The Division of Labor after Durkheim

Sociology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sondra L. Hausner
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Organic Solidarity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Mechanical Solidarity

The “division of labor” is a concept referring to the way a society or social group organizes itself internally, but it is also used in contemporary terms to refer to Émile Durkheim’s seminal text on the subject, The Division of Labor in Society, originally published in 1893. In Durkheim’s analysis, the division of labor manifests in advanced societies such that professional groups do the work of separate sectors, and the group itself functions, it was assumed, more efficiently than if every individual had to perform every act on his or her own. The division of labor is not only the mark of an advanced society for Durkheim; he argues also that it is the very nature of social interaction, inherent in the workings of every social group and even in animal species. He suggests that the division of labor, or the separation of an organic whole into organized parts, is close to a biological imperative that enables the coherence and cohesion of a social order. Writing in the late 19th century, Durkheim does not dispute the evolutionary character of social groups, however; what differentiates different kinds of societies is the kind of division of labor they present. A primitive, or less differentiated, society relies on its relative internal sameness to produce what he calls mechanical solidarity; an advanced, or more individuated, society creates (through the difference between not only individuals but also between different subgroups, or occupational groups, within the larger social order) what he calls organic solidarity, in the sense that it may more naturally form an organic whole. The ways in which human societies come together form the mainstay of Durkheimian thought, and the discipline of sociology more generally. Durkheim’s concern with the relative strength or weakness of that social bond—always based upon the division between individuals, linked mechanically or organically—would remain the primary focus for his study of society, beginning with an analysis of difference and fragmentation in The Division of Labor in Society and moving, over the course of his intellectual development for the next two decades, to an analysis of the transcendence of those divisions. Society as a whole was understood as incorporating both individuals in their differences and social groups in their wholes: this project still grounds contemporary sociology, which attempts to understand the nature of collective formation at different levels and scales, through its analyses of solidarity and morality; law; economics and exchange; gender and the family; class and caste; and the nation, the state, and transnational forces as they respond to and produce the now global division of labor.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMASI SOSIAL MASYARAKAT SAMIN Di BOJONEGORO (Analisis Perubahan Sosial dalam Pembagian Kerja dan Solidaritas Sosial Emile Durkheim)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Umi Hanifah
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Organic Solidarity ◽  
Mechanical Solidarity ◽  
Division Of Work

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat Samin Bojonegoro dengan menggunakan teori Pembagian Kerja dan Solidaritas Sosial Emile Durkheim. Yaitu perubahan sosial dari masyarakat tradisional menuju masyarakat modern. Menurut Emile Durkheim, peningkatan sistem pembagian kerja pada masyarakat berimplikasi pada perubahan tipe solidaritas sosialnya, yaitu pada masyarakat dengan sistem pembagian kerja yang sangat sedikit akan menghasilkan tipe soli-daritas mekanik, sedangkan pada masyarakat dengan pembagian kerja yang kompleks akan menghasilkan tipe solidaritas organik. Dimulai dengan mendeskripsikan kehidupan masyarakat Samin dari asal usul, ajaran yang diikuti dan perubahan sosial yang terjadi pada mereka. Bentuk kajian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Data dalam kajian ini digunakan untuk memahami dan menafsirkan makna peristiwa serta pola tingkah laku masyarakat Samin Bojonegoro. Adapun data yang diperoleh berasal dari dokumen sejarah Samin dan bahan kepustakaan berupa buku, video film maupun jurnal ilmiah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa kondisi masyarakat Samin Bojonegoro telah mengalami transformasi dari tradisional menuju masyarakat modern. Meskipun telah mengalami perubahan dan modernisasi di segala bidang, masyarakat Samin masih identik dengan masyarakat mekanik dalam hal solidaritas. Hal tersebut dikarenakan masyarakat Samin masih menjunjung tinggi ajaran Saminisme dan mengamalkannya sampai sekarang yang berimplikasi pada kesadaran kolektif yang tinggi., meskipun mengalami berbagai transformasi, masyarakat Samin masih memegang teguh ajaran leluhurnya, yaitu Saminisme.Kata Kunci: Transformasi Sosial; Suku Samin; Pembagian Kerja Emile Durkheim; Solidaritas Organik; Solidaritas MekanikThis study aims to analyze the changes that occur in the Samin Bojonegoro community by using Emile Durkheim’s Division of Work and Social Solidarity. Namely the social change from traditional society to modern society. According to Durkheim, an increase in the system of division of labor in society has implications for changes in the type of social solidarity, that is, in societies with very little division of labor will produce a type of mechanical solidarity, whereas in societies with complex division of labor will produce types of organic solidarity. It starts by describing the lives of the Samin people from their origins, the teachings that are followed and the social changes that occur in them. The form of this study is qualitative research. The data in this study are used to understand and interpret the meaning of events and the behavior patterns of the Samin Bojonegoro community. The data obtained comes from historical documents Samin and literature materials in the form of books, video films and scientific journals. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the condition of the Samin Bojonegoro community has undergone a transformation from traditional to modern society. Although it has undergone changes and modernization in all fields, the Samin community is still synonymous with a mechanical society in terms of solidarity. That is because the Samin community still upholds the teachings of Saminism and practices it until now which has implications for high collective consciousness., Despite undergoing various transformations, the Samin community still upholds the teachings of its ancestors, namely Saminism.Keywords: Social Transformation; Samin Tribe; Emile Durkheim Division of Work, Organic Solidarity; Mechanical Solidarity

scholarly journals The concept of social identity: Basic research approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-834
Author(s):  
D G Podvoyskiy ◽  
S Soleimani
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Primary Group ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Organic Solidarity ◽  
Mechanical Solidarity

Identity is one of the most complex and multidimensional terms of social sciences and humanities, which attracts attention of many intellectuals and researchers. We are social beings; thus, we have social identities. Our social life is impossible without a framework and basis for developing social and individual identities - without them no one can build meaningful or consistent relationships with other people. Social identity as the basis for identifying socially significant “similarities” and “differences” between individual and collective actors allows for continuous communication and sustainable interaction in the community. Explanations of social identity and factors influencing its cannot be limited to any theory or scientific school. Thus, the authors study the concept of social identity as defined by theories of macro- and micro-levels, and also by theories of social order and integration. The article starts with the macro-sociology theorists E. Durkheim and M. Castells and considers such concepts as “mechanical solidarity”, “organic solidarity”, “legitimizing identity”, “resistance identity” and “project identity”. The authors consider the views of representatives of the symbolic interactionism focusing on the concepts of “self” and “mind”, primarily in the theory of G.H. Mead; the ideas of Ch.H. Cooley based on the concepts of “looking-glass self” and “primary group”; the works of M. Rosenberg devoted to “self-concept”; the theories of H. Tajfel and A. Giddens describing identity and its varieties; and, finally, the views of P. Bourdieu and R. Jenkins. The authors conduct a kind of the preliminary comparison of the mentioned approaches to identify the features of their theoretical argumentation and the role of ‘identity’ in the theory of social order and theoretical-methodological dilemma ‘subject-structure’.

scholarly journals Active and latent social groups and their interactional expertise

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Arminen ◽  
Otto EA Segersven ◽  
Mika Simonen
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social World ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Interactional Expertise ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Harry Collins

As a part of their normative theory of expertise, Harry Collins and Robert Evans proposed that interactional expertise forms the third kind of knowledge, located between formal propositional knowledge and embodied skills. Interactional expertise refers to the capability to grasp the conceptual structure of another’s social world, and it is expressed as the ability to speak fluently the language spoken in that social world. According to their theory, it is a key concept of sociology, because it refers to the understanding and coordination of joint actions between members of different social groups. Collins and Evans have further claimed that minority social group members tend to outpace majority social group members in terms of interactional expertise. Drawing on ethnomethodology, we detail the ways in which interactional expertise is displayed and revealed in experiments. This allowed us to specify the underlying reasons for the distribution of interactional expertise between social groups. Our results indicate that the difference between the groups depends on whether a group is either actively maintained or a passive latent category, because interactional expertise provides for not only the crossing of social boundaries but also their maintenance. The minority social group members’ greater interactional expertise or competence is therefore proven to be illusory.

Conclusion: Rethinking Punishment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Fassin
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ideal Language ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Ideal

If punishment is not what we say it is, if it is not justified by the reasons we invoke, if it facilitates repeat offenses instead of preventing them, if it punishes in excess of the seriousness of the act, if it sanctions according to the status of the offender rather than to the gravity of the offense, if it targets social groups defined beforehand as punishable, and if it contributes to producing and reproducing disparities, then does it not itself precisely undermine the social order? And must we not start to rethink punishment, not only in the ideal language of philosophy and law but also in the uncomfortable reality of social inequality and political violence?

scholarly journals Age biases the judgment rather than the perception of an ambiguous figure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambroos Brouwer ◽  
Xuxi Jin ◽  
Aisha Humaira Waldi ◽  
Steven Verheyen
Keyword(s):  
Young Woman ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Ambiguous Figure ◽  
Anchor Effect ◽  
Cognitive Penetrability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Age Estimates

AbstractOlder participants who are briefly presented with the ‘my wife/mother-in-law’ ambiguous figure estimate its age to be higher than young participants do. This finding is thought to be the result of a subconscious social group bias that influences participants’ perception of the figure. Because people are better able to recognize similarly aged individuals, young participants are expected to perceive the ambiguous figure as a young woman, while older participants are more likely to recognize an older lady. We replicate the difference in age estimates, but find no relationship between participants’ age and their perception of the ambiguous figure. This leads us to conclude that the positive relationship between participants’ age and their age estimates of the ambiguous ‘my wife/mother-in-law’ figure is better explained by the own-age anchor effect, which holds that people use their own age as a yard stick to judge the age of the figure, regardless of whether the young woman or the older lady is perceived. Our results disqualify the original finding as an example of cognitive penetrability: the participants’ age biases their judgment of the ambiguous figure, not its perception.

Towards a computational theory of social groups: A finite set of cognitive primitives for representing any and all social groups in the context of conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-62
Author(s):  
David Pietraszewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Mistaken Belief ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract We don't yet have adequate theories of what the human mind is representing when it represents a social group. Worse still, many people think we do. This mistaken belief is a consequence of the state of play: Until now, researchers have relied on their own intuitions to link up the concept social group on the one hand, and the results of particular studies or models on the other. While necessary, this reliance on intuition has been purchased at considerable cost. When looked at soberly, existing theories of social groups are either (i) literal, but not remotely adequate (such as models built atop economic games), or (ii) simply metaphorical (typically a subsumption or containment metaphor). Intuition is filling in the gaps of an explicit theory. This paper presents a computational theory of what, literally, a group representation is in the context of conflict: it is the assignment of agents to specific roles within a small number of triadic interaction types. This “mental definition” of a group paves the way for a computational theory of social groups—in that it provides a theory of what exactly the information-processing problem of representing and reasoning about a group is. For psychologists, this paper offers a different way to conceptualize and study groups, and suggests that a non-tautological definition of a social group is possible. For cognitive scientists, this paper provides a computational benchmark against which natural and artificial intelligences can be held.

“A Factious, Seditious and Unruly Multitude”

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Tony McAleavy
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Political Institutions ◽  
Political Vocabulary

Abstract As a child in Malmesbury, Thomas Hobbes had an opportunity to observe many of the social and political phenomena that he considered in his later work. Contemporary sources reveal that Hobbes lived in a community that was wracked by marked animosity between different social groups, frequent disorder and a lack of consensus about the legitimacy of local political institutions. There was tension between the town’s elite and a proletariat of impoverished workers. Different members of the elite clashed, sometimes violently, as they competed for local ascendancy. Hobbes’s extended family was heavily involved in these events. His hometown was deeply troubled. It was also a place where people had access to some “political” vocabulary which they used when describing their discontents and conflicts. The possible influence of Hobbes’s early experiences on his intellectual development has attracted little previous attention.

Time budgets of group-housed pigs in relation to social aggression and production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly I O’Malley ◽  
Juan P Steibel ◽  
Ronald O Bates ◽  
Catherine W Ernst ◽  
Janice M Siegford
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Aggression ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Aggressive Behaviors ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Use Of Resources

Abstract Commercial producers house growing pigs by sex and weight to allow for efficient use of resources and provide pigs the welfare benefits of interacting with their conspecifics and more freedom of movement. However, introduction of unfamiliar pigs can cause increased aggression for 24-48 h as pigs establish social relationships. To address this issue, a better understanding of pig behavior is needed. The objectives of this study were to quantify time budgets of pigs following introduction into a new social group and how these changed over time, and to investigate how social aggression influences overall time budgets and production parameters. A total of 257 grow-finish Yorkshire barrows across 20 pens were introduced into new social groups at 10 wk of age (~23 kg) and observed for aggression and time budgets of behavior at 4 periods: immediately after introduction, 3, 6, and 9 wk later. Pigs were observed for duration of total aggression and initiated aggression (s) for 9 h after introduction and for 4 h at 3, 6, and 9 wk later. Time budgets were created by scan-sampling inactive, movement, ingestion, social, and exploration behaviors every 2 min for 4 h in the afternoon and summarizing proportion of time each behavior was performed by period. Least square means of each behavior were compared across time points. Pigs spent most of their time inactive. In general, the greatest change in pig behavior was observed between introduction and wk 3 (P<0.003), with gradual changes throughout the study period as pigs became more inactive (wk 3 vs. wk 6: P=0.209; wk 6 vs. wk 9: P=0.007) and spent less time on other behaviors. Pigs’ non-aggressive behavior and production parameters were compared to aggression using generalized linear mixed models. The time pigs spent on non-aggressive behaviors were negatively related to aggression (P<0.045) with few exceptions. Initiated aggression after introduction was negatively related to loin muscle area (P=0.003). These results show how finishing pigs spend their time in commercial facilities and indicate that behavior continues to change for up to 9 wk after introduction to a new social group. Efforts to reduce chronic levels of aggression should focus on promoting non-aggressive behaviors, such as exploration and movement, after the initial fighting that occurs immediately after introduction has waned and should be implemented for up at 9 wk after introduction into new social groups.

Talcott Parsons and the Sociology of Emotion

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Fish
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Talcott Parsons ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Human Emotion ◽  
Sociology Of Emotion

This article offers a critical assessment of the importance accorded to religion and human emotion in Parsons's various readings of Durkheim. While Parsons's reading of The Elementary Forms of Religious Life provides a detailed examination of these two themes as foundations for social order, the same cannot be said of his reading of The Division of Labor in Society, or Durkheim's posthumously published lectures titled Moral Education. Parsons's failure to provide any sustained analysis of the important place of religion and emotion in these last two texts prevents him from acknowledging an important area of theoretical continuity in Durkheim's cumulative writings that goes beyond and yet at the same time embraces Parsons's own identification of a positivist-voluntaristidealist divide in this classical French thinker's work. This area of theoretical continuity is important because it provides a useful backdrop for examining critically the often neglected contribution that Parsons makes to research in the sociology of emotion.

scholarly journals RELEVANSI HUKUM DAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA DENGAN AGENDA REFORMASI: DIMENSI NASIONAL DAN INTERNASIONAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Ismail Marzuki ◽  
Faridy Faridy
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Recognition Respect ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

In life, humans certainly cannot be separated from their social interactions with others. Friction between individuals or between nations is something that is inevitable. That is because the understanding of the legal system and culture of a different society. The difference in opinion certainly needs to be harmonized by not locking up the meeting room of everyone's expression. From here, the existence of legal rules/norms on the one hand becomes important in people's lives. On the other hand, the recognition, respect and protection of human rights are also important to be accommodated. Therefore, this article examines the law as a means of maintaining social order, and human rights as a set of rights that describe the existence of human freedom in expressing their actions, and how relevant they are to the reform agenda, namely enforcing the law against violators of human rights seriously, both in national and international.

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