scholarly journals PSI-B-41 Late-Breaking: Effect of age, sex, reproductive status, body composition, and environmental temperature on the basal metabolic rate of working Labrador Retrievers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 317-318
Author(s):  
Jessica L Varney ◽  
Jason W Fowler ◽  
Jordan T Weil ◽  
Charlene F Watson ◽  
Mary Ann Boggess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Labrador Retrievers ◽  
Effect Of Age

Abstract As the pet industry continues to grow, understanding the needs of different demographics of canines is becoming increasingly important to ensure optimal nutrition. Energy requirements have been shown to vary based on individual factors, but few trials using many dogs under the same controls exist. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of age, sex, reproductive status, body composition, and environmental temperature on the BMR of Labrador Retrievers (Labs). An open-circuit indirect calorimetry machine attached to a chamber was used to determine resting BMR in 96 Labs. Body composition in 33 Labs of varying age was determined using DXA scans to determine effect of lean/fat mass on BMR. Cooling and heating implements were applied to the chamber to determine temperature effect on BMR. Each of the following demographics were compared using a mixed model: male, female, intact, altered, young (6mo-2yo), adult (3-6yo), and senior (7yo+). Mean BMR for all dogs was 130 (27) kcal/kg0.75. Males were significantly higher at 136 (28) kcal/kg0.75 than females at 125 (25) kcal/kg0.75 (P = 0.045). Intact Labs were significantly higher at 121 (3) kcal/kg0.75 compared to altered Labs at 109 (25) kcal/kg0.75 (P < 0.001). Young and adult Labs had BMRs of 136 (19) kcal/kg0.75 and 135 (29) kcal/kg0.75, respectively, which was significantly higher than seniors at 120 (26) kcal/kg0.75. Body composition comparisons showed significant negative linear relationships between BMR and fat mass (P < 0.001) and positive linear relationships between BMR and lean mass (P < 0.001). BMR was found to have a negative linear relationship (R2=0.51) from cool to warm temperatures but was elevated at both cold (< 5°C) and hot (>35°C) temperatures (P < 0.001). The determination of energy requirements found in this study prove useful as the pet industry develops diets specific to the needs of different demographics of canines.

scholarly journals Factors affecting energy and macronutrient requirements in elderly people

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2b) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrck Ritz
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Exercise Programs ◽  
Physical Activity And Exercise

AbstractObjectives:(i) to describe energy and macronutrient requirements in healthy and diseased elderly patients from knowledge acquired about the age-related changes in energy balance (ii) to describe changes in body composition and the consequences of physical activity and exercise programs.Results:Aging in individuals considered healthy is associated with a reduction in muscle mass and strength (with consequences on autonomy), and an increase in fat mass mainly in the central area, the latter might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Body composition changes can be seen as a positive energy (fat) balance. The reduced fat-free mass is responsible for a low resting metabolic rate. Therefore, energy requirements are reduced all the more since physical activity is decreased. A simple means for calculating individuals' energy requirements from estimated resting metaboc rate and physical activity is not yet available in a validated form and is much required. Protein requirements are still debated.Exercise programs can be implemented for increasing muscle mass and strength (resistance training) or for improving aerobic fitness and reducing fat mass (endurance exercise). It is not yet clear whether structured exercise programs or spontaneous physical activity have similar advantages. It is not known in which cases resistance, endurance, or a combination of both exercises should be recommended. The consequences of physical activity and exercise programs on energy and macronutrient requirements is not clear.Diseased elderly persons are prone to malnutrition which impairs clinical and functional outcome. Malnutrition is the result of an energy intake inadequate to match energy requirements. Literature is very short of data on energy requirements in diseased elderly persons, who are under the complex influences of stress (increasing resting energy requirements), reduced body mass and physical activity (reducing energy requirements), plus potential effects of drugs. Almost nothing is known about macronutrient requirements.Conclusions:Further studies are required to enable calculations of energy and macronutrient requirements of individuals, especially diseased. More work has to be done to understand the energy imbalance in the elderly (healthy and diseased). Careful evaluations of physical activity and exercise programs are necessary.

scholarly journals Body Composition Changes over Multiple Academic Years in Female Collegiate Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Austin Katona ◽  
Caroline Riewe ◽  
Angela Bruzina ◽  
Nicholas J Ollberding ◽  
Mary Ankrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Grade Levels

Body composition plays a key role in overall health and sports performance and its assessment is an important part of many athletic programs. The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in body composition for collegiate female soccer players in order to provide data to inform future training and nutrition interventions for this population. A linear mixed-model (LMM) approach was used to analyze four years of pre- and post-season body composition data, including total mass, fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, and body fat percentage (%BF) for 49 athletes. Athletes gained an average of 0.5 kg FFM during the season (p < 0.05) and increased total mass, FFM, fat mass, and %BF (2.5 kg, 1.1 kg, 1.7 kg, and 1.7%, respectively; p < 0.05) over four years. Freshmen experienced a 1.5 kg gain in total mass pre- to post-season (p < 0.05), while no changes in total mass or body composition were seen in other grade levels. Gains in %BF during the off season between Freshman and Sophomore years represented negative changes in body composition that should be addressed further. These results can help interdisciplinary athlete care teams optimize training programs in this population by understanding what changes are expected over multiple years. Normalizing these changes may also help the promotion of realistic body composition goals and the development of positive training and dietary habits.

Validation of doubly labeled water for measurement of caloric expenditure in collegiate swimmers

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2909-2914 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Jones ◽  
C. A. Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Body Compositions

To validate doubly labeled water (DLW) in aquatic athletes, energy expenditures (EE) were determined by energy intake/balance (IB) and DLW in free-living collegiate swimmers [n = 8, age 20.1 +/- 1.7 (SD) yr, height 186 +/- 11 cm, weight 74.1 +/- 9.3 kg] over 9 days. EEIB was determined from caloric analysis of duplicate foods to those consumed by subjects and corrected for changes in body composition across the study. For EEDLW, subjects were given 2H2O and H2(18)O on day 0 and 2H2O on day 10. Day 0 and 10 body compositions were measured by use of 2H dilution space, and elimination rates over days 1–10 were determined for 2H and 18O. EEDLW was calculated from CO2 respiratory quotient by use of a food quotient. Fat mass increased (P < 0.01) over the study period. Mean uncorrected energy intake was 3,895 +/- 621 kcal/day. When all eight subjects were compared, EEIB and EEDLW were 3,492 +/- 876 and 3,466 +/- 992 kcal/day, respectively. Data from one subject compared poorly despite repeat isotopic analyses. In the remaining seven subjects, EEIB and EEDLW were 3,444 +/- 925 and 3,556 +/- 1,025 kcal/day, respectively. These data indicate that DLW is a good indicator of EE in groups of swimmers and that energy requirements of swimmers are similar to other athletic groups.

Relation Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Collegiate Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna E. Heller ◽  
Joi J. Thomas ◽  
Bruce W. Hollis ◽  
D. Enette Larson-Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Mass Coefficient

Excess body fat or obesity is known to increase risk of poor vitamin D status in nonathletes but it is not known if this is the case in athletes. Furthermore, the reason for this association is not understood, but is thought to be due to either sequestration of the fat-soluble vitamin within adipose tissue or the effect of volume dilution related to obese individuals’ larger body size. Forty two US college athletes (24 men 18 women, 20.7 ± 1.6 years, 85.0 ± 28.7 kg, BMI = 25.7 ± 6.1 kg/m2) provided blood samples during the fall and underwent measurement of body composition via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum samples were evaluated for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration to assess vitamin D status using Diasorin 25(OH)D radioiodine assay. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was negatively associated with height (r = -0.45), total body mass (r = -0.57), BMI (r = -0.57), body fat percentage (r = -0.45), fat mass (r = -0.60) and fat-free mass (r = -0.51) (p < .05). These associations did not change after controlling for sex. In a linear regression mixed model, fat mass (coefficient -0.47, p = .01), but not fat-free mass (coefficient -0.18, p = .32) significantly predicted vitamin D status and explained approximately 36% of the variation in serum 25(OH)D concentration. These results suggest that athletes with a large body size and/or excess adiposity may be at higher risk for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. In addition, the significant association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and fat mass in the mixed model, which remained after controlling for sex, is in support of vitamin D sequestration rather than volume dilution as an explanation for such association.

Comparison of the Effect of Soy protein and Whey protein on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Masoome Piri Damaghi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Sajjad Moradi ◽  
Elnaz Daneshzad ◽  
Atefeh Tavakoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Abstract Background: Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soy and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published Randomized Clinical Trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soy protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all Randomized Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: After excluding non-relevant articles, 10 studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation weighted mean difference (WMD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67. P= 0.019). Subgroup analysis, for whey protein, indicated that there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals concomitant to exercise (WMD: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.47, 2.00; P= 0.001). There was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who received 12 or less weeks of whey protein (WMD: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.63; P<0.0001). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soy protein supplementation and lean body mass, body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Subgroup analysis for soy protein indicated there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who supplemented for 12 or less weeks with soy protein (WMD: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.89; P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass, and body fat percentage.

scholarly journals Effects of 60-Day Saccharomyces boulardii and Superoxide Dismutase Supplementation on Body Composition, Hunger Sensation, Pro/Antioxidant Ratio, Inflammation and Hormonal Lipo-Metabolic Biomarkers in Obese Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2512
Author(s):  
Mariangela Rondanelli ◽  
Niccolò Miraglia ◽  
Pietro Putignano ◽  
Ignazio Castagliuolo ◽  
Paola Brun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Saccharomyces Boulardii ◽  
Homa Index ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Hunger Sensation

In animals it has been demonstrated that Saccharomyces boulardii and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) decrease low-grade inflammation and that S. boulardii can also decrease adiposity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 60-day S. boulardii and SOD supplementation on circulating markers of inflammation, body composition, hunger sensation, pro/antioxidant ratio, hormonal, lipid profile, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, in obese adults (BMI 30–35 kg/m2). Twenty-five obese adults were randomly assigned to intervention (8/4 women/men, 57 ± 8 years) or Placebo (9/4 women/men, 50 ± 9 years). Intervention group showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease of body weight, BMI, fat mass, insulin, HOMA Index and uric acid. Patients in intervention and control groups showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) of GLP-1. Intervention group showed an increase (p < 0.05) of Vitamin D as well. In conclusion, the 60-day S. boulardii-SOD supplementation in obese subjects determined a significant weight loss with consequent decrease on fat mass, with preservation of fat free mass. The decrease of HOMA index and uric acid, produced additional benefits in obesity management. The observed increase in vitamin D levels in treated group requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Metabolic-endocrine disruption due to preterm birth impacts growth, body composition, and neonatal outcome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Sophie Möllers ◽  
Efrah I. Yousuf ◽  
Constanze Hamatschek ◽  
Katherine M. Morrison ◽  
Michael Hermanussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Endocrine Disruption ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
List Type ◽  
Term Infants

Abstract Despite optimized nutrition, preterm-born infants grow slowly and tend to over-accrete body fat. We hypothesize that the premature dissociation of the maternal–placental–fetal unit disrupts the maintenance of physiological endocrine function in the fetus, which has severe consequences for postnatal development. This review highlights the endocrine interactions of the maternal–placental–fetal unit and the early perinatal period in both preterm and term infants. We report on hormonal levels (including tissue, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, pituitary, and placental hormones) and nutritional supply and their impact on infant body composition. The data suggest that the premature dissociation of the maternal–placental–fetal unit leads to a clinical picture similar to panhypopituitarism. Further, we describe how the premature withdrawal of the maternal–placental unit, neonatal morbidities, and perinatal stress can cause differences in the levels of growth-promoting hormones, particularly insulin-like growth factors (IGF). In combination with the endocrine disruption that occurs following dissociation of the maternal–placental–fetal unit, the premature adaptation to the extrauterine environment leads to early and fast accretion of fat mass in an immature body. In addition, we report on interventional studies that have aimed to compensate for hormonal deficiencies in infants born preterm through IGF therapy, resulting in improved neonatal morbidity and growth. Impact Preterm birth prematurely dissociates the maternal–placental–fetal unit and disrupts the metabolic-endocrine maintenance of the immature fetus with serious consequences for growth, body composition, and neonatal outcomes. The preterm metabolic-endocrine disruption induces symptoms resembling anterior pituitary failure (panhypopituitarism) with low levels of IGF-1, excessive postnatal fat mass accretion, poor longitudinal growth, and failure to thrive. Appropriate gestational age-adapted nutrition alone seems insufficient for the achievement of optimal growth of preterm infants. Preliminary results from interventional studies show promising effects of early IGF-1 supplementation on postnatal development and neonatal outcomes.

scholarly journals Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo ◽  
Luis Andreu Caravaca ◽  
Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez ◽  
Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Rest Time

We assessed the effects of resistance circuit-based training (CT) on strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted in three databases, ending on March, 2020. Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the effects of pre–post-intervention CT and differences from control groups (CG). Of the 830 studies found, 45 were included in the meta-analysis (58 experimental groups (n = 897) and 34 CG (n = 474)). The CT interventions led to increases in muscle mass (1.9%; p < 0.001) and decreases in fat mass (4.3%; p < 0.001). With regard to cardiorespiratory fitness, CT had a favorable effect on VO2max (6.3%; p < 0.001), maximum aerobic speed or power (0.3%; p = 0.04), and aerobic performance (2.6%; p = 0.006) after training. Concerning strength outcome, the CT increased the strength of the upper and lower extremities. Only the magnitude of strength performance appears to be influenced by the training (number of sessions and frequency) and the training status. Moreover, low and moderate intensities and short rest time between exercise increase the magnitude of change in fat mass loss. Therefore, CT has been shown to be an effective method for improving body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength of the lower and upper limbs.

scholarly journals Methods to Assess Fat Mass in Infants and Young Children: A Comparative Study Using Skinfold Thickness and Air-Displacement Plethysmography

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Stefanie M. P. Kouwenhoven ◽  
Nadja Antl ◽  
Jos W. R. Twisk ◽  
Berthold V. Koletzko ◽  
Martijn J. J. Finken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Background: Traditionally, fat mass is estimated using anthropometric models. Air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) is a relatively new technique for determining fat mass. There is limited information on the agreement between these methods in infants and young children. Therefore we aimed to longitudinally compare fat mass percentage values predicted from skinfold thicknesses (SFTs) and ADP in healthy infants and young children. Methods: Anthropometry and body composition were determined at the ages of 1, 4, and 6 months and 2 years. We quantified the agreement between the two methods using the Bland–Altman procedure, linear mixed-model analysis, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: During the first 6 months of life, fat mass% predicted with SFT was significantly different from that measured with ADP in healthy, term-born infants (n = 245). ICCs ranged from 0.33 (at 2 years of age) and 0.47 (at 4 months of age). Although the mean difference (bias) between the methods was low, the Bland–Altman plots showed proportional differences at all ages with wide limits of agreement. Conclusions: There is poor agreement between ADP and SFTs for estimating fat mass in infancy or early childhood. The amount of body fat was found to influence the agreement between the methods.

scholarly journals The Effects of Intermittent Fasting Combined with Resistance Training on Lean Body Mass: A Systematic Review of Human Studies

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2349
Author(s):  
Stephen Keenan ◽  
Matthew B. Cooke ◽  
Regina Belski
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Eligibility Criteria

Diets utilising intermittent fasting (IF) as a strategic method to manipulate body composition have recently grown in popularity, however, dietary practices involving fasting have also been followed for centuries for religious reasons (i.e., Ramadan). Regardless of the reasons for engaging in IF, the impacts on lean body mass (LBM) may be detrimental. Previous research has demonstrated that resistance training promotes LBM accrual, however, whether this still occurs during IF is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this review is to systematically analyse human studies investigating the effects of variations of IF combined with resistance training on changes in LBM in previously sedentary or trained (non-elite) individuals. Changes in body weight and fat mass, and protocol adherence were assessed as a secondary objective. This review followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed and SportDiscus databases were searched for articles investigating IF, combined with resistance training that reported measures of body composition. Eight studies met the eligibility criteria. LBM was generally maintained, while one study reported a significant increase in LBM. Body fat mass or percentage was significantly reduced in five of eight studies. Results suggest that IF paired with resistance training generally maintains LBM, and can also promote fat loss. Future research should examine longer-term effects of various forms of IF combined with resistance training compared to traditional forms of energy restriction. Prospero registration CRD42018103867.

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