Overweight, obesity, and abdominal adiposity

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Riccardi ◽  
Maria Masulli
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Term Survival

Obesity is a serious chronic disease of epidemic and global proportions. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is increased in obese people. Since overweight and obesity are associated with decreased lifespan, weight loss might be expected to improve long-term survival and to have beneficial effects on CVD risk. The therapeutic approaches for obesity are lifestyle changes, drugs, and bariatric surgery. Lifestyle modifications include modest weight loss and moderate-intensity physical activity. A low-fat (low saturated fat), low-sugar diet rich in fruit and vegetables, as well as legumes and whole grains, should be advised for its beneficial impact on weight and cardiovascular risk. Bariatric surgery represents an effective treatment in cases of severe obesity. Prevention of overweight and obesity at the population level will probably play a major role in combating the present obesity epidemic. Combining different intervention strategies is probably the best choice for maximizing the effects and minimizing the costs.

Fad Diets: Dietary Dilemmas, Predicaments, and Recommendations for its Use

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1362-1380
Author(s):  
Jyoti Singh ◽  
Prasad Rasane ◽  
Vidisha Tomer ◽  
Sawinder Kaur ◽  
Yogesh Gat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Extra Weight

The health issues, mainly overweight and obesity are the growing concerns nowadays due to the associated factors and lifestyle changes which significantly have increased the individual’s health care expenditures. Fad diets are promoted as the easiest and simplest way of shedding the extra weight despite the availability of several treatments available. The prevention and treatment measures, including modification in lifestyle, dietary pattern, and physical activity, are the foundation of weight loss. However, the standard treatment measures are not effective for certain populations as they require long time adherence, which leads to the search for other approaches like fad diet. We steered a comprehensive literature review to present the facts related to fad diets to their efficacy and sustainability. Although fad diets have yielded tremendous positive results in weight loss and cardiovascular risk prevention, the studies reported death in long-term interventions and the results and some of them show side effects too. Randomized controlled trials have significantly reported weight loss in comparison with the popular fad diets; however, persisting on the same diet has also reported kidney problems, ketosis, and other metabolic related problems. The conclusion of this critical review reported that gradual weight loss could be attained by the combination of lifestyle modifications, physical activity, and recommended dietary approaches.

Moving it for Weight Loss

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivy Lim
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Dietary Control ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity

The rate of overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide, with significant health impact. Obesity is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality and weight loss should take a multi-pronged approach, including dietary control and physical activity. The lack of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, as well as poor cardiorespiratory fitness are all independent risk factors for morbidity and mortality as well, thus it is important to advise lifestyle changes to address these issues. Most individuals who have no contraindications can embark on light- to moderate-intensity physical activity without the need for medical clearance. Specific advice on physical activity should be given, targeting the individual, and this can be done using the FITT (frequency, intensity, time, type) principle. Physical activity should also be reviewed regularly and progressed gradually to target physical activity guidelines. Individuals should also be encouraged to replace sedentary behaviour with at least light-intensity physical activity whenever possible.

scholarly journals Obesity, energy balance and spermatogenesis

Reproduction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. R173-R185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro F Oliveira ◽  
Mário Sousa ◽  
Branca M Silva ◽  
Mariana P Monteiro ◽  
Marco G Alves
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Massive Weight Loss ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
The Impact

Obesity has grown to pandemic proportions. It affects an increasing number of children, adolescents and young adults exposed to the silent comorbidities of this disorder for a longer period. Infertility has arisen as one important comorbidity associated with the energy dysfunction promoted by obesity. Spermatogenesis is a highly regulated process that is determined by specific energetic requirements. The reproductive potential of males relies on hormonal-dependent and -independent stimuli that control sperm quality. There are conflicting data concerning the impact of male overweight and obesity on sperm quality, as well as on the possible paternal-induced epigenetic trait inheritance of obesity. In addition, it remains a matter of debate whether massive weight loss induced by lifestyle interventions, drugs or bariatric surgery may or may not benefit obese men seeking fatherhood. Herein, we propose to discuss how energy balance may modulate hormonal signalling and sperm quality in overweight and obese men. We also discuss some molecular mechanisms that mediate obesity-related dysfunction in male reproductive system and how paternal obesity may lead to trait inheritance. Finally, we will discuss how lifestyle modifications and sustained weight loss, particularly the loss achieved by bariatric surgery, may revert some of the deleterious effects of obesity in men and their offspring.

Abstract TMP81: Regional, Race-Ethnic and Sex Disparities in Lifestyle Interventions: Data from the Florida Puerto Rico Collaboration to Reduce Stroke Disparities (FL-PR CReSD) Study - the NINDS Stroke Prevention Intervention Research Program

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A Ciliberti-Vargas ◽  
Kefeng Wang ◽  
Sofia Oluwole ◽  
Erika Marulanda-Londoño ◽  
Maranatha Ayodele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Diet Counseling ◽  
To Receive

Background: As key components of the AHA Life’s Simple 7 campaign, lifestyle modifications play an integral role in the prevention of vascular disease. Little is known about the prevalence of lifestyle modification counseling in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We sought to investigate disparities in the delivery of lifestyle interventions to AIS patients in the large NINDS-funded FL-PR CReSD Registry of Get With The Guidelines-Stroke (GWTG-S) data. Methods: GWTG-S collects data on the provision of several lifestyle interventions including counseling on exercise/weight loss, Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet, diabetes (DM) education and antihypertensive (low sodium) diet. 80,598 AIS cases were prospectively included from 82 sites (69 FL; 13 PR) from 2010-2016. Multilevel logistic regression models adjusted for age, race, and aphasia were used to evaluate differences in the provision of lifestyle interventions as indicated for patients prior to hospital discharge. Results: Among AIS cases, 51% were men, 62% non-Hispanic White (NHW), 18% NH-Black (NHB), 13% FL-Hispanic (FLH), and 6% PR-Hispanic (PRH). Mean age was 71±14 years. The highest mean BMI was in PRH (29±7 kg/m 2 ), with the lowest in NHW (27±6 kg/m 2 ) and FLH (28±6 kg/m 2 ). Despite this, PRH were less likely to receive exercise/weight loss counseling compared to NHW (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20-0.90) and FLH (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.97). PRH also had lower odds of receiving TLC diet counseling compared to NHW and FLH (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.15-0.68). Though NHB presented with higher rates of DM compared to NHW (38% vs. 25%), they were less likely to receive DM education (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.99). Women were less likely to receive TLC diet counseling (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98) and DM education (OR 0.94, CI 0.92-0.97) compared to men. Despite higher HTN frequency in women and NHB (67% and 69%), both were less likely to receive low sodium diet recommendations as compared to men (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.92-0.97) and NHW (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.99). Conclusion: Overall, disparities were identified in the provision of several lifestyle interventions in AIS patients. These interventions can benefit all and providers should continue counseling patients regarding modifiable risk factors to prevent future stroke.

Population-level effects of diet, lifestyle, and health environment on obesity and non-communicable diseases in India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuhu Joshi ◽  
Devesh Roy ◽  
Lora Iannotti ◽  
Aishwarya Nagar ◽  
Avinash Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Obesity is rising in developing countries like India and is associated with an increase in cardiometabolic problems. Rising incomes, rapid urbanization, and mechanization have induced lifestyle changes like consumption of more obesogenic foods and sedentary habits at work and leisure, contributing to a transition from under- to over-nutrition. This study maps the prevalence of adult (15-49 years) overweight and obesity across regions and socioeconomic groups in India, and estimates its association with lifestyle, health environment, dietary patterns, diabetes, and hypertension.Methods: We employ a combination of 3 latest nationally representative datasets with over 700,000 adults. We use a linear probability regression model to identify the correlates of overweight/obesity and their relative magnitudes. We use intra-household regression to identify differences between men and women and coarsened exact matching to causally estimate the impact of obesity on diabetes and hypertension.Results: Overweight/obesity rates have increased across all states, in rural and urban areas, and for all wealth levels. Women are more likely to be overweight/obese than men, even in the same household. Improved health environment (toilets, piped water, clean cooking fuel), urban jobs, television watching, and processed snacks increase the risk of overweight/obesity. Adults who are overweight/obese have a 5.6% higher risk of diabetes and a 9.7% higher risk of hypertension.Conclusions: Our results underscore the need for policy intervention to reduce the burden of obesity and NCD’s in India.

Trends in pediatric obesity management, a survey from the Pediatric Endocrine Society Obesity Committee

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley H. Shoemaker ◽  
Stephanie T. Chung ◽  
Amy Fleischman ◽  
_ _
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Pediatric Obesity ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pediatric Endocrinology ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Endocrine Society ◽  
Weight Loss Medications

AbstractBackgroundIn the United States, 18.5% of children are obese. Dietary and lifestyle modifications are key, but often ineffective. There are limited approved pediatric pharmacotherapies. The objective of this study was to evaluate current treatment practices for pediatric obesity among members of the Pediatric Endocrine Society (PES, n = 1300) and the Pediatric Obesity Weight Evaluation Registry (POWER, n = 42) consortium.MethodsA 10-question online survey on treatment of children with obesity in clinical practice was conducted.ResultsThe response rates were 19% for PES and 20% for POWER members. The majority were female (65%) and board certified in pediatric endocrinology (81%). Most practitioners saw 5–10 patients with obesity/week and 19% prescribed weight-loss medications. POWER participants were more likely to prescribe weight-loss medications than PES participants (46% vs. 18%, p =  0.02). Metformin was the most commonly prescribed medication. Response to medication was poor. Use of dietary non-pharmacological treatment options was uncommon. Over half of the respondents (56%) referred patients for bariatric surgery and 53% had local access to pediatric bariatric surgery.ConclusionsMetformin was the most common drug prescribed among respondents, but successful weight-loss responses were uncommon. Among practitioners who are using pharmacological interventions, therapeutic strategies vary widely. Targeted research in pharmacologic and surgical treatment for pediatric obesity is urgently needed.

scholarly journals Diet composition and the risk of type 2 diabetes: epidemiological and clinical evidence

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Parillo ◽  
G. Riccardi
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Body Weight Reduction ◽  
Increased Risk

In the last 10 years nutritional research on diabetes has improved dramatically in terms of both number of studies produced and quality of methodologies employed. Therefore, it is now possible to attempt to provide the evidence on which nutritional recommendations for the prevention of type 2 diabetes could be based. We therefore performed a literature search and, among the papers published in indexed journals, we selected relevant epidemiological (mostly prospective) and controlled intervention studies. Lifestyle factors that have, so far, been consistently associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes are overweight and physical inactivity. However, recent evidence from epidemiological studies has shown that the risk of type 2 diabetes is also associated with diet composition, particularly with: (1) low fibre intake; (2) a high trans fatty acid intake and a low unsaturated:saturated fat intake ratio; (3) absence of or excess alcohol consumption. All these factors are extremely common in Western populations and therefore the potential impact of any intervention on them is large: indeed, >90% of the general population has one or more of these risk factors. The ability to correct these behaviours in the population is estimated to reduce the incidence of diabetes by as much as 87%. Recent intervention studies have shown that type 2 diabetes can be prevented by lifestyle changes aimed at body-weight reduction, increased physical activity and multiple changes in the composition of the diet. Within this context, the average amount of weight loss needed is not large, about 5% initial weight, which is much less than the weight loss traditionally considered to be clinically significant for prevention of type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, new emphasis on prevention by multiple lifestyle modifications, including moderate changes in the composition of the habitual diet, might limit the dramatic increase in incidence of type 2 diabetes envisaged worldwide.

scholarly journals Nutritional Management in Bariatric Surgery Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12049
Author(s):  
Andrea Deledda ◽  
Stefano Pintus ◽  
Andrea Loviselli ◽  
Michele Fosci ◽  
Giovanni Fantola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Diabetes Remission ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Sustained Weight Loss ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reduce Life Expectancy

The obesity epidemic, mainly due to lifestyle changes in recent decades, leads to serious comorbidities that reduce life expectancy. This situation is affecting the health policies of many nations around the world. Traditional measures such as diet, physical activity, and drugs are often not enough to achieve weight loss goals and to maintain the results over time. Bariatric surgery (BS) includes various techniques, which favor rapid and sustained weight loss. BS is a useful and, in most cases, the best treatment in severe and complicated obesity. In addition, it has a greater benefit/risk ratio than non-surgical traditional therapies. BS can allow the obese patient to lose weight quickly compared with traditional lifestyle changes, and with a greater probability of maintaining the results. Moreover, BS promotes improvements in metabolic parameters, even diabetes remission, and in the quality of life. These changes can lead to an increase of life expectancy by over 6 years on average. The nutrition of people before and after BS must be the subject of indications from a trained staff, and patients must be followed in the subsequent years to reduce the risk of malnutrition and the associated problems. In particular, it is still debated whether it is necessary to lose weight prior to surgery, a procedure that can facilitate the surgeon’s work reducing the surgical risk, but at the same time, lengthens preparation times increasing the risks associated with concomitant pathologies. Furthermore, preventing nutritional deficiencies prior to the intervention can improve the results and reduce short- and long-term mortality.

scholarly journals The Role of Bariatric Surgery in Fatty Liver

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Geerts ◽  
Sander Lefere
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Liver Transplant ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
Transplant Candidates

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a crucial health problem with a prevalence that is increasing concurrently with the obesity epidemic on a global scale. Steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis, and advanced fibrosis constitute the disease spectrum covered by NAFLD. NASH-related cirrhosis and HCC is currently the second most common indication for liver transplantation. Although lifestyle modifications, especially weight loss, effectively reduces the liver injury in NASH, adherence in the clinical setting is low. Potential treatments for NASH are still under investigation in phase 2–3 studies. Bariatric surgery can improve metabolic components and cause great weight loss. Therefore, bariatric surgery may reverse the pathological liver changes in NAFLD and NASH patients. However, complications such as liver failure after bariatric surgery can occur. This chapter will give an overview of the benefits and pitfalls of bariatric surgery in patients with NAFLD, liver transplant candidates and post-liver transplant patients.

scholarly journals Unsuccessful Weight-Loss in Adults Admitted to Health Centers, Ahvaz, Khuzestan: A Phenomenological Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Faraji Khiavi ◽  
Kurosh Djafarian ◽  
Mahbubeh Afrashtabar
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Health Dimension ◽  
Mental Health Dimension ◽  
Weight Loss Medications ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

Background: Nowadays, obesity is one of the most important public health problems worldwide. There are so many various factors interfering with obesity that it is necessary to be studied separately in each population. Although many people can lose weight by observing low-energy diets, they often return to the former weight and even higher. The present study aimed to identify the causes of unsuccessful weight-loss in adults admitted to health centers in Ahvaz. Methods: This was a qualitative phenomenological study carried out in one of the health centers in western Ahvaz, 2017. The data collection tool for this study was semi-structured in-depth interview conducted face-to-face and individually. The interviews were recorded and transferred word-by-word on paper immediately. Then interviews were analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Seven themes and 11 key concepts were extracted from the contents of the interviews.The following items led to a failure of keeping the diet and achieving the proper weight: Underlying diseases, the effects of drugs on overweightness and obesity, physical characteristics, lifestyle, affecting overweight and obesity behaviors, food habits, and psychological factors. Conclusion: Lifestyle and some diseases and medications can lead to a failure of overweight and obesity confronting programs. Provision of the educational and informational programs to the society with emphasis on the side effects of weight loss medications and lifestyle changes, especially the dietary habits, together with a consideration of the mental health dimension may affect the success of people in controlling obesity.

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