From Kolkhoznik to Wage Earner

2018 ◽  
pp. 137-166
Author(s):  
Aaron T. Hale-Dorrell
Keyword(s):  
State Policies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Wage Earner ◽  
Money Economy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Intensive Work ◽  
Collective Farms

Collective farms had to muster workers for the labor-intensive work of planting, weeding, and harvesting corn. Combating low productivity and endemic petty theft, Khrushchev pressed collective farms to reject the coercion characteristic of Stalin’s time, when collective farmers received irregular year-end payments calculated from the leftovers after the government had expropriated much of the harvest. New emphasis on material incentives ensured that farmers earned regular monthly wages in kind and, in time, in cash, making them participants in the money economy. These new practices altered established relationships among labor, production, customs, regulations, and state policies. By 1960, authorities began to calculate wages, production costs, and ratios of those costs to sale prices—profits—as part of a system of “intraenterprise accounting,” or khozraschët. Although life “down on the farm” remained difficult, these changes fundamentally altered a previously bleak existence of repression and second-class citizenship.

Graubündens Wald im Fokus | Focus on the Grisons forest

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (7) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Reto Hefti
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Form Part ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Government

In the mountainous canton Grisons, much visited by tourists, the forest has always had an important role to play. New challenges are now presenting themselves. The article goes more closely into two themes on the Grisons forestry agenda dominating in the next few years: the increased use of timber and climate change. With the increased demand for logs and the new sawmill in Domat/Ems new opportunities are offered to the canton for more intensive use of the raw material, wood. This depends on a reduction in production costs and a positive attitude of the population towards the greater use of wood. A series of measures from the Grisons Forestry Department should be of help here. The risk of damage to infrastructure is particularly high in a mountainous canton. The cantonal government of the Grisons has commissioned the Forestry Department to define the situation concerning the possible consequences of global warming on natural hazards and to propose measures which may be taken. The setting up of extensive measurement and information systems, the elaboration of intervention maps, the estimation of the danger potential in exposed areas outside the building zone and the maintenance of existing protective constructions through the creation of a protective constructions register, all form part of the government programme for 2009 to 2012. In the Grisons, forest owners and visitors will have to become accustomed to the fact that their forests must again produce more wood and that, on account of global warming, protective forests will become even more important than they already are today.

scholarly journals The Impact of Environmental Regulation on the Location of Pollution-Intensive Industries in China under Agglomeration Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4045
Author(s):  
Yinhao Wu ◽  
Shumin Yu ◽  
Xiangdong Duan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Agglomeration Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pollutant Discharge ◽  
The Impact

Pollution-intensive industries (PIIs) have both scale effect and environmental sensitivity. Therefore, this paper studies how environmental regulation (ER) affects the location dynamics of PIIs under the agglomeration effect. Our results show that, ER can increase the production costs of pollution-intensive firms (PIFs) by internalizing the negative impact of pollutant discharge in a region, and thus, directly reduces the region’s attractiveness to PIFs. Meanwhile, ER can indirectly reduce the attractiveness of a region to PIFs by reducing the externality of the regional agglomeration effect. Moreover, these influences are regulated by the level of local economic development. Based on the moderated mediating effect model, we find evidence from the site selection activities of newly built chemical firms in cities across China. The empirical test shows that compared with 2014, the proportion of the direct effect of ER to the total effects significantly decreased in 2018, while the proportion of indirect effects under the agglomeration effect increased significantly. Our findings provide reference for the government to design effective environmental policies to guide the location choice of new PIFs.

scholarly journals SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT MINIMUM EXPENDITURE AND WAGE EXPENDITURE IN THE SIMULTANEOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTOR MODEL OF DKI JAKARTA PROVINCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
Freddy Wangke
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Government ◽  
Simultaneous Model

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of increasing expenditure and increasing the minimum wage of the government in the simultaneous model of the industrial sector of DKI Jakarta province. The estimation model in the simultaneous model of the industrial sector of DKI province uses the 2 SLS (Two-Stage Least Squares) method. The simulation results of a 10% increase in the expenditure of the provincial government of DKI has resulted in an increase of investment of 4.72%, production growth of 0.19%, employment of 0.17%, an increase in production costs by 0.24%, and company profits increased by 0.10%. On the other hand, the simulation results of a 10% increase in the provincial minimum wage has resulted in a decrease in labor absorption by 0.55%, a decrease in production in the industrial sector has resulted in 0.21%, a decrease in investment by 0.07%, and a decrease in production costs by 0.04%.

scholarly journals It was Deliberate Way to a Famine

2018 ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Chornyi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Great Famine ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Collective Farms

The article analyses one of the most grievous chapters in the history of Ukrainian nation – the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933. It is referred to the massive famine that was deliberately organized by the Soviet authorities, which led to many millions hu-man losses in the rural area in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and Kuban. Planned confiscation of grain crops and other food products from villagers by the representatives of the Soviet authorities led to a multimillion hunger massacre of people in rural area. At the same time, the Soviet government had significant reserves of grain in warehouses and exported it abroad, since without collectivization and Ukrainian bread it was impossible to launch the industrialization that demanded Ukrainian grain to be contributed to foreigners in return for their assistance. Ukrainian grain turned into currency. The authorities of that time refused to accept foreign assistance for starving people and simultaneously banned and blocked their leaving outside the Ukrainian SSR. The so-called “barrier troops” were organized in order to prevent hungry people from flee to the freedom and not let anyone enter the starving area. The situation is characterized by the fact that the idea and practice of barrier troops tested on Ukrainians were lately used on the battlefields of the World War II. Among three Holodomors, the government did not conceal only the first one (1921–1922), as it could be blamed on the tsarist regime that brought the villagers to the poverty, and post-war devastation. The famine of 1946–1947 was silenced, but the population generally perceived it as a clear consequence of two horrendous misfortunes – the World War II and dreadful drought. Especially rigid was position of the government regarding the very fact of genocide in 1933–1933 not only its scale. The author emphasizes that the Great Famine is refused to be admitted not because it was unreal but to avoid the assessment of its special direction against Ukraine and Ukrainian nation, saying instead that it affected the fate of all nations. The article describes the renovation of internal passports system and the obligatory registration at a certain address that took place in the USSR in 1932. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR stipulated the fact that people living in rural areas should not obtain passports. Therefore, collective farmers of the Ukrainian SSR actually did not obtain passports. The villagers were forbidden to leave collective farms without signed agreement with the employer, that deprived them of the right to free movement. Even after the introduction of labour books the collective farmers did not obtain them either. The author describes the destruction of the collective farms system that his parents dedicated their entire labour life to. Instead of preserving productive forces, material and technical base and introducing new forms of agrarian sector management and the whole society to the development path, this system has been thoughtlessly destroying and plundering. Keywords: Holodomor, Ukrainian villagers, collectivization, genocide, confiscation, barrier troops.

scholarly journals Combating Modern Slavery: The Strategy of Indonesian Government to Protect Migrant Workers

Global Focus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Irfa Puspitasari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Transnational Advocacy ◽  
National Boundary ◽  
Modern Slavery ◽  
Advocacy Network ◽  
Economic Migration ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Migrant

Economic migration create opportunities as well as humanitarian challenge. People travel across national boundary looking for work in the country destination. They would benefit their hosted as well as sending high amount of remittance for home. However, those dream were not applicable to all economic migrant when some of them fall victim into human trafficking. This research would investigate the strategy as well as challenges by Indonesia government and NGOs to promote protection of Indonesian migrant worker. It is imperative to evaluate state policies, state diplomacy, transnational advocacy network, and the nature of companies as agent of service provider. It would show how current practices and law has loopholes that create challenges for public private partnership to provide adequate support for Indonesian migrant worker. Investigation is conducted through interview, observation and literature review. The struggle to end modern slavery shall be one among priority in protecting civilian abroad, if the government is serious to minimize economic inequality and to change itself into welfare nation.

Government policy and the rise of a national shipping industry: Korea’s experience, 1967–1999

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-307
Author(s):  
S. June Kim
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

In 2017, Koreans controlled 1,656 vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 80,976,874 deadweight (dwt), placing Korea as the world’s seventh largest shipowning country. Given that Korean-owned tonnage stood at just 1.3m dwt in 1970, this represented a remarkable rate of growth over less than half a century. This article focuses on the years from 1967 to 1999 and aims to prove that government policy was one of the key causal factors in the rapid increase in Korean shipping. The paper is organised into four main parts. In the first section, the role of the government in the development of the economy is assessed, while Section 2 focuses on state policies designed to promote the shipping industry in Korea. Section 3 highlights the rise of Korean shipping from 1967 to 1999, and the final part considers the wider implications of the role of government policy in the development of the shipping industry.

Informal market governance in Japan's basic materials industries

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tilton
Keyword(s):  
State Policies ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Dyadic Relationships ◽  
Informal Governance ◽  
Trade Associations ◽  
Relational Contracting ◽  
Informal Market ◽  
Market Governance ◽  
The Stability

Too much emphasis has been placed on formal state policies and on ties between individual firms to explain Japanese economic behavior and impediments to imports in Japanese markets. We need to look instead at informal governance by trade associations. In so doing, the concept of relational contracting should be applied not just to dyadic relationships between individual firms but also to relationships between entire industries. Whole industries engage in relational contracting to ensure the stability of both prices and supplies. These industry agreements stabilize Japanese markets but at the same time keep imports out of them. This informal governance complements state policies to support uncompetitive industries. These agreements are more likely to occur and succeed between selling and buying industries that each are relatively concentrated, when upstream products are standardized, when upstream goods constitute a smaller share of downstream production costs, when these sectors have not experienced previous conflicts that undermine cooperation, and when the Ministry of International Trade and Industry wants a domestic supply of its products.

scholarly journals Energy audit of rice production in West Sumatra province, Indonesia

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S6) ◽  
pp. 96-106
Author(s):  
R.E. Putri ◽  
M.I.A. Lubis ◽  
Andasuryani ◽  
A. Hasan ◽  
Santosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Input Energy ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
The Government

Audit energy is an appropriate method to determine the energy consumption expended in each agricultural cultivation activity, thereby reducing the wasteful use of energy. Energy consumption in rice cultivations consists of humans, fuel, machinery, seed, fertilizer and pesticides. The objective of the study was to analyze the total energy consumptions in the form of an energy audit activity on lowland rice cultivation in West Sumatera Indonesia. It is important to do, because of much energy input excessed, but less on productivity. So, by using analysis energy expenditure, productivity can be optimized with fixed input energy the costs could be minimized. Energy inputs were measured during all operating activities in rice cultivation (seeding, tillage, planting, fertilizing, spraying, weeding and harvesting). Energy input analysis based on energy sources used was divided into six parameters, namely: engine energy, fuel, humans, seeds, chemicals (pesticides) and fertilizer energy. The result showed the average of the total energy inputs in this study was 16,816,612 MJ/ha distributed to human, fuel, machinery, seeds, fertilizers and pesticides energy respectively 216.39; 890.75; 60.02; 983.29; 14,207.54; and 458.60 MJ/ha. Production costs incurred in rice cultivation activities in this study were IDR 13,107,562/ ha. Finally, the rice yield prediction model based on the input energy are Y1 = 4786.56 – 28.29X1 + 36.23X2 - 24.73X3 - 8.43X4 + 0.06X5 - 0.80X6 and Y2 = 3605.11 + 5.44X2. The data of total energy were needed as a recommendation for the government to balance energy input and output on rice cultivations.

scholarly journals URBAN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT: TOWN PLANNING ISSUES

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mohd @ Ahmad ◽  
Ezrin Arbin ◽  
Ahmad Ramly
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
The Government

Town planning is seen to have imposed some degree of constraint on housing development and is discussed in a voluminous literature on the relationship between the planning system and housing land supply. The constraints are believed to have partly contributed to the increase in housing production costs leading to a mismatch between housing supply and demand. Since the government has entrusted the private sector to play an important and bigger role to meet housing needs, local planning authorities and planners should be more cautious in fulfilling their role in housing development. This paper attempts to raise some pivotal aspects of town planning that relate to the problems associated with housing land development in West Malaysia. The primary data was gathered through personal interviews with selected housing developers and analyzed using the factor analysis tool in SPSS. The result of the analysis shows that several aspects of town planning are strongly correlated with development plans and development control factors particularly on land identified for housing, layout planapproval and complying with planning standards.

scholarly journals Sustainable management of smallholder oil palm farming during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 892 (1) ◽  
pp. 012064
Author(s):  
H L Nainggolan ◽  
W S S Waruwu ◽  
C K Gulo ◽  
R C Doloksaribu ◽  
T M H Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Ecological Conservation ◽  
The Government ◽  
North Sumatra

Abstract The emergence of the CoronaVirus Disease in 2019, until now has had a negative impact on various sectors of people’s lives including the agricultural sector. Smallholder oil palm farming has also experienced a negative impact due the pandemic. This research aims to knowing the situation of smallholder oil palm farming before and during pandemic; and to knowing the readiness of farmers to manage smallholder oil palm farming; and to knowing the sustainability of the management of smallholder oil palm farming during the pandemic. This research was conducted in STM Hilir Subdistrict, Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra, Indonesia, which was carried out in September - December 2020. The data used were primary and secondary data which were analyzed descriptively with income analysis method and simple tabulation. Based on the results of data analysis, concluded: smallholder oil palm farming during the COVID-19 pandemic was not stable, due to an increase in production costs of 20.2%/month, and a decrease income of farmers by 6.69%/harvest season/ha. In period of COVID-19 pandemic-19 59% of farmers said they are ready to develop their farming in a sustainable manner. Sustainable management smallholder oil palm farming during the pandemic is going well, based on indicators of ecological conservation, where farmers tend to use organic fertilizers. In accordance with the results of the study suggested; so that the government provides continuous counseling to farmers, provides incentives, subsidies for production facilities for farmers, so that farmers continue to apply health protocols in carrying out their farming activities.

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