A legislative gender-equality norm as a catalyst for change? Discursive convergence in the case of the Swedish Parliament

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefina Erikson ◽  
Lenita Freidenvall
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
The World ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Over Time

This article addresses the establishment of gender-equality norms in a case often presented as one of the most gender-equal legislatures in the world, namely, the Swedish Parliament (Riksdagen). Based on a series of in-depth interviews between 2005 and 2016 with 90 legislators in the Swedish Parliament, we ask whether there is agreement over gender-equality problems in Parliament that cut across gender and party affiliation, and whether there is convergence over time in this regard. Our findings show that there is a trend of convergence of the gender-inequality framings over time, which indicates the establishment of a shared legislative gender-equality norm. We suggest that a legislative gender-equality norm might work as a catalyst for progressive and continuous work in this area.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>The article suggests that gender-equality norms should be studied as part of parliaments’ gender sensitivity.</li><br /><li>The article finds support for the emergence of a gender-equality norm in the Swedish Parliament.</li><br /><li>We pinpoint interviews as a method to study norms.</li></ul>

Was Pinker on the Right Track? The Speed of Recent Decline of Violence and Gender Inequality

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-172
Author(s):  
Oliver Nahkur ◽  
Rein Taagepera
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
World Average ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Interpersonal violence decreased and gender equality increased from 1991 to 2012 in nearly all of the 26 countries studied. After confirming the direction of change, as asserted by Pinker, we further specify how fast this change is. The lower violence becomes in a country, the harder it is to reduce it even more, and similarly for gender inequality. Apply the model of exponential approach to a limit. The world average Societal Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness (SIID, S) decreases over time as S=13.3 (e-0.0132(t-2001.5)-1), and Welzel’s gender equality (G) increases as G=1-0.378 e-0.0144(t-2001.5). The two are tightly related as G=1-0.120(S+12.6)0.466 (R2=.79 for logarithms). Sweden leads the world by many decades while Russia and Philippines lag the most.

scholarly journals Gender Discrimination and Its Impacts in Macro-Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Savitri Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
National Economy ◽  
World Population ◽  
Educational Equality ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The World

Gender refers to the complex social construction of men’s and women’s identities. Sex and gender are different. The biological or physical construction is sex, which is created by nature. Gender is  purely a social construct. Gender Equality is a concept that is yet to be materialized. Around the world different individuals and groups of people are marginalized and discriminated on the basis of various factors, but discrimination against women is universal. Due to this, women are not able to use their full potential or assert their rights to live healthy life, and it has a deep impact in economic development. Gender equality is not only matter of human right but also basic of economic development. Gender inequality is a severe obstacle to socio-economic development, human capital development and income generation. Gender inequality is harmful to long term development and growth. Unequal gender will never alone be sufficient for poverty reduction and economic development. Gender discrimination not only affects females but males as well. The discriminatory practices do not only affect individuals but national economy and world economy as a whole. Due to stereotypical division of work most men are over loaded with economic duties, while women are being limited to household works only. Fifty per cent of the world population is over-loaded with economic duties, while fifty per cent of the brain is underutilized. The economic value of the household work which is done by females is not calculated and reflected in a country’s economy. This devalues the effort and work done by females and also is loss for the national economy. Education and development goes together, for a better balance of gender, educational equality is must. Education is key factor to promote human capital, which ensures economic growth. Formal education, trainings, study programs improves the capacity of individuals to live a decent life, which is the basic of development. Gender will never alone be sufficient for development. Gender equality is not only matter of human right but also basis of economic development.

scholarly journals WHY DOES IT HAPPEN IN PHYSICS? OPINIONS OF EUROPEAN PHYSICISTS ON GENDER INEQUALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Ewa Krzaklewska ◽  
Paulina Sekuła ◽  
Ewelina Ciaputa ◽  
Justyna Struzik
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Research Organisations ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Gender Equality Policy

The article aims to describe and analyse the opinions of European physicists as to the reasons for the overrepresentation of men in the discipline, as well as to supply some reflections on the barriers encountered by female physicists in their careers. The article is based on qualitative data  – 83 in-depth interviews with female and male physicists  – collected in 2016 and 2017 under the framework of the project “Gender Equality Network in European Research Area” (GENERA). The main reasons voiced by interviewees for the gender imbalance in physics are to be found ‘outside’ the scientific institutions themselves, namely the early processes of the socialisation of girls and boys, together with existing gender stereotypes. Other reasons are related to recent developments in academia linked to work organization and structural conditions  – precariousness, competitiveness, and the demand for mobility, but also to a masculinised working culture resulting in gender bias, as well as microaggressions and discrimination. In relation to recent studies showing that awareness of gender (in) equalities remains of crucial importance for structural/institutional change, the article reflects on the potential implications of the perception by physicists of the determinants of gender inequality for the implementation of gender equality policy in research organisations.

scholarly journals Gender inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Natalia Kostiuk ◽  
Olena Antoniuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The article deals with gender inequality in the economic, political and social spheres of Ukraine and the key reasons for gender imbalance in the observation and realization of gender rights. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the necessity of the systemic solution to the problem of gender equality in Ukraine that is declared in the country’s constitution as the pivotal principle of safeguarding legal rights and freedoms of people in a democratic state.The authors have made an analysis of the Ukrainian norms and laws in force as well as some ratified international treaties in the sphere of gender equality insurance. The current state of realization of the main directions of social policy of Ukraine in the sphere of gender equality has been determined on the basis of the World Economic Forum and in particular the analysis of the index of gender discrepancy in certain spheres of human activity as well as the gender monitoring of the representation of candidates in the special election of people’s deputies of Ukraine in 2014 and 2019. The impact of gender discrimination against women on the social economic development of the world countries and their national wealth level has been considered.The study has allowed revealing a positive tendency in the realization of women’s right to participate and be represented in the economic and political spheres of Ukrainian activity and offering further necessary state measures in the social policy pertaining to the eradication of gender asymmetry in the Ukrainian society. The need of redirecting the government gender policy to more effective measures for overcoming gender inequality, gender segregation and multiple forms of discrimination against women under the conditions of the severe economic, political and social upheavals in Ukraine has been pointed to. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of the political and juridical concept of eradication of gender discrimination against women in Ukraine is the pledge of sustainable development of the Ukrainian society which in its turn is a necessary condition for forming a competitive human capital of the country that has chosen the Eurointergation foreign policy course.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic: Problems Of Ensuring Gender Equality

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 315-324
Author(s):  
Kamola Alieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Labor Issues ◽  
Global Increase

This article analyzes the issues of ensuring gender equality during the Covid19 pandemic in Uzbekistan and foreign countries. The author examines the reasons for the increasing digital gender inequality, the problem of women's access to work, women's domestic labor issues, and the global increase in domestic violence during the quarantine period. The author developed proposals for solving the above problems in order to solve the problem of increasing gender inequality during the period of a pandemic in the world and in Uzbekistan.

Women and men in the United Nations: A corpus analysis of General Debate addresses

2021 ◽  
pp. 095792652199214
Author(s):  
Nicole Brun-Mercer
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Inclusive Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations

The United Nations (UN) has demonstrated a commitment to women’s empowerment over seven decades of work. Yet gender inequality pervades in countries around the world and even within the UN. This corpus analysis investigated collocates of woman(’s), women(’s), man(’s) and men(’s) in 193 UN General Assembly General Debate addresses in fall 2015 to examine gender representation by international decision-makers. The analysis revealed that the plural women occurred more frequently than men and primarily in discussions on gender equality and violence. In contrast, the singular man was identified more frequently than woman, in generic use (e.g. mankind) and in references to eminent male leaders. Despite UN dedication to gender equality and linguistic guidelines promoting gender-inclusive language, these General Debate addresses do not conceptualise women and men equally, more frequently referring to women as a group in need of protection and support and to men as political figures and other distinguished individuals.

scholarly journals GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Yefanova ◽  
T. Martsenyuk
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Women Participation

This article examines the law regulation of the gender equality, and analyzes the phenomenon of gender (in)equalitythe in the labor market in Ukraine in general and IT sphere in particular. Three factors that determine the low level of women participation in the IT sector are being highlighted: structural, organizational, and individual. Aspects of gender segregation in the field of IT in Ukraine are being illustrated by the empirical data gathered from in-depth interviews with female employees of IT companies.

IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS ON GENDER INEQUALITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Galina Semeko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The World ◽  
Made In

The article analyzes the socio-economic consequences of the coronavirus pandemic for gender inequality in the world. The changes in the conditions of women position in the labour market and households caused by the pandemic, quarantine and social exclusion, as well as the main ways to address the increased gender problems in various countries of the world are considered. It is emphasized that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionate impact on the situation of women, jeopardizing the progress made in the field of gender equality in the world over the previous two decades.

Gendered Power

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Ching Lee ◽  
Felicia Pratto
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Nonlinear Process ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Power Basis ◽  
The World ◽  
Promote Gender Equality ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Power Inequality ◽  
Do So

Progress towards gender equality is a slow and nonlinear process. Since 19th century, people in nations around the world have exerted collective efforts to promote gender equality. However, despite improvements in gender equality today in some arenas (e.g., education), large gender gaps exist in other arenas. In the chapter, we examine and analyze research findings and various international indicators using surveys and experimental methods, from the perspective of power basis theory (Pratto, Lee, Tan, & Pitpitan, 2011). This perspective allows us to account for the various degrees of gender inequality in different arenas. In power basis theory, power is the ability to meet one's needs for survival (e.g., consuming resources, belonging to a community). Because each human being has several needs, there are different kinds of power. We argue that whereas women and men are likely to achieve equality in some kinds of power (e.g., knowledge), it is more difficult for women to achieve equality in other kinds of power (e.g., community leaders, force) and for this we offer two explanations: 1) Attaining or exercising particular kinds of power (e.g., violence) violates gender norms; thus it is difficult for women to do so; and 2) The ease with which a person can translate power in one arena to another arena—a phenomenon called power fungibility—is higher for men than for women. We delineate various processes, both from the actor’s and perceiver’s perspectives that result in sustaining power inequality between women and men. Insights from power basis theory may provide potent ways to challenge gender inequality.

scholarly journals Gender Equality: Challenges toward Efforts to Minimize Child Marriage in Indonesia during the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1555-1566
Author(s):  
Sonny Dewi Judiasih ◽  
Nyulistiowati Suryanti ◽  
Sudaryat Sudaryat ◽  
Deviana Yuanitasari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Marriage Age ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Government ◽  
Age Of Marriage

The practice of child marriage in Indonesia is a serious problem that must be resolved. This is a problem faced in various countries in the world. The SDG's programs include achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls, with a target to achieve the abolition of child marriage by 2030. The research method used is a social-legal approach. The purpose of this study is to find out the government's efforts in overcoming the problem of gender inequality in the age requirements for marriage in Indonesia and the application for dispensation for marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The old Marriage Law stipulates that the age of marriage for men is 19 years and for women 16 years. The government then changed this provision through Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage, in which the marriage age for men and women is the same, which is 19 years. During the Covid-19 pandemic, applications for marriage dispensation in Indonesia indicated a sharp increase. This means that the application for marriage dispensation is unaffected by the Covid-19 pandemic situation. The existence of exceptions through dispensation efforts makes the requirements for the age of marriage can still be deviated, so that gender equality, which is expected to minimize child marriages above, cannot be realized or cannot be carried out as desired.

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