Polycythaemia vera

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Tiziano Barbui ◽  
Tariq I. Mughal ◽  
Guido Finazzi
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Polycythaemia Vera ◽  
First Line ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Phase ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Cell Disorder ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Polycythaemia vera (PV) is a clonal stem cell disorder characterized by erythrocytosis and associated with burdensome symptoms, risk of thrombohaemorrhagic complications, and transformation to myelofibrosis and acute myeloid leukaemia. Diagnostic criteria are very recently revised by the World Health Organization (WHO) based on haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, bone marrow morphology consistent with trilineage proliferation and presence of the JAK2 V617 mutation. Cytoreductive therapy is indicated in patients at increased risk of thrombosis. Hydroxyurea (HU) remains the most commonly used first-line cytoreductive therapy and interferon (IFN) is used either at failure of HU or in selected patients as first-line therapy. A recent phase 3 trial has shown the superiority of the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in comparison to best available treatment in HU-intolerant or resistant patients.

Pharmacogenetics of Metformin

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Alrahman Joneri
Keyword(s):  
American Diabetes Association ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Line ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

Hyperglycemia is a medical condition in which an increase in glucose levels in the blood exceeds normal limits. Hyperglycemia is one of the typical signs of diabetes mellitus (DM). The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts an increase in the number of people with DM which is a global health threat. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, and the leading cause of heart disease and stroke, in adults. Metformin, which is a biguanide group, is recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes as the first-line oral therapy for DM and is the most widely used oral medication worldwide. Metformin can also increase peripheral glucose utilization and ultimately decrease the production of fatty acids and triglycerides. Some of the individual differences that underlie the variation in response to metformin.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and Acute Kidney Injury: Recent Updates

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Tahir Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
World Health ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In January 2020, the pathogen was identified and named by the World Health Organization as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). The consequent SARS-CoV-2-related disease was defined as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As data emerged about characteristics of the disease, it was found to be associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). We explore the recent literature and reports emerging from the epicenters of the pandemic to help our viewers understand the nature of AKI among these patients. 

A global perspective on suicides and suicide attempts

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Elise Paul
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
World Mental Health Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

Specific populations at risk for suicide differ considerably according to region, country, sex, age, and the most common suicide methods used, highlighting the need for ongoing systematic surveillance to inform prevention efforts. The magnitude of the problem is not limited to suicide deaths. It is estimated that for every suicide, there are 20 more persons who have made an attempt. Individuals who have made a suicide attempt are at increased risk for dying by suicide. This chapter explores differences in the suicide and suicide attempt rates in the general population on different continents, by examining data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates and the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Differences across contexts in suicidal behaviours and the need for ongoing monitoring are emphasized.

Haematopathology of classic myeloproliferative neoplasms

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Hans Michael Kvasnicka ◽  
Jürgen Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Who Classification ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Primary Myelofibrosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Polycythaemia Vera ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Diagnostic Importance

The classification of the World Health Organization (WHO) continues to advocate the diagnostic importance of bone marrow (BM) morphology in the diagnostic workup of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). In this regard, distinctive histological BM patterns characterize specific subtypes of MPN and are the key to a meaningful clinical and molecular-defined risk stratification of patients. In this regard, the morphological denominator includes a characteristic megakaryocytic proliferation along with variable changes in the granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis. Importantly, diagnosis of MPN requires absence of relevant dysgranulopoiesis or dyserythropoiesis. In terms of clinical practice, the concept of precursor stages provides the possibility of an early intervention by appropriate therapeutic regimens that might prevent fatal complications like thrombosis and haemorrhage, especially in early stages of polycythaemia vera or in primary myelofibrosis. However, the WHO classification is not aimed to capture all biological true cases of MPN or guarantee a complete diagnostic specificity and thus might be in need of continuous improvement following clinical experience.

Clinico-pathologic characteristics and outcomes of the World Health Organization (WHO) provisional entity de novo acute myeloid leukemia with mutated RUNX1

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1678-1689
Author(s):  
Andrés E. Quesada ◽  
Guillermo Montalban-Bravo ◽  
Rajyalakshmi Luthra ◽  
Keyur P. Patel ◽  
Koji Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
De Novo ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Simultaneous determination of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in fixed-dose combination antituberculosis pharmaceutical formulations: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1103-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. L. Oliveira ◽  
P. R. Chellini ◽  
T. L. Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
First Line ◽  
The World ◽  
Dose Combination ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization, rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol hydrochloride are the first-line drugs used to treat tuberculosis – an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

scholarly journals d4T: keep it or abandon it?

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
First Line ◽  
The World ◽  
Dose Ranging ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
First Line Treatment

Abstract Stavudine is a nucleoside analogue used widely for first-line treatment of HIV in developing and middleincome countries. The World Health Organization recommended that all patients should switch to stavudine (30mg BID). However, there is evidence from the dose-ranging trials that patients with body weight below 60kg should use a dose of 20mg BID. For patients who show adverse events on stavudine, a switch to other nucleoside analogues can be considered. This article reviews d4T to study if it should be kept or abandoned.

scholarly journals Vitamin D and atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Vesna Lazić ◽  
Biljana Mijović ◽  
Miloš Maksimović ◽  
Olivera Rašević ◽  
Maida Mulić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Risk Marker ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Health Organization

Cardiovascular diseases rank first on the mortality list globally or 31%. The basic measure of prevention in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization is a change in risk lifestyle in terms of diet, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption. Vitamin D was previously recognized as a regulator of calcium and phosphorus ratio, bone remodeling or the main controller of skeletal pathophysiology. However, vitamin D enjoys great interest in clinical and epidemiological research in terms of its possible impact on reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Among other things, vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of endothelial dysfunction. Although the deficiency has been identified as a risk marker for cardiovascular diseases, the mechanism of action of vitamin D on the path from endothelial dysfunction to cardiovascular diseases has not been fully revealed. The findings in this segment of activity of vitamin D would be significant in terms of reducing morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases.

Oxidative and haemostatic effects of copper, manganese and mercury, alone and in combination at physiologically relevant levels: An ex vivo study

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ van Rensburg ◽  
M van Rooy ◽  
MJ Bester ◽  
JC Serem ◽  
C Venter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Health Organization

Water contamination with metals due to anthropogenic activity is increasing and subsequent exposure increases the risk of associated toxicity. Exposure is not limited to a single metal but usually involves mixtures of different metals at different concentrations. Little is known about the contribution of this type of exposure, in humans, to the development of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, and an increased risk to thrombosis. The World Health Organization has established limits for metal levels in drinking water and this includes levels for copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and mercury (Hg). In this study, at 100X these limits, the ability of the metals’ oxidative effects as catalysts of the Fenton reaction and/or ability to bind glutathione (GSH) were determined. The haemostatic effects of these metals, alone and in combination, at the World Health Organization limit were then evaluated. The ultrastructural and viscoelastic alterations of exposed ex vivo whole blood were also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and thromboelastography® (TEG), respectively. Cu, alone and in combination with Mn and/or Hg, induced hydroxyl radical formation and reduced GSH levels. Ex vivo exposure caused deformation of erythrocytes and accelerated platelet activation especially for Cu, alone and in combination, with Mn. Reduction in the lysis potential of the clot was also observed for all combinations, especially Cu in combination with Hg as well as Mn alone. Although the TEG findings were not statistically significant, the trends indicate that the exposure to these metals, alone and in combination, adversely affects thrombus formation in ex vivo blood, thereby potentially increasing the risk in exposed individuals for thrombosis.

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