Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Banaszak ◽  
Holly J. McCammon
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Over Time

The epilogue discusses the volume’s central themes in light of events around the 2016 presidential election. This chapter considers growth in gender equality over the last one hundred years as well as continuing aspects of gender inequality. It examines the degree to which women’s influence has changed over time, particularly their increased presence in politics as well as ongoing efforts to marginalize their roles. The final chapter examines this influence in electoral politics as well as social movement activism, also exploring the ways in which politics continues to be a deeply gendered sphere of action. This epilogue returns to the rich diversity of women’s engagement in political action, reminding readers of the significant insights that can emerge from an intersectional approach to understanding women’s political action. The book concludes with thoughts, which must be speculative at best, of what may lie ahead for the next hundred years of women’s enfranchisement.

#YoSoy132, Social Media, and Political Organization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Contreras Alcántara
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
University Students ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Political Class ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Past

During the 2012 presidential election in Mexico, a movement arose that broke with the existing framework of political mobilizations. What began as a protest to call into question the past of one of the candidates became, with the assertion of their status as university students, a student and social movement that urged a discussion on the nature of Mexico’s democracy. The movement, called #YoSoy132 (#IAm132), became active on YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter, uniting young citizens from a generation that was beginning to distance itself from politics. Finally, following a series of debates on the path the country should take and the presidential election, the movement did not strengthen, but instead left behind a generation of young politicized citizens who now adopted new forms of socialization and organization for political action, which applied to further mobilizations. Since then, Mexico witnessed the emergence of new political players which have lifted the unease felt by the current political class.

A legislative gender-equality norm as a catalyst for change? Discursive convergence in the case of the Swedish Parliament

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefina Erikson ◽  
Lenita Freidenvall
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
The World ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Over Time

This article addresses the establishment of gender-equality norms in a case often presented as one of the most gender-equal legislatures in the world, namely, the Swedish Parliament (Riksdagen). Based on a series of in-depth interviews between 2005 and 2016 with 90 legislators in the Swedish Parliament, we ask whether there is agreement over gender-equality problems in Parliament that cut across gender and party affiliation, and whether there is convergence over time in this regard. Our findings show that there is a trend of convergence of the gender-inequality framings over time, which indicates the establishment of a shared legislative gender-equality norm. We suggest that a legislative gender-equality norm might work as a catalyst for progressive and continuous work in this area.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>The article suggests that gender-equality norms should be studied as part of parliaments’ gender sensitivity.</li><br /><li>The article finds support for the emergence of a gender-equality norm in the Swedish Parliament.</li><br /><li>We pinpoint interviews as a method to study norms.</li></ul>

Was Pinker on the Right Track? The Speed of Recent Decline of Violence and Gender Inequality

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-172
Author(s):  
Oliver Nahkur ◽  
Rein Taagepera
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
World Average ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Interpersonal violence decreased and gender equality increased from 1991 to 2012 in nearly all of the 26 countries studied. After confirming the direction of change, as asserted by Pinker, we further specify how fast this change is. The lower violence becomes in a country, the harder it is to reduce it even more, and similarly for gender inequality. Apply the model of exponential approach to a limit. The world average Societal Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness (SIID, S) decreases over time as S=13.3 (e-0.0132(t-2001.5)-1), and Welzel’s gender equality (G) increases as G=1-0.378 e-0.0144(t-2001.5). The two are tightly related as G=1-0.120(S+12.6)0.466 (R2=.79 for logarithms). Sweden leads the world by many decades while Russia and Philippines lag the most.

Gender Equality in Academia: Bad News from the Trenches, and Some Possible Solutions

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Monroe ◽  
Saba Ozyurt ◽  
Ted Wrigley ◽  
Amy Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Female Faculty ◽  
University Administrators ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
University Women

Is there gender discrimination in academia? Analysis of interviews with 80 female faculty at a large Research One university—the most comprehensive qualitative data set generated to date—suggests both individual and institutional discrimination persists. Overt discrimination has largely given way to less obvious but still deeply entrenched inequities. Despite apparent increases in women in positions of authority, discrimination continues to manifest itself through gender devaluation, a process whereby the status and power of an authoritative position is downplayed when that position is held by a woman, and through penalties for those agitating for political change. Female faculty find legal mechanisms and direct political action of limited utility, and increasingly turn to more subtle forms of incremental collective action, revealing an adaptive response to discrimination and a keen sense of the power dynamics within the university. Women attributed the persistence of gender inequality not to biology but to a professional environment in which university administrators care more about the appearance than the reality of gender equality and a professional culture based on a traditional, linear male model. Respondents described heart-wrenching choices between career and family responsibilities, with tensions especially intractable in the bench sciences. They advocated alternative models of professional life but also offered very specific interim suggestions for institutions genuinely interested in alleviating gender inequality and discrimination.

The Divided States of America: How the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Shaped Perceived Levels of Gender Equality

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Does ◽  
Seval Gündemir ◽  
Margaret Shih
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black American ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Practical Implications

When Barack Obama became the first Black American to be elected president of the United States, many claimed that a “postracial” society had been achieved. Analogously, we predicted that the election of a first woman president—that is, a Hillary Clinton victory—would increase perceptions of gender equality in the United States. In contrast, we predicted that a Donald Trump victory would decrease perceived gender equality. Pre- and postelection data revealed that perceived gender equality indeed decreased immediately after Election Day, but only for those who preferred Clinton over Trump—thus increasing polarization between Trump and Clinton supporters on gender-related issues. In an experimental study using a fictitious election, we found that both the winner’s gender and sexism of the man candidate contributed, independently, to perceived gender inequality. These two studies demonstrate how prominent events, such as political elections, can shape people’s perceived levels of systemic inequality. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Implications of Female Inclusion in Organizational Structures and in Leadership Positions

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra E. Krawiec
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Rich ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThe perception of women’s statutory place within organizations has been influenced by gender bias, which has led to discrimination. Lowering barriers related to gender inequality and introducing constructive changes takes a surprisingly long time. This procrastination can, to some extent, be attributed to the fear of potential economic costs, which is a misconception. A deeper understanding of the interplay between socio-economic factors and gender inequality within organizations can result in designing better, less biased, more merit-based structures and provide women with better career opportunities. Countries and organizations promoting gender equality practices prove that women’s inclusion in the labor market can be ‘cost-effective’ and beneficial in socio-economic terms.This article analyzes selected determinants of female under representation in organizations, and in leadership positions in particular. The author points out to the rich body of research and to the multiple implications of gender inequality. Among the change resistant, deeply rooted factors, those originating in culture have a significant impact on women’s inclusion in organizations. This paper focuses on macro problems, and explains why some determinants are more persistent than others, and still influence gender equality at all levels of organizational structures. The determinants are systematized, analyzed using statistical data, and rooted in a wide body of research. The article also presents potential future developments and available tools that can be employed to speed up changes leading to gender equality in organizational structures, particularly in leadership positions.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Winter
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Oppression ◽  
The Rich ◽  
To Come

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The book has shown that the multiplicity of lived ʻAlawi experiences cannot be reduced to the sole question of religion or framed within a monolithic narrative of persecution; that the very attempt to outline a single coherent history of “the ʻAlawis” may indeed be misguided. The sources on which this study has drawn are considerably more accessible, and the social and administrative realities they reflect consistently more mundane and disjointed, than the discourse of the ʻAlawis' supposed exceptionalism would lead one to believe. Therefore, the challenge for historians of ʻAlawi society in Syria and elsewhere is not to use the specific events and structures these sources detail to merely add to the already existing metanarratives of religious oppression, Ottoman misrule, and national resistance but rather to come to a newer and more intricate understanding of that community, and its place in wider Middle Eastern society, by investigating the lives of individual ʻAlawi (and other) actors within the rich diversity of local contexts these sources reveal.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF EDUCATION AND TOLERANCE IN STUDENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR GLEB NAYDONOV
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Interethnic Differences ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Different Levels

The article considers the students’ tolerance as a spectrum of personal manifestations of respect, acceptance and correct understanding of the rich diversity of cultures of the world, values of others’ personality. The purpose of the study is to investgate education and the formation of tolerance among the students. We have compiled a training program to improve the level of tolerance for interethnic differences. Based on the statistical analysis of the data obtained, the most important values that are significant for different levels of tolerance were identified.

Instrumenty polityki równości płci w kontekście sytuacji w Polsce

2016 ◽  
pp. 88-109
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Domagała
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Nations

The article undertakes the issue of gender equality policies in the context of its indicators. The main purpose of the paper is to identify the areas of gender inequality, its scale and determinants. Firstly, the article presents the legislation of gender equality policies – its main objectives. Next, the paper discusses indicators that were implemented by organisations such as the Organisation of the United Nations and the European Union. These selected indicators are presented, taking into account the situation in Poland. In conclusion, the paper highlights the main obstacles to the pursuit of equal opportunities for women and men in Poland.

Historical Representations and Recent Changes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Schaflechner
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Representations ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 3 introduces the tradition of ritual journeys and sacred geographies in South Asia, then hones in on a detailed history of the grueling and elaborate pilgrimage attached to the shrine of Hinglaj. Before the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway the journey to the Goddess’s remote abode in the desert of Balochistan frequently presented a lethally dangerous undertaking for her devotees, the hardships of which have been described by many sources in Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Sindhi, and Urdu. This chapter draws heavily from original sources, including travelogues and novels, which are supplanted with local oral histories in order to weave a historical tapestry that displays the rich array of practices and beliefs surrounding the pilgrimage and how they have changed over time. The comparative analysis demonstrates how certain motifs, such as austerity (Skt. tapasyā), remain important themes within the whole Hinglaj genre even in modern times while others have been lost in the contemporary era.

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