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of various legume herbs supplementation on feed intake, digestibility and liveweight gain of fat-tailed lambs given Mulato (Brachiaria mulato) grass. Twenty four male fat-tailed lambs (8 months of age and 12.73± 0.56 kg (SE) of initial liveweight) were randomly allotted to four treatment groups based on unfasted liveweight.  Animals were housed in individual metabolism crates. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized block design, with four treatments and six replicates. The dietary treatment tested included Mulato grass ad libitum (M), M + Centrosema pascuorum  (MCP), M + Dolichos lab lab (MDL) and M+ Clitoria ternatea (MCT). All supplement was offered at 1.5% body weight (W) per day.  The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, with 2 and 8 weeks for adaptation and measurement period, respectively. The main parameter measured included feed intake, feed digestibility, and average daily liveweight gain (ADG).  Results showed that total DM intakes (DMI) were not affected (P>0.05) by legume herbs supplementation. Total DMI was 2.75, 2.79, 2.84 and 2.87 %W/d for lamb treated with M MCP, MDL and MCT respectively. In contrast, supplementation with various legume herbs significantly increased (P <0.05) DM digestibility (DMD) and ADG of lamb received Mulato grass, with no significant difference (P>0.05) between legume herbs.  Feed DMD was 58.17, 67.48, 64.91; 65.03% and ADG were 35.67; 58.39; 54.31 and 54.41 g/day, for lamb treated with M, MCP, MDL and MCT respectively. It was concluded that supplementation of legume herbs to fat-tailed lamb fed Mulato grass significantly increased DMD and ADG, but no significant differences across the legume herbs as feed supplements were observed.

scholarly journals Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 contributes to the recirculation of gluconeogenic precursors during postexercise glycogen recovery

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (2) ◽  
pp. R102-R107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. F. Herbst ◽  
Rebecca E. K. MacPherson ◽  
Paul J. LeBlanc ◽  
Brian D. Roy ◽  
Nam Ho Jeoung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Caloric Consumption ◽  
Glycogen Stores

During recovery from glycogen-depleting exercise, there is a shift from carbohydrate oxidation to glycogen resynthesis. The activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex may decrease to reduce oxidation of carbohydrates in favor of increasing gluconeogenic recycling of carbohydrate-derived substrates for this process. The precise mechanism behind this has yet to be elucidated; however, research examining mRNA content has suggested that the less-abundant pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) may reduce PDH activation during exercise recovery. To investigate this, skeletal muscle and liver of wild-type (WT) and PDK4-knockout (PDK4-KO) mice were analyzed at rest (Rest), after exercise to exhaustion (Exh), and after 2 h of recovery with ad libitum feeding (Rec). Although there were no differences in exercise tolerance between genotypes, caloric consumption was doubled by PDK4-KO mice during Rec. Because of this, PDK4-KO mice at Rec supercompensated muscle glycogen to 120% of resting stores. Therefore, an extra group of PDK4-KO mice were pair-fed (PF) with WT mice during Rec for comparison. PF mice fully replenished muscle glycogen but recovered only 50% of liver glycogen stores. Concentrations of muscle lactate and alanine were also lower in PF than in WT mice, indicating that this decrease may lead to a potential reduction of recycled gluconeogenic substrates, due to oxidation of their carbohydrate precursors in skeletal muscle, leading to observed reductions in hepatic glucose and glycogen concentrations. Because of the impairments seen in PF PDK4-KO mice, these results suggest a role for PDK4 in regulating the PDH complex in muscle and promoting gluconeogenic precursor recirculation during recovery from exhaustive exercise.

scholarly journals Heat stress decreases metabolic flexibility in skeletal muscle of growing pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. R1096-R1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidan Zhao ◽  
Ryan P. McMillan ◽  
Guohao Xie ◽  
Samantha G. L. W. Giridhar ◽  
Lance H. Baumgard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Flexibility ◽  
Ad Libitum

Heat-stressed pigs experience metabolic alterations, including altered insulin profiles, reduced lipid mobilization, and compromised intestinal integrity. This is bioenergetically distinct from thermal neutral pigs on a similar nutritional plane. To delineate differences in substrate preferences between direct and indirect (via reduced feed intake) heat stress effects, skeletal muscle fuel metabolism was assessed. Pigs (35.3 ± 0.8 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatments: thermal neutral fed ad libitum (TN; 21°C, n = 8), heat stress fed ad libitum (HS; 35°C, n = 8), and TN, pair-fed/HS intake (PF; n = 8) for 7 days. Body temperature (TB) and feed intake (FI) were recorded daily. Longissimus dorsi muscle was biopsied for metabolic assays on days −2, 3, and 7 relative to initiation of environmental treatments. Heat stress increased TBand decreased FI ( P < 0.05). Heat stress inhibited incomplete fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation ( P < 0.05). Metabolic flexibility decreased in HS pigs compared with TN and PF controls ( P < 0.05). Both phosphofructokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities increased in PF ( P < 0.05); however, TN and HS did not differ. Heat stress inhibited citrate synthase and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) activities ( P < 0.05). Heat stress did not alter PDH phosphorylation or carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 abundance but reduced acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) protein abundance ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, HS decreased skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and metabolic flexibility, likely involving β-HAD and ACC regulation.

Effect of epinephrine on glycogen stores

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (6) ◽  
pp. 1253-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Sokal ◽  
Edward J. Sarcione
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Glucagon Release ◽  
Control Value ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Stimulation Of

Subcutaneous epinephrine doses of 0.1 mg/kg or more consistently produced declines in muscle glycogen of rats. Transient declines (30%) in liver glycogen, followed by net resynthesis to levels above the control value, were observed after subcutaneous doses 0.2–0.4 mg/kg. Subcutaneous doses of 6.0 mg/kg were required to produce progressive depletion of liver glycogen (82%), over a 3-hour period. However, such depletion was uniformly obtained by intraperitoneal injection of much smaller doses (0.4 mg/kg/hr.). High blood levels of lactate and glucose did not reverse glycogenolysis in liver or in muscle when adequate concentrations of epinephrine were maintained. Although intraperitoneal injection of epinephrine leads to high concentrations at the liver and lower concentrations at skeletal muscle, intraperitoneal doses of 0.1 mg/kg/hr. produced declines in muscle glycogen but not in liver glycogen. It is concluded that the concentration of epinephrine required to produce glycogenolysis in the liver is at least 5–10 times as high as that effective in the muscle. The transient hepatic glycogenolysis observed after relatively small subcutaneous doses of epinephrine may be due to stimulation of endogenous glucagon release.

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