scholarly journals Comparative Study of Architecture of the Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq and Ibn Tulun Mosque at Cairo, Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Tauqeer Ahmad ◽  
Seemin Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Islamic Architecture ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Form Type ◽  
Building Form

Ever since the emergence of Islam, mosque has always been the most dominant feature in any Islamic built environment. Over the course of time, mosque architecture has gone through a process of various forms of uses and expressions in terms of its transformation. Its style, layout, building form, type of ornamentation used, building materials and construction technology usually provide vital information not only about the practice of Islam in general but also about the timeline, prevailing geopolitical environment, religious conviction, purpose, need and the region in which the mosque was built. This research paper emphasizes the study of the general characteristics of the two earliest examples of mosques in Islamic architecture through extensive literature review. It also highlights the historical and geopolitical context, built form, size, shape, configuration, color, texture, materials used, scale and type of decorative elements of the two most outstanding and heavily restored mosques to date.

Building Materials of Chinese Architecture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghua Guo
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Chinese Architecture ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Yingzao Fashi

This bibliography is a summation of our present knowledge of building materials used in China from prehistoric (c. 3000 bce) to premodern times (18th century). Earth, timber, stone, bricks, and tiles are the major materials developed with construction purposes. Earth and wood rendered as tu-mu are a synonym for construction work used throughout the history. In the case of earth, for example, it was used to build not only architecture but also infrastructure (such as city walls) with different techniques (e.g., direct molding and cob, rammed earth with framework and adobe [mud bricks]). China is well known for its long tradition of historical documentation; however building materials in early imperial times were only occasionally mentioned in literature, and their manufacture details were recorded in a few documents. The oldest written source in existence is the Yingzao Fashi (1103). A large number of historic buildings survived from the Ming-Qing times are timber-framed. Therefore, timber architecture has been studied more intensely than the others. And, scholarly attention has put more on the later period of Chinese architecture. Critical study of Chinese architecture did not begin until the 20th century. In the field of building materials, the academic work was scarce. Obviously, the study overlaps with a number of fields: construction, technology, architecture, and archaeology. Within the topic, this bibliography is organized in five categories: timber, stone and earth, bricks and tiles, mortars, coating and painting. Timber includes various prefabricated elements and units, such as columns, beams and block-bracket sets (dou-gong). Over time, Chinese timber architecture developed into a modular design and building standard as a system. Wooden buildings require coatings for weather proofing, which led to application of decorative coatings and paints. Drainage and waterproofing had been major issues for buildings and structures, which resulted in the development from adobe to bricks and tiles. Each section reviews main issues and lists recent scholarly contributions, as well as important database sources.

scholarly journals Applications of Drone Technology in Construction Industry: A Study 2012-2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-239
Author(s):  
Gayatri Mahajan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technology Trends

Technology plays a pivotal role in shaping construction industry. Adoption of new trends, tools, software and technology would motivate to minimize problems that arise during use of drones in construction. The paper not only elaborates previous reviews on Drone Technology (DT) in Construction Industry (CI), but also explores extensive literature review on (i) classification of drones, construction software used with drone, (iii) overview of utility of DT in construction and related industries (iv) recent construction technology trends, tools and techniques accomplish with drone technology. This is basically a review paper. The aim of this paper is to study the potential of DT in construction industry, extended it to understand the following issues in better way(i) benefits and impacts of drone in CI, (ii) record disadvantage of drone in CI(iii) integration of BIM with DT at substantial length and volume (iv)extensive description and enumeration on applications and uses of drones in CI(v) use of drone at each stage of construction stage to monitor the progress of construction rightly from the purchase of land to close out the project(vi)lastly appended a note on the impact of COVID-19 on construction. This study (2012-2021) also discusses challenges, opportunities, limitations, and strategies for the adoption of drones in construction. It assists to contractors, building planners, designers, academicians, engineers, and architects to improve the construction activities for greater efficiency and better performance. It also motivates towards inclusion of these technologies in the curriculum in Architecture Engineering

YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ YAPILARINDA MİMARİ TASARIM ANALİZİ

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Aysu SARI ÇETİN
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The City ◽  
Usage Area

In the developing and rapidly changing world, it is seen that their needs develop at this rate. Functionality occurs in certain organic, natural, modern and traditional forms in the structures that emerge as a result of the combination of building materials with design and information technology in high-tech architecture. With the materials used in the carrier system, the structures are made more robust and long-lasting. These structures, which aim to fully respond to the needs of the user with the orientation in the interior, include high-tech structures using nanotechnology materials as well as concrete, steel and glass materials, as well as interior designs, renewable resources, and sustainable building technologies. Integrated design structures that contribute to the user's living comfort have many advantages according to their usage area. In construction technology, it is seen that the design processes of these structures are linked to architectural criteria and natural balance. Considering the effect of the climate and geographical structure in terms of materials and the design of the building, these structures sometimes become a symbolic structure of the city.

scholarly journals The construction of buildings and structures in extremally climatic conditions: features of the organization of works and used materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Funk
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Deep Foundations ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Level

The author considers the features of the organization of works and construction materials used in the construction of buildings and structures in extreme climatic conditions. Also, the features of the influence of climatic conditions on the quality and basic properties of building materials, construction technology, etc. the High level of complexity of the organization of construction works, in particular, in the Arctic, caused by the aggressive environment, temperature changes (especially low in winter), land work is complicated by permafrost. This especially affects deep foundations, pipes, basement panels, piles. The author notes that the destruction of such objects is affected by the saturation of their ground water with its circulation from the bottom up. Also has a destructive effect and hydrostatic pressure, sea, river and lake water, next to which the construction site is being built. The author comes to the conclusion that the construction of buildings and structures, taking into account the construction area, which is characterized by certain meteorological and climatic conditions, has certain features, respectively, to increase the efficiency of construction in extreme climatic conditions-is a complex multi-faceted task of the organization and technology of construction production, designed to improve the quality of construction, reduce the timing of its implementation, labor and cost of work.

TRADITIONAL OUTBUILDINGS OF THE MORDOVIANS

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena N. Mokshina ◽  
Mihail I. Svyatkin
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Main Building ◽  
Genetic Problem ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Functional Purpose

Introduction. The article deals with the main traditional outbuildings of the Mordvinians, reported on their functional purpose in economic activity. The forms and types of outbuildings, as well as the main building materials used by Mordvinians are described in details. Their significance in the religious and ceremonial life of the ethnic group is shown. Materials and Methods. The research is based on traditional methods of ethnographic science, such as field observation, survey and interviews, and a comprehensive approach. Among the methods of historical science comparative-historical, historical-genetic, problem-chronological, structural-system were used. Among the general scientific methods of research logical, descriptive, narrative, generalization, classification and systematization were involved. To achieve the results of the study, the materials collected by the authors in the course of field surveys conducted in the Mordovian villages were mainly used. Results and Discussion. Traditional outbuildings were of great importance in the economic activity of the Mordovian ethnic group. According to their functional purpose, they can be divided into the following groups: for livestock and poultry (stable, chicken coop, stable, kalda), sanitary and hygienic (bath), warehouse buildings for storage of food, utensils, firewood, animal feed (barn, cellar, woodshed, hayloft), for processing of grain (sheep, riga, mill). Depending on the welfare and financial capacity of the family, the number of outbuildings was different. As a rule, the wealthier families had more outbuildings than the less wealthier ones. The main building material for the construction of these buildings was wood. Conclusion. Thus, the traditional outbuildings of the Mordvinians occupied an important place in its economic activities. At the same time, each of them had its own purpose and performed certain functions. Some buildings, such as a bath and a barn, had not only economic purpose, but also were the venue for a number of prayers and ceremonies. It is now ordinarily they have banya (bath-house), outdoor courtyard with standing in different places sheds, barn and cellar.

Growth of housing sector in India - application of Cost-effective Construction Technologies to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilanjan Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Skilled Manpower ◽  
Energy Consuming

Building construction sector can play a major role in reducing Greenhouse Gas emission through application of technologies aimed at reduction of use of building materials. Energy consumed during production of building materials and components plays a crucial role in creating environmental pollution. India is witnessing high growth in urban and rural housing, which needs more production of building materials. Permanent or semi-permanent type buildings which consume easily available conventional materials like brick, reinforced cement concrete etc. can be made Economic and Eco-friendly by lowering use of energy-consuming building materials through Cost-effective Construction Technologies. Buildings with Cost-effective Construction Technology can be designed within the parameters of the existing Indian Standards. Awareness generation among the users, proper technical and architectural guidance and easy availability of skilled manpower are of utmost importance for promotion of cost-effective technologies in India and to make them as the most acceptable case of sustainable building technologies both in terms of cost and environment.

scholarly journals Architectural ruins: geoculture of the anatomy of buildings as illustrated by Casa Ippolito, Malta

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lino Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Building Physics

AbstractRuins are a statement on the building materials used and the construction method employed. Casa Ippolito, now in ruins, is typical of 17th-century Maltese aristocratic country residences. It represents an illustration of secondary or anthropogenic geodiversity. This paper scrutinises these ruins as a primary source in reconstructing the building’s architecture. The methodology involved on-site geographical surveying, including visual inspection and non-invasive tests, a geological survey of the local lithostratigraphy, and examination of notarial deeds and secondary sources to support findings about the building’s history as read from its ruins. An unmanned aerial vehicle was used to digitally record the parlous state of the architectural structure and karsten tubes were used to quantify the surface porosity of the limestone. The results are expressed from four perspectives. The anatomy of Casa Ippolito, as revealed in its ruins, provides a cross-section of its building history and shows two distinct phases in its construction. The tissue of Casa Ippolito—the building elements and materials—speaks of the knowledge of raw materials and their properties among the builders who worked on both phases. The architectural history of Casa Ippolito reveals how it supported its inhabitants’ wellbeing in terms of shelter, water and food. Finally, the ruins in their present state bring to the fore the site’s potential for cultural tourism. This case study aims to show that such ruins are not just geocultural remains of historical built fabric. They are open wounds in the built structure; they underpin the anatomy of the building and support insights into its former dynamics. Ruins offer an essay in material culture and building physics. Architectural ruins of masonry structures are anthropogenic discourse rendered in stone which facilitate not only the reconstruction of spaces but also places for human users; they are a statement on the wellbeing of humanity throughout history.

Field temperature and moisture loads from a building envelope as the basis for accelerated aging of barrier membranes

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 969-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh Riahinezhad ◽  
Augusta Eve ◽  
Marianne Armstrong ◽  
Peter Collins ◽  
J.-F. Masson
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Aging Conditions ◽  
Materials Used

Temperature and relative humidity (RH) data within the building envelope of a single-family home at the National Research Council of Canada’s Canadian Centre for Housing Technology were collected over five years. We report on the distribution, rate of change, and the limits of temperature and moisture variations for south-easting wall and south-facing wall and roof systems to better understand the in-situ environmental conditions to which building materials and components typical of homes in North America may be subjected. Over an average year, wall temperature varied from −25 °C to +45 °C, and temperature followed a bimodal distribution, with maxima at 0 °C to 5 °C and 15 °C to 20 °C. Each maximum represented about 1100 h of field exposure. Roof temperatures, which spanned a temperature range from −35 °C to 75 °C, did not show a Gaussian distribution but were characterized as being multi-modal. From values of temperature and RH, absolute moisture contents within the building envelope were found to range between 1 and 55 g/m3, with the most common values being 6–8 g/m3. The application of this information is discussed and related to the development of realistic accelerated aging conditions to obtain a more accurate durability assessment of building envelope materials used in Canadian dwellings.

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