The Value of Autonomous Knowledge

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-144
Author(s):  
J. Adam Carter
Keyword(s):  
Action Theory ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
Value Of Knowledge ◽  
To Come

How does satisfying the epistemic autonomy condition on propositional knowledge add value to an otherwise unknown belief (including a justified, true, non-Gettiered but epistemically heteronomous belief)? This question isn’t some kind of afterthought. As work on the value of knowledge would suggest, lacking a good answer here actually counts as a mark against the adequacy of the JTAB+X template account. Several strategies are canvassed for attempting to vindicate the idea that epistemic autonomy adds value to an otherwise unknown justified, true non-Gettiered belief. Pragmatic and instrumentalist arguments are considered and shown to fail. A variation on a recent non-instrumentalist argument strategy is given special attention, but it also is shown to come up short. Finally, and by cobbling together some new twists on some ideas in value theory and action theory, I outline an answer that works. Key to the answer I defend is that knowledge makes us the knowers we are in a way that equally justified and anti-Gettiered true beliefs that lack epistemic autonomy do not and cannot.

scholarly journals Digital Information and Value: A Response to Jakob Rigi

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Bryan Parkhurst
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Digital Production ◽  
The Status ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Property Regime ◽  
Labour Time ◽  
Do So

In a series of recent articles, Jakob Rigi has formulated an articulate and sophisticated Marxian view about the relationship between digital production and value theory. Anyone interested in the economic dynamics of FAMGA (Facebook, Apple, Microsoft, Google and Amazon) needs to come to terms with the position Rigi stakes out. In this article, I challenge Rigi’s thesis that profits from the sale of digital information (DI) constitute rent. I do so by calling into question his conclusions concerning the valuelessness of DI. After summarising Rigi’s core position and sketching out its entailments, I make the case that (1) Rigi’s assertions about the intrinsic valuelessness of DI are not supported by the model of production he invokes; that (2) Rigi’s valuelessness argument in fact presupposes that DI has value; that (3) far from furnishing evidence that DI is valueless and therefore a source of rent income, as Rigi holds, the existence of the intellectual property regime is precisely what allows DI to act as a congealment of value (i.e. labour time) in commodity form; and that (4) Rigi misapplies Marx’s notion of reproduction to the sale/copy/distribution of DI. I offer this critique as an invitation for us to rethink, from a Marxian perspective, the status of the digital economy within the order of global capitalist value production.

The Design Studio

2014 ◽  
pp. 93-110
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Cultural Sensitivity ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Design Studio ◽  
University Culture ◽  
Reflection In Action ◽  
Technical Rationality ◽  
To Come ◽  
The University

The design studio is the prototype of design education, particularly for architects but more and more for engineers too – though engineers prefer the word “lab” to “studio.” Although the design studio is known today mainly through the “reflection in action” theory of Donald Schön (1984, 1988), this manner of education first developed at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in the seventeenth century for the promotion of neoclassical aesthetic values, and it has continued ever since to be used, even by the Bauhaus in Germany in the early twentieth century after function had replaced form as the primary architectural value. The principal value of the design studio for Schön is that it properly emphasizes creativity for designers, instead of analysis and criticism, as preferred by the “technical rationality” of university culture as a whole. The university has responded by criticizing the design studio for being too subjective and therefore isolated within the academic world. In recent years the design studio has also been criticized for being elitist by focusing too much on aesthetic concerns, instead of promoting cultural sensitivity to social justice and environmental sustainability. Other critics complain that the design studio still relies on paper and hand drawings too much, instead of committing fully to ICTs and the virtual reality (VR) of cyberspace. Such criticisms, however, tend to be overstated, and the design studio is likely to continue in its present form for some time to come, because that is where most designing students learn the culture of design and develop a lifelong identification with their instructors and their fellow students.

Toward an action‐theoretical model of personality

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günter Krampen
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Expectancy Value Theory ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Current Psychological

An action‐theoretical model of personality is presented, in which missing links between action‐theory and personality constructs are established. Background is the facts, (a) that current psychological theories of action are limited to situation‐ and action‐specific person variables, and (b) that in personality theory systematic relations between such variables and personality constructs are missing. The action‐theoretical model of personality is based on a differentiated expectancy‐value theory, whose situation‐specific constructs (various aspects of valences and expectancies) are logically connected with personality constructs of generalized self‐referential cognitions. The following action‐theoretical personality variables are proposed to be central for the study of person‐situation interactions: (a) self‐concept of own competence, (b) control orientations, (c) trust, (d) conceptualization level, and (e) value orientations. The model implies rules for the operationalization of its constructs and for prediction of behaviour. The structure of the action‐theoretical personality variables and their relations to other theories of personality are described.

Autonomous Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Adam Carter
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
True Belief ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
Value Of Knowledge ◽  
New Class ◽  
And Performance

A central conclusion developed and defended throughout the book is that epistemic autonomy is necessary for knowledge (both knowledge-that and knowledge-how) and in ways that epistemologists have not yet fully appreciated. The book is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 motivates (using a series of twists on Lehrer’s TrueTemp case) the claim that propositional knowledge requires autonomous belief. Chapters 2 and 3 flesh out this proposal in two ways, by defending a specific form of history-sensitive externalism with respect to propositional knowledge-apt autonomous belief (Chapter 2) and by showing how the idea that knowledge requires autonomous belief—understood along the externalist lines proposed—corresponds with an entirely new class of knowledge defeaters (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 extends the proposal to (both intellectualist and anti-intellectualist) knowledge-how and performance enhancement, and in a way that combines insights from virtue epistemology with research on freedom, responsibility, and manipulation. Chapter 5 concludes with a new twist on the Value of Knowledge debate, by vindicating the value of epistemically autonomous knowledge over that which falls short, including (mere) heteronomous but otherwise epistemically impeccable justified true belief.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
P. A. Madden ◽  
W. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

409 The likely numbers to come: trends in hospitalisation for heart failure in the ‘sample’ town of trieste and its region

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
D CHERSEVANI ◽  
A DILENARDA ◽  
P GOLIANI ◽  
M GRELLA ◽  
F BRUN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Its Region ◽  
To Come

Suicidal Behavior in Black South Africans

Crisis ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourens Schlebusch ◽  
Naseema B.M. Vawda ◽  
Brenda A. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
South African Society ◽  
South Africans ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Black South Africans ◽  
To Come

Summary: In the past suicidal behavior among Black South Africans has been largely underresearched. Earlier studies among the other main ethnic groups in the country showed suicidal behavior in those groups to be a serious problem. This article briefly reviews some of the more recent research on suicidal behavior in Black South Africans. The results indicate an apparent increase in suicidal behavior in this group. Several explanations are offered for the change in suicidal behavior in the reported clinical populations. This includes past difficulties for all South Africans to access health care facilities in the Apartheid (legal racial separation) era, and present difficulties of post-Apartheid transformation the South African society is undergoing, as the people struggle to come to terms with the deleterious effects of the former South African racial policies, related socio-cultural, socio-economic, and other pressures.

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