scholarly journals 997. RLS-0071 Improves Survival in a Rat Model of Intestinal Necrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S589-S590
Author(s):  
Kenji Cunnion ◽  
Parvathi Kumar ◽  
Brittany Lassiter ◽  
Katherine LaValle ◽  
Neel Krishna
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Intestinal Necrosis ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
The Complement System

Abstract Background Intestinal necrosis and perforation are potentially life-threatening medical conditions that can lead to bacterial sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Various etiologies can compromise the intestinal wall causing leakage of luminal contents including enteric bacteria and precipitate aggressive immunological responses including the complement system and neutrophils. RLS-0071 is a peptide inhibitor of the classical and lectin pathways and known modulator of various neutrophil mediated effectors including myeloperoxidase activity and NETosis. Methods In this study we evaluated the extent to which immunomodulation via inhibition of the complement system and neutrophil effectors would alter survival in the setting of intestinal necrosis. Adolescent male Long-Evans rats were subject to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) with one cohort receiving 40 mg/kg of RLS-0071 thirty minutes after surgery while the control group received no treatment. Survival of the rats was then assessed up to 5 days after surgery. Results Animals treated with RLS-0071 demonstrated nearly 1.5-fold increase in survival compared to the untreated group. In order to further elucidate the increase in survival we explored inflammatory responses as assessed by markers of NETosis i.e., free DNA in plasma, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. A reduction in blood levels of free DNA and the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were observed for animals treated with RLS-0071. RLS-0071 increases survival of rats after cecal ligation Kaplan-Meier survival curve assessment. The red line indicates the outcome after 75% CLP in animals not receiving treatment (n=13), whereas red curves represent the outcome after animals received a single dose of 40 mg/kg RLS-0071 (n=11). RLS-0071 reduces free DNA levels in the blood Plasma was isolated before surgery (pre-bleed) (n=7) and from animals subject to CLP with (n=4) and without (n=3) RLS-0071 administration 24 hours post-surgery. Plasma samples were incubated with PicoGreen. Fluorescence was read at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and an emission wavelength of 520nm in a microplate reader. Data are means and standard error of the means RLS-0071 reduces IL-6 levels in the blood Plasma was isolated before surgery (pre-bleed) (n=8) and from animals subject to CLP with (n=3) and without (n=5) RLS-0071 administration 24 hours post-surgery. Plasma samples were analyzed in an IL-6 ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Data are means and standard error of the means. Conclusion The results of these experiments demonstrate that RLS-0071 can increase survival after intestinal perforation by multi-pronged modulation of complement activation, neutrophil immune mechanisms and cytokine mediated inflammatory responses. Disclosures Kenji Cunnion, MD, MPH, ReAlta Life Sciences Inc (Board Member, Employee, Shareholder) Parvathi Kumar, MBBS, ReAlta Life Sciences Inc (Employee) Brittany Lassiter, BS, ReAlta Life Sciences Inc (Employee) Katherine LaValle, DVM, ReAlta Life Sciences Inc (Employee) Neel Krishna, PhD, ReAlta Life Sciences Inc (Employee, Shareholder)

Interleukin-17A: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Lung Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadiya Bi Shaikh ◽  
Ashwini Prabhu ◽  
Yashodhar Prabhakar Bhandary
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Interleukin 17A ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has gained a lot of attention because of its involvement in respiratory diseases. Interleukin-17 cytokine family includes six members, out of which, IL-17A participates towards the immune responses in allergy and inflammation. It also modulates the progression of respiratory disorders. Objective: The present review is an insight into the involvement and contributions of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A in chronic respiratory diseases like Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Distress (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, obliterative bronchiolitis, lung cancer and many others. Conclusion: IL-17A is a major regulator of inflammatory responses. In all the mentioned diseases, IL- 17A plays a prime role in inducing the diseases, whereas the lack of this pro-inflammatory cytokine reduces the severity of respective respiratory diseases. Thereby, this review suggests IL-17A as an instrumental target in chronic respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Leishmania donovani infection suppresses Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 in monocytes and macrophages to inhibit inflammatory responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Louzada da Silva ◽  
Diana M. Elizondo ◽  
Nailah Z. D. Brandy ◽  
Naomi L. Haddock ◽  
Thomas A. Boddie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine Production

AbstractMacrophages and monocytes are important for clearance of Leishmania infections. However, immune evasion tactics employed by the parasite results in suppressed inflammatory responses, marked by deficient macrophage functions and increased accumulation of monocytes. This results in an ineffective ability to clear parasite loads. Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 (AIF1) is expressed in myeloid cells and serves to promote immune responses. However, AIF1 involvement in monocyte and macrophage functions during parasitic infections has not been explored. This study now shows that Leishmania donovani inhibits AIF1 expression in macrophages to block pro-inflammatory responses. Mice challenged with the parasite had markedly reduced AIF1 expression in splenic macrophages. Follow-up studies using in vitro approaches confirmed that L. donovani infection in macrophages suppresses AIF1 expression, which correlated with reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and increased parasite load. Ectopic overexpression of AIF1 in macrophages provided protection from infection, marked by robust pro-inflammatory cytokine production and efficient pathogen clearance. Further investigations found that inhibiting AIF1 expression in bone marrow cells or monocytes impaired differentiation into functional macrophages. Collectively, results show that AIF1 is a critical regulatory component governing monocyte and macrophage immune functions and that L. donovani infection can suppress the gene as an immune evasion tactic.

Abstract 1769: Caveolin-1 Regulates TGF-Beta Signaling in Cardiac Remodeling

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley Miyasato ◽  
Oana Bollt ◽  
Joyce Pike ◽  
Ann Hashimoto ◽  
Ralph V Shohet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Ventricular Function ◽  
Cardiac Remodeling ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Smad2 Phosphorylation

In cardiac fibrosis, fibrous tissue replaces healthy contractile tissue. The regulation of these processes is controlled in large part by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Caveolin-1 (cav1) regulates TGF-β signaling by either sequestering the TGF-β receptor complex or enhancing its degradation. Thus, cav1 may prevent TGF-β directed fibrosis. To investigate the role of cav1 in cardiac remodeling, we performed left ventricular cryoinjury in Cav1-deficient (Cav1−/−) mice and wild-type controls. Ventricular function was followed by echocardiography, and 3, 14, and 30 days after surgery, cardiac RNA and protein were analyzed for inflammatory responses, connective tissue and TGF-β signaling related proteins. Cryoinjured WT presented reduced cav1 expression. Concurrently, evidence of activation of TGF-β signaling was measured as shown by increase of Smad2 phosphorylation. Moreover Cav1−/− cryoinjured hearts had enhanced Smad2 phosphorylation. Collagen gene expression was transiently upregulated in cryoinjured WT mice 3 days post surgery (2.5-fold) and this elevation persisted in Cav1−/− hearts (3.5-fold at 14 days). The level of collagenases (mmp-8 and -13) expression was dramatically increased in the 3-day cryoinjured WT but not in Cav1−/− mice. As a result, augmented collagen deposition, resulting from increased collagen expression and reduced degradation by collagenases, was observed by Masson’s trichrome and picrosirius staining in injured Cav1−/− hearts. WT mice had a transient decline in fractional shortening (FS) but function returned to baseline by 30 days post-injury. In contrast, cryoinjured Cav1−/− mice had a significant lower % FS after 30 days compared to baseline or to cryoinjured WT (67.4 ± 9.6, 76 ± 11, 76.9 ± 5.5, respectively). Moreover Cav1−/− mice presented an altered inflammatory response following cryoinjury. Reduced macrophage infiltrates and IL-6 level of expression were also measured in cryoinjured Cav1−/− mice. These data indicate that in absence of caveolae, TGF-β signaling is enhanced, and this leads to a disordered inflammatory response and suboptimal cardiac remodeling that may impair left ventricular function.

Circulating microbial cell-free DNA is associated with inflammatory host-responses in severe pneumonia

Thorax ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. thoraxjnl-2020-216013
Author(s):  
Haopu Yang ◽  
Ghady Haidar ◽  
Nameer S Al-Yousif ◽  
Haris Zia ◽  
Daniel Kotok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Microbial Cell ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Culture Negative

Host inflammatory responses predict worse outcome in severe pneumonia, yet little is known about what drives dysregulated inflammation. We performed metagenomic sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA (mcfDNA) in 83 mechanically ventilated patients (26 culture-positive, 41 culture-negative pneumonia, 16 uninfected controls). Culture-positive patients had higher levels of mcfDNA than those with culture-negative pneumonia and uninfected controls (p<0.005). Plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers (fractalkine, procalcitonin, pentraxin-3 and suppression of tumorigenicity-2) were independently associated with mcfDNA levels (adjusted p<0.05) among all patients with pneumonia. Such host–microbe interactions in the systemic circulation of patients with severe pneumonia warrant further large-scale clinical and mechanistic investigations.

scholarly journals Complement System as a Target for Therapies to Control Liver Regeneration/Damage in Acute Liver Failure Induced by Viral Hepatitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Gil Melgaço ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Veloso ◽  
Lúcio Filgueiras Pacheco-Moreira ◽  
Claudia Lamarca Vitral ◽  
Marcelo Alves Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Acute Liver Failure ◽  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
The Complement System

The complement system plays an important role in innate immunity inducing liver diseases as well as signaling immune cell activation in local inflammation regulating immunomodulatory effects such as liver damage and/or liver regeneration. Our aim is to evaluate the role of complement components in acute liver failure (ALF) caused by viral hepatitis, involving virus-induced ALF in human subjects using peripheral blood, samples of liver tissues, and ex vivo assays. Our findings displayed low levels of C3a in plasma samples with high frequency of C3a, C5a, and C5b/9 deposition in liver parenchyma. Meanwhile, laboratory assays using HepG2 (hepatocyte cell line) showed susceptibility to plasma samples from ALF patients impairing in vitro cell proliferation and an increase in apoptotic events submitting plasma samples to heat inactivation. In summary, our data suggest that the complement system may be involved in liver dysfunction in viral-induced acute liver failure cases using ex vivo assays. In extension to our findings, we provide insights into future studies using animal models for viral-induced ALF, as well as other associated soluble components, which need further investigation.

scholarly journals Heparanase Mediates Intestinal Inflammation and Injury in a Mouse Model of Sepsis

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Chen ◽  
Ying He ◽  
Ziwei Hu ◽  
Siyu Lu ◽  
Xiaohan Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Intestinal Injury ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Effective Inhibition ◽  
Factor Α

Heparanase, a heparan sulfate (HS)–specific endoglycosidase, plays an important role in inflammation and mediates acute pulmonary and renal injuries during sepsis. To explore its role in septic intestinal injury, a non-anticoagulant heparanase inhibitor, N-desulfated/re- N-acetylated heparin (NAH), was administrated to a mouse sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Immunohistochemical staining revealed massive shedding of HS from the intestinal mucosal surfaces after CLP, and effective inhibition of heparanase by NAH was confirmed by markedly reduced HS shedding. Following CLP, intestinal expression of heparanase was increased, whereas pretreatment with NAH reduced the sepsis-induced upregulation of heparanase expression. Meanwhile, CLP led to shedding of syndecan-1 and upregulated expression of proteases such as matrix metalloprotease-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator in the intestine, whereas NAH markedly suppressed syndecan-1 shedding and protease upregulation following CLP. In addition, pretreatment with NAH attenuated intestinal injury, inhibited neutrophil infiltration and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor–α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) in the intestine during sepsis, and it also significantly reduced the elevation of inflammatory cytokines in the serum 24 hr after CLP. Our findings demonstrate that the activation of intestinal heparanase contributes to intestinal injury during early sepsis by facilitating the destruction of mucosal epithelial glycocalyx and promoting inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Preferred end coordinates and somatic variants as signatures of circulating tumor DNA associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (46) ◽  
pp. E10925-E10933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyong Jiang ◽  
Kun Sun ◽  
Yu K. Tong ◽  
Suk Hang Cheng ◽  
Timothy H. T. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Dna Molecules ◽  
Plasma Dna ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
Tumor Dna

Circulating tumor-derived cell-free DNA (ctDNA) analysis offers an attractive noninvasive means for detection and monitoring of cancers. Evidence for the presence of cancer is dependent on the ability to detect features in the peripheral circulation that are deemed as cancer-associated. We explored approaches to improve the chance of detecting the presence of cancer based on sequence information present on ctDNA molecules. We developed an approach to detect the total pool of somatic mutations. We then investigated if there existed a class of ctDNA signature in the form of preferred plasma DNA end coordinates. Cell-free DNA fragmentation is a nonrandom process. Using plasma samples obtained from liver transplant recipients, we showed that liver contributed cell-free DNA molecules ended more frequently at certain genomic coordinates than the nonliver-derived molecules. The abundance of plasma DNA molecules with these liver-associated ends correlated with the liver DNA fractions in the plasma samples. Studying the DNA end characteristics in plasma of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis B, we showed that there were millions of tumor-associated plasma DNA end coordinates in the genome. Abundance of plasma DNA molecules with tumor-associated DNA ends correlated with the tumor DNA fractions even in plasma samples of hepatocellular carcinoma patients that were subjected to shallow-depth sequencing analysis. Plasma DNA end coordinates may therefore serve as hallmarks of ctDNA that could be sampled readily and, hence, may improve the cost-effectiveness of liquid biopsy assessment.

scholarly journals Inhibition of iNOS protects against the deleterious effects of sub-lethal sepsis and ethanol in the cardiorenal system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Sousa ◽  
Gabriel T. Do Vale ◽  
Jose A Nascimento ◽  
Wanessa Mayumi Carvalho Awata ◽  
Carla Brigagão Pacheco da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Selective Inhibitor ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cecal Ligation And Puncture ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Lethal Sepsis ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

We tested the hypothesis that ethanol would aggravate the deleterious effects of sub-lethal cecal ligation and puncture (SL-CLP) sepsis in the cardiorenal system and that inhibition of iNOS would prevent such response. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with ethanol for 12 weeks. One hour before SL-CLP surgery, mice were treated with N6-(1-Iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL, 5 mg/kg, i.p), a selective inhibitor of iNOS. A second dose of L-NIL was administered 24 h after SL-CLP surgery. Mice were killed 48 h post-surgery and blood, the renal cortex and left ventricle (LV) were collected for biochemical analysis. L-NIL attenuated the increase in serum creatinine levels induced by ethanol, but not by SL-CLP. Ethanol, but not SL-CLP increased creatine kinase (CK)-MB activity and L-NIL did not prevent this response. In the renal cortex, L-NIL prevented the redox imbalance induced by ethanol and SL-CLP. Inhibition of iNOS also decreased lipoperoxidation induced by ethanol and SL-CLP in the LV. L-NIL prevented the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by ethanol and/or SL-CLP in the cardiorenal system, suggesting that iNOS modulated some of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the deleterious effects of both conditions in the cardiorenal system.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD) of Sickle-Cell Disease By Massively Parallel Sequencing of Cell-Free Fetal DNA in Maternal Serum

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 2085-2085
Author(s):  
Yvonne Daniel ◽  
Julia Van Campen ◽  
Lee Silcock ◽  
Michael Yau ◽  
Joo Wook Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Massively Parallel Sequencing ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
Cell Free Fetal Dna

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic haematological disorder worldwide. Around 300.000 affected infants are born every year, including at least 1000 in the United States. Prenatal diagnosis is currently carried out using amniotic fluid or chorionic villus sampling. These invasive procedures are perceived to have a small risk of miscarriage. The availability of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) is predicted to increase uptake of prenatal diagnosis for SCD, as it has no perceived miscarriage risk. NIPD may also be more readily implemented than invasive prenatal diagnosis in the low-resource countries in which SCD is the most prevalent. However, accurate NIPD of autosomal recessive disorders such as sickle cell disease has proven challenging as this requires detection of fetal inheritance of a maternal allele from a mixed maternal-fetal pool of cell-free DNA. We report the development of a targeted massively parallel sequencing assay for the NIPD of fetal SCD using cell-free fetal DNA from maternal plasma. No paternal or previous offspring samples were required. 44 clinical samples were analysed, including 37 plasma samples from pregnant SCD carriers and 7 plasma samples from women with SCD due to Hb SC. We used a relative mutation dosage based approach for the 37 samples from maternal SCD carriers (Hb AS or Hb AC), integrating Unique Molecular Identifiers (UMIs) into the analysis to improve the accuracy of wildtype and mutant allele counts. We used a separate wildtype allele detection approach for the 7 samples from women with compound heterozygous SCD, in whom the detection of wildtype cell-free DNA indicates the presence of a carrier fetus. The success of the assay was evaluated by comparing results with the established fetal sickle status as determined through either invasive prenatal diagnosis or newborn screening. During development, two key factors improved the accuracy of the results: i) Selective analysis of only smaller cell-free DNA fragments enhanced the fetal fraction for all samples, with greater effects observed in samples from earlier gestations. This approach improved diagnostic accuracy: for 3 out of 44 samples, the genotype was inconclusive or incorrect before size selection, but correct after size selection. ii) Modifications to DNA fragment hybridisation capture optimised the diversity of Unique Molecular Identifier-tagged molecules analysed. This led to improvements in the results obtained for 5 samples, with 3 previously inconclusive samples correctly called and 2 previously discrepant results moved into the inconclusive range. In total, 37 results were concordant with the established fetal sickle status; this included 30/37 samples from carrier women and 7/7 samples from women with sickle cell disease due to Hb SC. The remaining 7 carrier samples gave an inconclusive result, which for 3 samples was attributed to a low fetal fraction. Samples from as early as 8 weeks gestation were successfully genotyped. There were no false positive or false negative results. This study is the largest to use NGS-based NIPD on clinical plasma samples from pregnancies at risk of SCD. Efforts to validate the assay on a larger sample cohort and to reduce the inconclusive rate are warranted. This study shows that NIPD for SCD is approaching clinical utility and has the potential to provide increased choice to women with pregnancies at risk of sickle cell disease. Disclosures Silcock: Nonacus Ltd.: Employment.

scholarly journals Senkyunolide I Protects against Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Attenuating Sleep Deprivation in a Murine Model of Cecal Ligation and Puncture

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jian Xie ◽  
Zhen-zhen Zhao ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Cheng-long Zhu ◽  
Yu Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Cecal Ligation And Puncture ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Senkyunolide I

Sepsis may lead to sleep deprivation, which will promote the development of neuroinflammation and mediate the progression of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Senkyunolide I, an active component derived from an herb medicine, has been shown to provide a sedative effect to improve sleep. However, its role in sepsis is unclear. The present study was performed to investigate whether Senkyunolide I protected against SAE in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here, we showed that Senkyunolide I treatment improved the 7-day survival rate and reduced the excessive release of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. A fear conditioning test was performed, and the results showed that Senkyunolide I attenuated CLP-induced cognitive dysfunction. Senkyunolide I treatment also decreased the phosphorylation levels of inflammatory signaling proteins, including p-ERK, p-JNK, p-P38, and p-P65, and the level of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, in the hippocampus homogenate. Sleep deprivation was attenuated by Senkyunolide I administration, as demonstrated by the modification of the BDNF and c-FOS expression. When sleep deprivation was induced manually, the protective effect of Senkyunolide I against inflammatory responses and cognitive dysfunction was reversed. Our data demonstrated that Senkyunolide I could protect against sepsis-associated encephalopathy in a murine model of sepsis via relieving sleep deprivation.

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