Immunization

2020 ◽  
pp. 706-712
Author(s):  
David Goldblatt ◽  
Mary Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Edible Vaccines ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

Immunization is one of the most successful medical interventions ever developed: it prevents infectious diseases worldwide. The basis for its success is that the human immune system can respond to vaccines by producing pathogen-specific antibody and memory cells (both B and T cells) which protect the body should the pathogen be encountered. Most currently licensed vaccines contain live or killed bacterial or viral constituents, bacterial polysaccharides, or bacterial toxoids, while new types of vaccines are being developed that contain DNA. Most vaccines are delivered directly into skin or muscle via needles, or they are administered orally. New edible vaccines and vaccines delivered via the skin without the use of needles are being developed. The Expanded Programme on Immunization, set up by the World Health Organization to define which vaccines should be delivered in resource-poor countries, has done much to increase vaccination coverage among infants most at risk of infectious diseases.

Immunization

2010 ◽  
pp. 460-464
Author(s):  
D. Goldblatt ◽  
M. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
The Body ◽  
Memory Cells ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Human Immune

Immunization is one of the most successful medical interventions ever developed: it prevents infectious diseases worldwide. Mechanism of effect—the basis for the success of immunization is that the human immune system is able to respond to vaccines by producing pathogen-specific antibody and memory cells (both B and T cells) which protect the body should the pathogen be encountered....

scholarly journals Review Study on Sciencedirect Library Based on Coronavirus Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Muzhir Shaban Al-Ani ◽  
Dimah Mezher Al-Ani
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Health Organization

Several years ago, China and the United States of America began experimenting with the coronavirus, which lives in the bat. It is not known until now how the virus spread and how it extended to all countries of the world. However, it is certain that this virus first appeared and spread was at the end of 2019 and in the Chinese city of Wuhan, especially in markets close to laboratories that are working on this virus. At the beginning of the year 2020, this virus began to spread very widely all over the world and began killing thousands of people every day. The world economy was destroyed until the World Health Organization considered it a pandemic. As for the research aspect, the researchers started the research work on this pandemic from many aspects, including medical, statistical, managerial, healthcare, and others. A statistical analysis depends many key factors that have been studied. This study was conducted on April 11, 2020, where a large number of research papers were downloaded using the keywords coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, which were applied in the Sciencedirect library that was examined on 100 research papers only. The obtained results indicated that most of the research papers that worked on the subject of COVID-19 confirmed that this virus infects the human respiratory system, which in turn leads to shortness of breath and death. Here, it must be noted that the human immune system has a major role in the process of overcoming this virus and gradual recovery. The obtained analysis indicated that the main fields of coronavirus are: Medicine 42%, statistics 21%, healthcare 19%, and management 18%. Through this study, it became clear that China is the first country in terms of the number of researchers and also in terms of the number of research papers related to the COVID-19.

scholarly journals Host Immune Response to Malaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Reqgi First Trasia
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria is still a health threat, especially for children and pregnant women in endemic areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports 228 million cases of malaria occur worldwide and an estimated 405,000 deaths from malaria globally in 2018. A series of malaria control efforts according to WHO recommendations have been carried out widely. However, these programs face obstacles. Therefore, the existence of an effective malaria vaccine is absolutely necessary in a series of malaria control strategies. Development of a malaria vaccine requires a basic concept regarding the host's immune response to malaria. Unfortunately, only a few in Indonesia have reviewed how the immune response is. This article will present an understanding of how the human immune system responds to Plasmodium falciparum.

Ayurveda Practitioners Consensus to Develop Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar Panda1 ◽  
Amit Kumar Dixit ◽  
Suvendu Rout ◽  
Baidyanath Mishra ◽  
Umesh V. Purad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Common People ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been recently declared as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by World Health Organization and the virus has now spread beyond the boundaries of countries and continents. At present, no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine is available or recommended to counter the COVID-19, and the potential therapy is still symptomatic. Objective: The primary aim of the study is to review ancient classical literatures and past human treatment protocols of Ayurveda for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and flu like illnesses, so as to provide guidance for the prevention of COVID-19. Methods: Classical Ayurveda and recent modern literature with treatment protocols of Ayurveda for prevention and treatment of flu and infectious diseases were reviewed and COVID-19 has been categorized in four specific situations based on the severity of clinical condition. Total 110 Ayurveda practitioners of different parts of India were participated in the survey. These specific situations were conveyed and described to these participants and their opinions and options were collected through social media platform i.e. WhatsApp or SMS. Results: Recommendation and suggestions received from more than 50% participants were taken into accounts to draft the recommendation for probable preventive and therapeutic regimen for the disease. Conclusion: The results obtained in the study may provide a preventive strategy to the Ayurveda practitioners as well as common people across the globe by increasing the innate immunity of the body to combat COVID-19. However, till today, social distancing is considered as most effective way to stop the spread of COVID-19. Further, pilot study for different group is recommended.

Organization of restrictive quarantine measures to prevent especially dangerous infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Petr Ilyin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Health Regulations

Especially dangerous infections (EDIs) belong to the conditionally labelled group of infectious diseases that pose an exceptional epidemic threat. They are highly contagious, rapidly spreading and capable of affecting wide sections of the population in the shortest possible time, they are characterized by the severity of clinical symptoms and high mortality rates. At the present stage, the term "especially dangerous infections" is used only in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, all over the world this concept is defined as "infectious diseases that pose an extreme threat to public health on an international scale." Over the entire history of human development, more people have died as a result of epidemics and pandemics than in all wars combined. The list of especially dangerous infections and measures to prevent their spread were fixed in the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted at the 22nd session of the WHO's World Health Assembly on July 26, 1969. In 1970, at the 23rd session of the WHO's Assembly, typhus and relapsing fever were excluded from the list of quarantine infections. As amended in 1981, the list included only three diseases represented by plague, cholera and anthrax. However, now annual additions of new infections endemic to different parts of the earth to this list take place. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has already included more than 100 diseases in the list of especially dangerous infections.

Drinking-Water Quality and Intestinal Infectious Diseases in a Colombian Department, 2010-2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Dora Cardona Rivas ◽  
Militza Yulain Cardona Guzmán ◽  
Olga Lucía Ocampo López
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To characterize the burden of intestinal infectious diseases attributable to drinking-water quality in 27 municipalities in the central region of Colombia. Materials and methods: A time-trend ecological study. The drinking-water quality of the National Institute of Health and the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies was identified. The disease burden was calculated based on the mortality registered in the National Department of Statistics and the records of morbidity attended by the Social Protection Integrated Information System. The etiological agents reported in morbidity records and the observation of environmental conditions in the municipalities of the study were included. The disease burden was determined according to the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals Circulation and Molecular Epidemiology of Enteroviruses in Paralyzed, Immunodeficient and Healthy Individuals in Tunisia, a Country with a Polio-Free Status for Decades

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Anissa Chouikha ◽  
Dorra Rezig ◽  
Nadia Driss ◽  
Ichrak Abdelkhalek ◽  
Ahlem Ben Yahia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Warning System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Type 3

This report is an overview of enterovirus (EV) detection in Tunisian polio-suspected paralytic cases (acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases), healthy contacts and patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) during an 11-year period. A total of 2735 clinical samples were analyzed for EV isolation and type identification, according to the recommended protocols of the World Health Organization. Three poliovirus (PV) serotypes and 28 different nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected. The NPEV detection rate was 4.3%, 2.8% and 12.4% in AFP cases, healthy contacts and PID patients, respectively. The predominant species was EV-B, and the circulation of viruses from species EV-A was noted since 2011. All PVs detected were of Sabin origin. The PV detection rate was higher in PID patients compared to AFP cases and contacts (6.8%, 1.5% and 1.3% respectively). PV2 was not detected since 2015. Using nucleotide sequencing of the entire VP1 region, 61 strains were characterized as Sabin-like. Among them, six strains of types 1 and 3 PV were identified as pre-vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Five type 2 PV, four strains belonging to type 1 PV and two strains belonging to type 3 PV, were classified as iVDPVs. The data presented provide a comprehensive picture of EVs circulating in Tunisia over an 11-year period, reveal changes in their epidemiology as compared to previous studies and highlight the need to set up a warning system to avoid unnoticed PVs.

scholarly journals Secular Trends of Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity in Children and Adolescents from Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3302
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
Justyna Wyszyńska ◽  
Serhiy Nyankovskyy ◽  
Olena Nyankovska ◽  
Marta Yatsula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Obesity In Children

Overweight and obesity, as well as underweight in children and adolescents, pose a significant public health issue. This study aimed to investigate the secular trend of the incidence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in children from Ukraine in 2013/2014 and 2018/2019. The studies were conducted in randomly selected primary and secondary schools in Ukraine. In total, 13,447 children (6468 boys and 6979 girls) participated in the study in 2013/2014 and 18,144 children (8717 boys and 9427 girls) participated in 2018/2019. Measurements of body weight and height were performed in triplicate. Underweight, overweight, and obesity were diagnosed according to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the group of girls, a significant difference between 2013/2014 and 2018/2019 measurements was found only among 7-year-olds. The percentage of girls at this age exceeding the body mass index (BMI) norm was lower in the 2018/2019 study. In boys, a significant difference was also found in 7-year-olds, and, as in girls, a lower share of overweight and obesity was found in 2018/2019. But for the ages of 12, 13, and 15, the significant differences had a different character—more overweight or obese boys were found in the 2018/2019 study. The proportion of underweight children was similar for the majority of age groups in both genders and did not differ in a statistically significant way.

scholarly journals Knowledge of HIV and benefits of male medical circumcision amongst clients in an urban area

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abidemi Faleye
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Preventative Strategy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Male medical circumcision (MMC) has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in circumcised men by up to 60%. Following recommendations from the World Health Organization, South Africa adopted MMC as a preventative strategy against HIV in 2010 and set up circumcision camps across the country. Concerns have been raised about condom avoidance following MMC because of a mistaken belief about the benefits of MMC.Aim and setting: The aim of this study was to describe the profile and knowledge about HIV and circumcision amongst men presenting for MMC in an urban area in KwaZulu-Natal.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 394 clients over the age of 18 years who presented to two MMC sites in Durban between November 2012 and March 2013. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data.Results: The mean age of clients presenting for MMC was 28 years. Most clients were black, single, unemployed and sexually active. The majority presented for MMC because they believed that MMC would reduce their risk of acquiring HIV infection. Knowledge about HIV transmission was very good and 86.3% of clients were aware that risky sexual behaviour suchas condom avoidance could reverse the benefits of MMC.Conclusion: The knowledge of HIV and benefits of MMC was very good amongst those presenting for MMC. However as MMC is primarily a preventative strategy, innovative methods to promote MMC prior to first sexual encounter need to be explored. Further research is needed to determine whether the benefits of MMC on the reduction of HIV transmission aresustained in routine practice. [Full text article to follow]

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document