Building Materials of Chinese Architecture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghua Guo
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Chinese Architecture ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Yingzao Fashi

This bibliography is a summation of our present knowledge of building materials used in China from prehistoric (c. 3000 bce) to premodern times (18th century). Earth, timber, stone, bricks, and tiles are the major materials developed with construction purposes. Earth and wood rendered as tu-mu are a synonym for construction work used throughout the history. In the case of earth, for example, it was used to build not only architecture but also infrastructure (such as city walls) with different techniques (e.g., direct molding and cob, rammed earth with framework and adobe [mud bricks]). China is well known for its long tradition of historical documentation; however building materials in early imperial times were only occasionally mentioned in literature, and their manufacture details were recorded in a few documents. The oldest written source in existence is the Yingzao Fashi (1103). A large number of historic buildings survived from the Ming-Qing times are timber-framed. Therefore, timber architecture has been studied more intensely than the others. And, scholarly attention has put more on the later period of Chinese architecture. Critical study of Chinese architecture did not begin until the 20th century. In the field of building materials, the academic work was scarce. Obviously, the study overlaps with a number of fields: construction, technology, architecture, and archaeology. Within the topic, this bibliography is organized in five categories: timber, stone and earth, bricks and tiles, mortars, coating and painting. Timber includes various prefabricated elements and units, such as columns, beams and block-bracket sets (dou-gong). Over time, Chinese timber architecture developed into a modular design and building standard as a system. Wooden buildings require coatings for weather proofing, which led to application of decorative coatings and paints. Drainage and waterproofing had been major issues for buildings and structures, which resulted in the development from adobe to bricks and tiles. Each section reviews main issues and lists recent scholarly contributions, as well as important database sources.

scholarly journals Strength, sustainability and affordability of bamboo and mud bricks as materials used in local construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopold Mbereyaho ◽  
Jean de Dieu Mutabaruka ◽  
Abaho G. Gershome ◽  
Armel Ineza ◽  
Ezra Ngirabatware
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Sisal Fibers

The construction industry is one of the rapidly growing and the cost analysis suggests that the materials cost is constantly increasing. The continuous extraction of aggregates intensively used in the field is negatively acting to the environment. Therefore research in construction materials should focus not only on discovering new alternative materials but also in appreciating the quality of those locally available for their better application. This research aimed at evaluating the performance of bamboo and mud bricks as two available local building materials, especially with regards not only to their strength but also to new performance concepts which are affordability, energy efficiency and environment friendly aspects. The study comprised mainly of laboratory tests of used materials and cost estimation analysis. Study results established that the considered bamboo and mud bricks, made in ordinary soils and reinforced by sisal fibers were reusable, environment friendly materials and energy efficient, with the bamboo showing the thermal conductivity equal to 0.1496 W/mK. Regarding the compressive strength, reinforced mud bricks with sisal fibers showed an increased value from 1.75 MPA to 4.29MPA, what was in line with related previous studies. The average compressive strength of the studied Arundinaria Alpine bamboo was established at 133,7MPA, while its tensile strength was 88.16MPA and these values were reasonable with comparison to other conventional materials. It is recommended that further research in checking the performance of other types of bamboo as well as about new construction technologies be undertaken in order to enhance the service life of both bamboo and mud bricks.Keywords: Affordability, Bamboo, Conventional concrete, Materials strength, Mud reinforced bricks, Sustainability

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Architecture of the Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq and Ibn Tulun Mosque at Cairo, Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Tauqeer Ahmad ◽  
Seemin Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Islamic Architecture ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Form Type ◽  
Building Form

Ever since the emergence of Islam, mosque has always been the most dominant feature in any Islamic built environment. Over the course of time, mosque architecture has gone through a process of various forms of uses and expressions in terms of its transformation. Its style, layout, building form, type of ornamentation used, building materials and construction technology usually provide vital information not only about the practice of Islam in general but also about the timeline, prevailing geopolitical environment, religious conviction, purpose, need and the region in which the mosque was built. This research paper emphasizes the study of the general characteristics of the two earliest examples of mosques in Islamic architecture through extensive literature review. It also highlights the historical and geopolitical context, built form, size, shape, configuration, color, texture, materials used, scale and type of decorative elements of the two most outstanding and heavily restored mosques to date.

Vibroacoustic Properties of Materials Used in Constructions and Their Application in Lithuania

2006 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
Danielius Gužas ◽  
M. Pelikša
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Vibration Isolation ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Theoretical Results

At present, after the restoration of independence, intensive construction of modern buildings for different purposes is being carried out within Lithuania. New effective materials and forms are being applied to these constructions. Proper usage of these materials improves vibroacoustic properties of buildings. The article deals with the vibroacoustic properties of applied building constructions depending on their forms and strengthening. Means to increase sound and vibration isolation without changing vibroacoustic properties of used materials have been determined. Examples of practical application of vibroacoustic properties of materials are given. The effectiveness of these materials has been determined. Theoretical results of the effectiveness of vibroacoustic properties of building materials coincide if the application of vibroacoustic properties in technologies of construction work is proper.

scholarly journals TIPOMORFOLOGI ARSITEKTUR BANGUNAN PECINAN DI KESAWAN MEDAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Rudiansyah Rudiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Research On Research ◽  
Chinese Architecture ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Wet Climate ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Desk Research

Most of the buildings in Kesawan-Medan still maintain the Dutch-Chinese architecture of the transitional period or the Transitional architecture, although the awareness to preserve this historical heritage is still low. Furthermore, there is no regulation limiting changes that may be made, yet it has not been designated as a Cultural Conservation Building. This situation raises fears of losing track of the original building. This paper intends to explain the typomorphological characteristics of the Chinatown building architecture in Kesawan-Medan. The method used is desk research on research reports, various sources of books, and journals. The theory used is the theory of area morphology and building typology from Andre Loeckx and Markus Zahnd. The general condition of the building has not lost its original form. Renovations were carried out within the limits of repainting, repairing damaged elements, and changing functions. Typomorphology is evident from the materials used and their layout. Building materials used are from the surrounding environment, such as bricks, tile roofs, and windows. The layout of the building is in the residential emplacement area of the city center, with a flat topography in the tropical wet climate of Indonesia. Permukiman kesawan Medan sebagian besar masih mempertahankan arsitektur bangunan Belanda-China periode peralihan atau arsitektur Transisi, walaupun kesadaran pelestarian peninggalan bernilai sejarah masih minim. Belum ada peraturan batasan perubahan yang boleh dilakukan dan belum ditetapkan sebagai Bangunan Cagar Budaya. Keadaan ini menimbulkan kekhawatiran akan kehilangan jejak bangunan aslinya. Tulisan ini bermaksud untuk menjelaskan karakteristik tipomorfologi arsitektur bangunan pecinan di kesawan Medan. Metode yang digunakan adalah desk research terhadap laporan hasil penelitian, berbagai sumber buku dan jurnal. Menggunakan teori morfologi kawasan dan tipologi bangunan dari Andre Loeckx dan Markus Zahnd. Kondisi bangunan secara umum belum kehilangan bentuk aslinya. Renovasi dilakukan dalam batas pengecatan ulang, perbaikan elemen yang rusak, dan perubahan fungsi. Tipomorfologi khasnya tampak dari bahan yang digunakan dan tata letaknya. Bahan bangunan dari lingkungan sekitar, seperti bata, keramik atap genting dan jendela. Tata letak bangunan berada di kawasan emplasemen permukiman pusat kota, dengan topografi lahan datar dalam lingkungan iklim tropis basah Indonesia.

scholarly journals Selected Aspects Regarding the Restoration/Conservation of Traditional Wood and Masonry Building Materials: A Short Overview of the Last Decade Findings

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1164
Author(s):  
Radu Claudiu Fierascu ◽  
Mihaela Doni ◽  
Irina Fierascu
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Vernacular Buildings

Vernacular buildings are usually constructed using materials at hand, including wood, natural stone and bricks (either clay or mud bricks). All those materials are exposed to a series of environmental factors, affecting their structure and integrity. The literature review was conducted using different databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink) using as keywords the historical material, “heritage” and the terms regarding the desired effect, within the envisaged time period (2010–2019). The assessment of the results was performed by manual inspection (reading the entire article) and the selection of the works to be inserted in the current review was made by evaluating the contribution to the field. This review summarizes different aspects related to the restoration and conservation of wooden and masonry elements of traditional buildings, including materials used for biocidal interventions, protection against abiotic factors, cleaning and consolidation agents. Finally, a critical discussion regarding the current limitations and future perspectives concludes the review work, envisaging the role of researchers specialized in materials science in the context of cultural heritage conservation.

YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ YAPILARINDA MİMARİ TASARIM ANALİZİ

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Aysu SARI ÇETİN
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The City ◽  
Usage Area

In the developing and rapidly changing world, it is seen that their needs develop at this rate. Functionality occurs in certain organic, natural, modern and traditional forms in the structures that emerge as a result of the combination of building materials with design and information technology in high-tech architecture. With the materials used in the carrier system, the structures are made more robust and long-lasting. These structures, which aim to fully respond to the needs of the user with the orientation in the interior, include high-tech structures using nanotechnology materials as well as concrete, steel and glass materials, as well as interior designs, renewable resources, and sustainable building technologies. Integrated design structures that contribute to the user's living comfort have many advantages according to their usage area. In construction technology, it is seen that the design processes of these structures are linked to architectural criteria and natural balance. Considering the effect of the climate and geographical structure in terms of materials and the design of the building, these structures sometimes become a symbolic structure of the city.

scholarly journals Architectural Glazed Tiles Used in Ancient Chinese Screen Walls (15th–18th Century AD): Ceramic Technology, Decay Process and Conservation

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7146
Author(s):  
Jingyi Shen ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Ji-Peng Wang ◽  
Xiaoxi Li ◽  
Dandan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Glazed Tile ◽  
Chinese Architecture ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Confucian Temple

The glazed tile is an important building material used throughout the history of traditional Chinese architecture. Architectural glazed tiles used to decorate the screen walls of ancient China are studied scientifically for the first time. More than 30 glazed tile samples from the screen walls of the 15th to 18th century AD of the Hancheng Confucian Temple and Town God’s Temple in Shaanxi Province were carefully investigated using SEM–EDS and XRD. Microstructure and chemistry indicated the raw materials, the recipes and the technological choices used to produce the paste and glaze of the glazed tile samples studied. The causes for the key degradation processes of these glazed tiles used as building materials in the screen walls have also been discussed. This work has clear implications for the restoration and conservation treatments on these kinds of ancient Chinese building materials.

scholarly journals The construction of buildings and structures in extremally climatic conditions: features of the organization of works and used materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Funk
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Deep Foundations ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Level

The author considers the features of the organization of works and construction materials used in the construction of buildings and structures in extreme climatic conditions. Also, the features of the influence of climatic conditions on the quality and basic properties of building materials, construction technology, etc. the High level of complexity of the organization of construction works, in particular, in the Arctic, caused by the aggressive environment, temperature changes (especially low in winter), land work is complicated by permafrost. This especially affects deep foundations, pipes, basement panels, piles. The author notes that the destruction of such objects is affected by the saturation of their ground water with its circulation from the bottom up. Also has a destructive effect and hydrostatic pressure, sea, river and lake water, next to which the construction site is being built. The author comes to the conclusion that the construction of buildings and structures, taking into account the construction area, which is characterized by certain meteorological and climatic conditions, has certain features, respectively, to increase the efficiency of construction in extreme climatic conditions-is a complex multi-faceted task of the organization and technology of construction production, designed to improve the quality of construction, reduce the timing of its implementation, labor and cost of work.

TRADITIONAL OUTBUILDINGS OF THE MORDOVIANS

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena N. Mokshina ◽  
Mihail I. Svyatkin
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Main Building ◽  
Genetic Problem ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Functional Purpose

Introduction. The article deals with the main traditional outbuildings of the Mordvinians, reported on their functional purpose in economic activity. The forms and types of outbuildings, as well as the main building materials used by Mordvinians are described in details. Their significance in the religious and ceremonial life of the ethnic group is shown. Materials and Methods. The research is based on traditional methods of ethnographic science, such as field observation, survey and interviews, and a comprehensive approach. Among the methods of historical science comparative-historical, historical-genetic, problem-chronological, structural-system were used. Among the general scientific methods of research logical, descriptive, narrative, generalization, classification and systematization were involved. To achieve the results of the study, the materials collected by the authors in the course of field surveys conducted in the Mordovian villages were mainly used. Results and Discussion. Traditional outbuildings were of great importance in the economic activity of the Mordovian ethnic group. According to their functional purpose, they can be divided into the following groups: for livestock and poultry (stable, chicken coop, stable, kalda), sanitary and hygienic (bath), warehouse buildings for storage of food, utensils, firewood, animal feed (barn, cellar, woodshed, hayloft), for processing of grain (sheep, riga, mill). Depending on the welfare and financial capacity of the family, the number of outbuildings was different. As a rule, the wealthier families had more outbuildings than the less wealthier ones. The main building material for the construction of these buildings was wood. Conclusion. Thus, the traditional outbuildings of the Mordvinians occupied an important place in its economic activities. At the same time, each of them had its own purpose and performed certain functions. Some buildings, such as a bath and a barn, had not only economic purpose, but also were the venue for a number of prayers and ceremonies. It is now ordinarily they have banya (bath-house), outdoor courtyard with standing in different places sheds, barn and cellar.

Growth of housing sector in India - application of Cost-effective Construction Technologies to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilanjan Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Skilled Manpower ◽  
Energy Consuming

Building construction sector can play a major role in reducing Greenhouse Gas emission through application of technologies aimed at reduction of use of building materials. Energy consumed during production of building materials and components plays a crucial role in creating environmental pollution. India is witnessing high growth in urban and rural housing, which needs more production of building materials. Permanent or semi-permanent type buildings which consume easily available conventional materials like brick, reinforced cement concrete etc. can be made Economic and Eco-friendly by lowering use of energy-consuming building materials through Cost-effective Construction Technologies. Buildings with Cost-effective Construction Technology can be designed within the parameters of the existing Indian Standards. Awareness generation among the users, proper technical and architectural guidance and easy availability of skilled manpower are of utmost importance for promotion of cost-effective technologies in India and to make them as the most acceptable case of sustainable building technologies both in terms of cost and environment.

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